Today we will look at the form सः from श्रीमद्वाल्मीकि-रामायणम् ।

स सत्यवचनाद् राजा धर्मपाशेन संयतः |
विवासयामास सुतं रामं दशरथः प्रियम् || १-१-२३||

Gita Press translation “Bound (as he was) by the tie of duty (in the form of his plighted word) due to his (ever) speaking the truth, King Daśaratha exiled his beloved son, Rāma.”

‘तद्’ gets प्रातिपदिकसंज्ञा by 1-2-45 अर्थवदधातुरप्रत्ययः प्रातिपदिकम् and सर्वनाम-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-1-27 सर्वादीनि सर्वनामानि । The विवक्षा here is पुंलिङ्गे प्रथमा-एकवचनम् । 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टाभ्याम्भिस्ङेभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसिँभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसोसाम्ङ्योस्सुप् mandates the प्रत्ययाः सुँ, औ, जस् etc. after the प्रातिपदिकम् ‘तद्’ ।

(1) तद् + सुँ ।

(2) त अ + सुँ । By 7-2-102 त्यदादीनामः , तद् gets the अकारादेशः । As per 1-1-52 अलोऽन्त्यस्य , only the ending दकार: gets replaced.

(3) त + सुँ । By 6-1-97 अतो गुणे the अकारः at the end of त and the following अकारादेशः is replaced by अ (पररूपम्) as एकादेशः ।

(4) त् अ + स् । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत् and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

(5) स् अ + स् । By 7-2-106 तदोः सः सावनन्त्ययोः, the तकारः of the pronoun (सर्वनाम-शब्द:) तद् gets सकारः as the replacement, since the affix सुँ follows and the तकारः does not occur at the end of the pronoun.

(6) सः । रुँत्व-विसर्गौ 8-2-66 ससजुषो रुः and 8-3-15 खरवसानयोर्विसर्जनीयः ।

Questions:

1. Please list the three synonyms of सत्यम् (प्रातिपदिकम् “सत्य” neuter, meaning “truth”) as given in the अमरकोश:।
सत्यं तथ्यमृतं सम्यग् ।।१-६-२२।।
(इति चत्वारि “सत्यवचस:” नामानि)

2. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“श्रीराम: (was) the eldest among the four sons of King दशरथ:।” Use the adjective “ज्येष्ठ” for “eldest.”

3. When is स: used for the first time in the गीता? Which noun does it refer to in that verse?

4. Where is the सूत्रम् 6-4-8 सर्वनामस्थाने चासम्बुद्धौ used in this verse?

5. Where has the ङसिँ-प्रत्यय: been used in this verse?

6. In the commenting on the सूत्रम् 7-2-106 तदोः सः सावनन्त्ययोः, the तत्त्वबोधिनी makes the following statements – त्यदादीनामिति किम्? आतपः। तारकः। तदोरिति किम्? यः। Please explain what this means.

7. Consider the word “राजा” – one possibility is प्रथमा-एकवचनम् of the प्रातिपदिकम् “राजन्”. Is there any other possibility?

8. Where could have the सूत्रम् 8-4-46 अचो रहाभ्यां द्वे applied in this verse?

Easy questions:

1. In the सूत्रम् 7-2-106 तदोः सः सावनन्त्ययोः which सूत्रम् has been used to get सौ + अनन्त्ययोः = सावनन्त्ययोः ?

2. Where has the सूत्रम् 6-1-107 अमि पूर्वः been used in this verse?

Today we will look at the form सम्राट् mNs from श्रीमद्भागवतम् 3.21.25

प्रजापतिसुतः सम्राण्मनुर्विख्यातमङ्गलः । ब्रह्मावर्तं योऽधिवसञ्शास्ति सप्तार्णवां महीम् ।। ३-२१-२५ ।।

Gita Press translation “(You know) Emperor Swāyambhuva Manu (son of Brahmā), who is celebrated for his righteous acts, rules over the earth bounded by the seven oceans, having his seat in Brahmāvarta.”

The प्रातिपदिकम् here is ‘सम्राज्’। ‘सम्राज्’ is formed using the affix ‘क्विप्’ with the verbal root √राज् (राजृँ दीप्तौ १. ९५६) preceded by the उपसर्गः ‘सम्’। Just like in the case of the affix ‘क्विन्’, the entire affix ‘क्विप्’ takes लोप: (elision.)

सम्राज् + क्विप् । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-8 लशक्वतद्धिते and 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम् along with 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः। The letter ‘इ’ in the affix ‘क्विप्’ is उच्चारणार्थः। The single letter ‘व्’ that remains gets अपृक्त-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-2-41 अपृक्त एकाल् प्रत्ययः। By 6-1-67 वेरपृक्तस्य, this letter ‘व्’ which is अपृक्तः takes लोपः।

The affix ‘क्विप्’ has the कृत्-सञ्ज्ञा by 3-1-93 कृदतिङ् । By 1-1-62 प्रत्ययलोपे प्रत्ययलक्षणम्, even though the affix ‘क्विप्’ has taken लोपः, ‘सम्राज्’ gets प्रातिपदिक-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-2-46 कृत्तद्धितसमासाश्च।

The विवक्षा is प्रथमा-एकवचनम्।

(1) सम्राज् + सुँ । By 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टाभ्याम्भिस्ङेभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसिँभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसोसाम्ङ्योस्सुप्।

(2) सम्राज् + स् । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत् and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

(3) सम्राज् । By 6-1-68 हल्ङ्याब्भ्यो दीर्घात्‌ सुतिस्यपृक्तं हल् – A single letter affix ‘सुँ’, ‘ति’ or ‘सि’ is dropped following a base ending in a consonant or in the long feminine affix ‘ङी’ or ‘आप्’। Using 1-1-62 प्रत्ययलोपे प्रत्ययलक्षणम् ‘सम्राज्’ gets पद-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-4-14 सुप्तिङन्तं पदम्।

(4) सम्राष् । By 8-2-36 व्रश्चभ्रस्जसृजमृजयजराजभ्राजच्छशां षः the ending letter ‘ज्’ gets the letter ‘ष्’ as a replacement. See question 8.

(5) सम्राड् । By 8-2-39 झलां जशोऽन्ते, the झल् letter occurring at the end of a पदम् it is replaced by a जश् letter.

(6) सम्राड् / सम्राट् । By 8-4-56 वाऽवसाने, the झल् letter is optionally replaced by a चर् letter when nothing follows.

Questions:

1. By 8-3-23 मोऽनुस्वारः, the मकार: in सम्राट् should have become an अनुस्वार:। But there is a special rule which keeps the मकार: as a मकार:। We have not studied this special rule in the class, but we can expect to find it below 8-3-23 मोऽनुस्वारः (since it is an exception to 8-3-23.) Can you locate it in the अष्टाध्यायी?

2. Which term used in the verse has the नदी-सञ्ज्ञा? Which one has the घि-सञ्ज्ञा?

3. Where are these two terms (answers to #2) used in the गीता? (Not in a compound, but on their own.)

4. How come 8-2-30 चोः कुः (which is an earlier rule in the त्रिपादी) did not apply instead of 8-2-36 in step 4?

5. Use a word from the verse to compose the following sentence in Sanskrit:
“This (is) a celebrated text.” Use “ग्रन्थ: for “text.”

6. The अमरकोश: gives four synonyms for the word “पुत्र:” (प्रातिपदिकम् “पुत्र” masculine, meaning “son”). One of them is “सुत:” (प्रातिपदिकम् “सुत” masculine) used in this verse. Do you recall the other three? (We have already seen these in a prior example. Search this web site for “सुत”)

7. Where is the धुँट्-आगम: used in the declension table of the प्रातिपदिकम् “सम्राज्”?

8. 8-2-36 व्रश्चभ्रस्जसृजमृजयजराजभ्राजच्छशां षः applies when one of the terms listed in “व्रश्चभ्रस्जसृजमृजयजराजभ्राजच्छशां” –
a) Is at the end of a पदम्
b) Has a झल् letter following
c) Is at the end of a पदम् or has a झल् letter following
d) Is at the end of a पदम् and has a झल् letter following

Easy questions:

1. Please state the rules required to do the पदच्छेद: of सम्राण्मनु:|

2. Where is the सूत्रम् 6-1-113 अतो रोरप्लुतादप्लुते used in this verse?

Today we will look at the form ऋत्विग्भिः from श्रीमद्भागवतम् SB 9-13-3.

निमिश्चलमिदं विद्वान् सत्रमारभतात्मवान् ।
ऋत्विग्भिरपरैस्तावन्नागमद् यावता गुरुः ।। ९-१३-३ ।।

Gita Press translation “Knowing all this (his life and everything connected with it) to be evanescent, the thoughtful Nimi proceeded with the sacrificial session with the help of other priests and continued it till his preceptor (the sage Vasiṣṭha) did not return.”

By 3-2-59 ऋत्विग्दधृक्स्रग्दिगुष्णिगञ्चुयुजिक्रुञ्चां च we get “ऋत्विज्” as a ready-made प्रातिपदिकम्, ending in the क्विन्-प्रत्यय:। By अनुबन्ध-लोपः the ककार: and नकार: are removed using 1-3-8 लशक्वतद्धिते and 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम् along with 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः। The इकारः in the क्विन्-प्रत्यय: is उच्चारणार्थः। The single letter वकार: that remains gets अपृक्त-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-2-41 अपृक्त एकाल् प्रत्ययः। By 6-1-67 वेरपृक्तस्य, this वकार: which is अपृक्तः takes लोपः।

The क्विन्-प्रत्यय: has the कृत्-सञ्ज्ञा by 3-1-93 कृदतिङ् । By 1-1-62 प्रत्ययलोपे प्रत्ययलक्षणम्, even though the क्विन्-प्रत्ययः has taken लोपः, ऋत्विज् gets प्रातिपदिक-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-2-46 कृत्तद्धितसमासाश्च and hence it will take the affixes सुँ, औ, जस् etc. mandated by 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टाभ्याम्भिस्ङेभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसिँभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसोसाम्ङ्योस्सुप्। The विवक्षा here is तृतीया-बहुवचनम्।

(1) ऋत्विज् + भिस् । The अङ्गम् has पद-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-4-17 स्वादिष्वसर्वनमस्थाने। 1-3-4 न विभक्तौ तुस्माः prevents the ending सकारः of भिस् from getting इत्-सञ्ज्ञा ।

(2) ऋत्विग् + भिस् । Since ‘ऋत्विज्’ ends in the affix क्विन्, by 8-2-62 क्विन्प्रत्ययस्य कुः, ‘ऋत्विज्’ which has पद-सञ्ज्ञा, takes the कवर्ग: (in this case गकार:) as a replacement for its ending जकार:।

(3) ऋत्विग्भिः । रुँत्व-विसर्गौ 8-2-66 ससजुषो रुः and 8-3-15 खरवसानयोर्विसर्जनीयः।

Questions:

1. Why do we need to use 8-2-62 क्विन्प्रत्ययस्य कुः in step 2? Why not simply use 8-2-30 चोः कुः?

2. In the third chapter of the अष्टाध्यायी, why does पाणिनि: run the “धातो:” अधिकार: a second time starting from 3-1-91 धातोः ? Why not just let the prior “धातो:” अधिकार: (starting from 3-1-22 धातोरेकाचो हलादेः क्रियासमभिहारे यङ्।) run all the way through?

3. Please state the one synonym for the word ऋत्विक् (प्रातिपदिकम् “ऋत्विज्” masculine, meaning “a priest who officiates at a sacrifice”) as given in the अमर-कोश:।
ऋत्विजो याजकाश्च ते ।।२-७-१७।।

4. How do you say this in Sanskrit?
“What else?” Take the answer from Chapter 16 of the गीता।

5. Where has the सूत्रम् 7-1-24 अतोऽम् been used in this verse?

6. What would have been the problem if पाणिनि: did not say “अतिङ्” in the सूत्रम् 3-1-93 कृदतिङ् ?

7. Which सर्वनाम-शब्द: has been used in this verse?

8. Which word in the verse has समानाधिकरम् with the word “ऋत्विग्भिः”?

9. Can you recall another सूत्रम् (besides 6-1-67 वेरपृक्तस्य) which we have studied, in which पाणिनि: uses the अपृक्त-सञ्ज्ञा ?

Easy questions:

1. Please do पदच्छेद: of निमिश्चलम्।

2. Can you spot the place where the सूत्रम् 8-4-45 यरोऽनुनासिकेऽनुनासिको वा has been used in this verse?

Today we will look at the form पथि from श्रीमद्वाल्मीकि-रामायणम् ।

भृत्यवत्सल तिष्ठन्तं भर्तृपुत्रगते पथि |
भक्तं भृत्यं स्थितं स्थित्या न मा त्वं हातुमर्हसि || २-५२-५८||

Gita Press translation “O prince, who are so fond of your dependents, you ought not to desert me, your devoted servant, standing resolved to tread on the path chosen by the son of his master and (ever) keeping within bounds.”

‘पथिन्’ gets प्रातिपदिकसंज्ञा by 1-2-45 अर्थवदधातुरप्रत्ययः प्रातिपदिकम्। The विवक्षा here is सप्तमी-एकवचनम्। 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टाभ्याम्भिस्ङेभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसिँभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसोसाम्ङ्योस्सुप् mandates the प्रत्ययाः सुँ, औ, जस् etc. after the प्रातिपदिकम् ‘पथिन्’।

(1) पथिन् + ङि ।

(2) पथिन् + इ । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-8 लशक्वतद्धिते and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः। ‘पथिन्’ gets भ-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-4-18 यचि भम् ।

(3) पथि । The टि-भागः of पथिन् which has the भ-सञ्ज्ञा, takes लोपः by 7-1-88 भस्य टेर्लोपः।
See question 1.

Questions:

1. By which सूत्रम् does पाणिनि: define the टि-सञ्ज्ञा ?

2. What is the प्रातिपदिकम् in the form “त्वम्”? Which विभक्ति:/वचनम् has been used? Is there an alternate form possible?

3. Which one of the following statements is true regarding अस्मद् and युष्मद् ?
a) They are used only in the masculine
b) They are used in all three genders and the forms are different in all three genders.
c) They are used in all three genders but the forms are the same in all three genders.
d) They are used only in the plural

4. Please state the one synonym for वत्सल: (प्रातिपदिकम् “वत्सल” adjective, meaning “fond of”) as given in the अमरकोश:।
स्निग्धस्तु वत्सलः ।।३-१-१४।।

5. Use some words from the verse to construct the following sentence in Sanskrit:
“You ought not to give up the study of grammar.” Use the प्रातिपदिकम् “अध्ययन” (declined like “वन”) for “study.”

6. Where has the सूत्रम् 8-1-23 त्वामौ द्वितीयायाः been used in this verse?

7. Which प्रातिपदिकम् used in the verse has the घि-सञ्ज्ञा?

8. Where has सम्बुद्धि: been used in the verse?

Easy questions:

1. Consider the form भर्तृपुत्रगते which is सप्तमी-एकवचनम् of the प्रातिपदिकम् “भर्तृपुत्रगत” – the derivation is as follows:
भर्तृपुत्रगत + ङि by 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छस्टा…
भर्तृपुत्रगत + इ by 1-3-8 लशक्वतद्धिते, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।
भर्तृपुत्रगते by ?
Which सूत्रम् was used in the last step to get अ + इ = ए ?

2. Consider the form स्थित्या which is तृतीया-एकवचनम् of the प्रातिपदिकम् “स्थिति” – steps are as follows:
स्थिति + टा by 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छस्टा…
स्थिति + आ by 1-3-7 चुटू , 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।
स्थित्या by ?
Which सूत्रम् was used in the last step to get replace इ by य् ?

Today we will look at the form युवानः from श्रीमद्भागवतम् SB 10-45-19.

तत्र प्रवयसोऽप्यासन् युवानोऽतिबलौजसः ।
पिबन्तोऽक्षैर्मुकुन्दस्य मुखाम्बुजसुधां मुहुः ।। १०-४५-१९ ।।

Gita Press translation “Drinking now and again with (the cup of) their eyes the nectar-like beauty of the lotus face of Śri Kṛṣṇa (the Bestower of Liberation), even the aged there (at Mathurā) turned young and acquired great strength and energy.”

‘युवन्’ gets प्रातिपदिकसंज्ञा by 1-2-45 अर्थवदधातुरप्रत्ययः प्रातिपदिकम्। The विवक्षा here is प्रथमा-बहुवचनम्। 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टाभ्याम्भिस्ङेभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसिँभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसोसाम्ङ्योस्सुप् mandates the प्रत्ययाः सुँ, औ, जस् etc. after the प्रातिपदिकम् ‘युवन्’ ।

(1) युवन् + जस् । ‘जस्’ is a सर्वनामस्थानम् affix by 1-1-43 सुडनपुंसकस्य।

(2) युवन् + अस् । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-7 चुटू and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः। 1-3-4 न विभक्तौ तुस्माः prevents the ending सकारः of जस् from getting इत्-सञ्ज्ञा ।

(3) युवान् + अस् । By 6-4-8 सर्वनामस्थाने चासम्बुद्धौ, the penultimate letter of the अङ्गम् (base) ending in a नकार: gets elongated if it is followed by a सर्वनामस्थानम् affix.

(4) युवानः । रुँत्व-विसर्गौ 8-2-66 ससजुषो रुः and 8-3-15 खरवसानयोर्विसर्जनीयः।

Questions:

1. Why didn’t सम्प्रसारणम् occur (by 6-4-133 श्वयुवमघोनामतद्धिते) in this example?

2. Please list the five synonyms for the word प्रवया: (प्रातिपदिकम् “प्रवयस्” masculine, meaning “aged”) as given in the अमर-कोश:।
प्रवयाः स्थविरो वृद्धो जीनो जीर्णो जरन्नपि ।।२-६-४२।।
(इति षट् “वृद्धस्य” नामानि)

3. Which is the correct तृतीया-बहुवचनम् form of the प्रातिपदिकम् “प्रवयस्” ?
a) प्रवयसै:
b) प्रवयोभि:
c) प्रवयस्भि:
d) प्रवयभि:

4. How would say this in Sanskrit?
“This elderly man came to the temple with his grand-son.” Use the adjective प्रातिपदिकम् “आगत” for “came” and “प्रपुत्र” for grand-son.

5. Where in the first ten verses of the Sixth Chapter of the गीता is the सूत्रम् 6-4-8 सर्वनामस्थाने चासम्बुद्धौ used?

6. Can you find a सूत्रम् used in this example which takes the entire prior सूत्रम् (in the अष्टाध्यायी) as अनुवृत्ति:?

7. Where is the ङस्-प्रत्यय: used in this verse?

8. In this example, the अङ्गम् “युवन्” has:
a) पद-सञ्ज्ञा
b) भ-सञ्ज्ञा
c) Neither पद-सञ्ज्ञा nor भ-सञ्ज्ञा
d) Both पद-सञ्ज्ञा and भ-सञ्ज्ञा

Easy questions:

1. Which सूत्रम् was used to get अपि + आसन् = अप्यासन् ?

2. Please do पदच्छेद: of प्रवयसोऽपि and mention the relevant rules.

3. List the प्रत्यया: included in the सुट्-प्रत्याहार:।

Today we will look at the form मघवता from श्रीमद्भागवतम् SB 4-20-1.

मैत्रेय उवाच
भगवानपि वैकुण्ठः साकं मघवता विभुः ।
यज्ञैर्यज्ञपतिस्तुष्टो यज्ञभुक् तमभाषत ।। ४-२०-१ ।।

Gita Press translation “Maitreya resumed: Pleased with the sacrifices (of king Pṛthu), the all-pervading Lord Vaikuṇṭha (Viṣṇu), the Enjoyer and Dispenser of the fruit of sacrifices, too, (appeared on the scene) with Indra and addressed the king (as follows).”

‘मघवन्’ gets प्रातिपदिकसंज्ञा by 1-2-45 अर्थवदधातुरप्रत्ययः प्रातिपदिकम्। The विवक्षा here is तृतीया-एकवचनम्। 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टाभ्याम्भिस्ङेभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसिँभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसोसाम्ङ्योस्सुप् mandates the प्रत्ययाः सुँ, औ, जस् etc. after the प्रातिपदिकम् ‘मघवन्’।

(1) मघवन् + टा ।

(2) मघवतृँ + टा । By 6-4-128 मघवा बहुलम् मघवन् gets तृँ as a replacement optionally.

(3) मघवत् + आ । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत्, 1-3-7 चुटू and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

(4) मघवता

Questions:

1. What would have been the optional final form in this example? (In the case where the तृँ-आदेश: is not done.)

2. How do you say this in Sanskrit?
“Which word used in this verse has the अव्यय-सञ्ज्ञा?” Use the adjective प्रातिपदिकम् “प्रयुक्त” for “used.”

3. Please list the four synonyms for the indeclinable साकम् (प्रातिपदिकम् “साकम्”, अव्ययम्, meaning “with”) as given in the अमरकोश:।
सार्धं तु साकं सत्रा समं सह ॥३-४-४॥
(इति पञ्च “सहेत्यर्थे” अव्ययानि)

4. In this example, the अङ्गम् “मघवत्” has:
a) पद-सञ्ज्ञा
b) भ-सञ्ज्ञा
c) Neither पद-सञ्ज्ञा nor भ-सञ्ज्ञा
d) Both पद-सञ्ज्ञा and भ-सञ्ज्ञा

5. Which two प्रातिपदिके used in this verse have the घि-सञ्ज्ञा?

6. In commenting on the सूत्रम् 6-4-128 मघवा बहुलम् the तत्त्वबोधिनी says – ‘अर्वणस्त्रसौ’ इत्यतस्तृ इत्यनुवर्तते, तदपेक्षा च “मघवा” इति षष्ठ्यर्थे प्रथमा। Please explain.

7. Which सर्वनाम-शब्द: has been used in this verse?

8. Is the सूत्रम् 6-4-128 मघवा बहुलम् part of the “भस्य” अधिकार:?

Easy questions:

1. Where is the सूत्रम् 7-1-9 अतो भिस ऐस् used in this verse?

2. How about 6-1-114 हशि च?

Today we will look at the form अस्मै from श्रीमद्वाल्मीकि-रामायणम् ।

अस्मै देया मया सीता वीर्यशुल्का महात्मने |
प्रतिज्ञां तर्तुमिच्छामि तदनुज्ञातुमर्हसि || १-६८-१०||

Gita Press translation “Sītā (my daughter), who has (thus) been won through (personal) valor, (now) remains to be given away by me to that exalted soul. (By doing so) I seek to redeem my pledge. Be pleased to sanction it.”

‘इदम्’ gets प्रातिपदिकसंज्ञा by 1-2-45 अर्थवदधातुरप्रत्ययः प्रातिपदिकम् and सर्वनाम-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-1-27 सर्वादीनि सर्वनामानि । The विवक्षा here is पुंलिङ्गे चतुर्थी-एकवचनम् । 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टाभ्याम्भिस्ङेभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसिँभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसोसाम्ङ्योस्सुप् mandates the प्रत्ययाः सुँ, औ, जस् etc. after the प्रातिपदिकम् ‘इदम्’।

(1) इदम् + ङे ।

(2) इद अ + ङे । By 7-2-102 त्यदादीनामः, इदम् gets the अकारादेशः। As per 1-1-52 अलोऽन्त्यस्य , only the ending मकार: gets replaced.

(3) इद + ङे । By 6-1-97 अतो गुणे, the अकारः at the end of ‘इद’ and the following अकारादेशः is replaced by अकारः (पररूपम्) as एकादेशः ।

(4) इद + स्मै । By 7-1-14 सर्वनाम्नः स्मै, ङे is replaced by स्मै when following a pronoun ending in an अकारः।
See question 1.

(5) अस्मै । By 7-2-113 हलि लोपः, the इद् of इदम् takes लोपः, since स्मै which is a हलादि-विभक्तिः follows. See question 2.

Questions:

1. Why didn’t 7-2-112 अनाप्यकः (which is परकार्यम् to 7-1-14) apply instead of 7-1-14 after step 3?

2. Why wasn’t 1-1-52 अलोऽन्त्यस्य considered in step 5? (That would have required लोप: of the ending दकार: only and not of the entire term “इद्”)

3. Please list the one synonym for the word “सीता” (प्रातिपदिकम् “सीता” feminine, meaning “furrow”) as given in the अमरकोश:।
सीता लाङ्गलपद्धतिः ।।२-९-१४।।

4. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“What (is) the price of this book?” Use the masculine/neuter प्रातिपदिकम् “शुल्क” for “price.”

5. Why wasn’t 6-4-134 अल्लोपोऽनः applied in the form महात्मने (= महात्मन् + ङे)?

6. From where does the अनुवृत्ति: of “अत:” come into 7-1-14 सर्वनाम्नः स्मै ?

7. Can you find where the सूत्रम् 7-2-113 हलि लोपः has been used in the last five verses of Chapter 11 of the गीता?

8. Where has the सूत्रम् 7-1-23 स्वमोर्नपुंसकात्‌ been used in this verse?

Easy questions:

1. Where has the सूत्रम् 8-3-23 मोऽनुस्वारः been used in this verse?

2. Which letters are included in the ङम्-प्रत्याहार:?

Today we will look at the form पञ्चभिः from श्रीमद्वाल्मीकि-रामायणम् ।

ततस्ताराद्युतिस्तारो हरिर्भीमपराक्रम: |
पञ्चभिर्हरिकोटीभिर्दूरतः पर्यदृश्यत || ४-३९-३१ ||

GitaPress translation “Then came to view from a distance the monkey, Tāra of terrible prowess, who possessed the brilliance of a star, followed by five crores of monkeys.”

‘पञ्चन्’ gets प्रातिपदिकसंज्ञा by 1-2-45 अर्थवदधातुरप्रत्ययः प्रातिपदिकम्। The विवक्षा here is तृतीया-बहुवचनम्। 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टाभ्याम्भिस्ङेभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसिँभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसोसाम्ङ्योस्सुप् mandates the प्रत्ययाः सुँ, औ, जस् etc. after the प्रातिपदिकम् ‘पञ्चन्’ ।

(1) पञ्चन् + भिस् । पञ्चन् has पद-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-4-17 स्वादिष्वसर्वनमस्थाने। 1-3-4 न विभक्तौ तुस्माः prevents the ending सकारः of भिस् from getting इत्-सञ्ज्ञा ।

(2) पञ्च + भिस् । The ending letter न् of पञ्चन् (which has पद-सञ्ज्ञा and प्रातिपदिक-सञ्ज्ञा) is dropped by 8-2-7 नलोपः प्रातिपदिकान्तस्य।
See question 1.

(3) पञ्चभिः । रुँत्व-विसर्गौ 8-2-66 ससजुषो रुः and 8-3-15 खरवसानयोर्विसर्जनीयः।

Questions:

1. Why didn’t 7-1-9 अतो भिस ऐस् apply after step 2?

2. Where is the प्रातिपदिकम् “पञ्चन्” used in the गीता?

3. Can you think of an English word that (most likely) comes from the प्रातिपदिकम् “पञ्चन्”?

4. Of the 21 सुँप्-प्रत्यया: which ones can be used with the प्रातिपदिकम् “पञ्चन्”?

5. Which of the following statements is true regarding the प्रातिपदिकम् “पञ्चन्”?
a) It is always used in the feminine gender – regardless of whether it is qualifying a noun in another gender.
b) It is an अव्ययम्।
c) It can be used in all three genders but the forms are the same regardless of the gender.
d) Just like the प्रातिपदिकम् “त्रि” or “चतुर्” it can be used in all three genders and the forms are different in each gender.

6. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“Five days of the New Year have gone by.” Use the adjective प्रातिपदिकम् “गत” for “have gone by.”

7. Please list the five synonyms for the word “तारा” (प्रातिपदिकम् “तारा” feminine, meaning “star”) as given in the अमर-कोश:।
नक्षत्रमृक्षं भं तारा तारकाऽप्युडु वा स्त्रियाम् ।।१-३-२१।।
(इति षट् “नक्षत्रसामान्यस्य” नामानि)

8. In which पाद: of the अष्टाध्यायी do we find most of the rules required for अच्-सन्धि: ?

Easy questions:

1. Which सूत्रम् was used to get परि + अदृश्यत = पर्यदृश्यत ?

2. Can you spot a place in the verse where the सूत्रम् 8-3-34 विसर्जनीयस्य सः has been used?

Today we will look at the form मघोना from श्रीमद्भागवतम् SB 10-27-14.

श्रीशुक उवाच ।
एवं सङ्कीर्तितः कृष्णो मघोना भगवानमुम् ।
मेघगम्भीरया वाचा प्रहसन्निदमब्रवीत् ।। १०-२७-१४ ।।

Gita Press translation “Śrī Śuka continued: Thus glorified by Indra, Lord Śrī Kṛṣṇa heartily laughed and spoke to him as follows in a voice deep as the rumbling of clouds.”

‘मघवन्’ gets प्रातिपदिकसंज्ञा by 1-2-45 अर्थवदधातुरप्रत्ययः प्रातिपदिकम्। The विवक्षा here is तृतीया-एकवचनम्। 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टाभ्याम्भिस्ङेभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसिँभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसोसाम्ङ्योस्सुप् mandates the प्रत्ययाः सुँ, औ, जस् etc. after the प्रातिपदिकम् ‘मघवन्’।

(1) मघवन् + टा ।

(2) मघवन् + आ । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-7 चुटू and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः। ‘मघवन्’ gets भ-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-4-18 यचि भम्।

(3) मघ उ अन् + आ । By 6-4-133 श्वयुवमघोनामतद्धिते, the अन् ending ‘मघवन्’, which has the भ-सञ्ज्ञा, takes सम्प्रसारणम् when followed by an affix which is not a तद्धितः। By 1-1-45 इग्यणः सम्प्रसारणम् the letter व् is replaced by उ।

(4) मघ उन् + आ । By 6-1-108 सम्प्रसारणाच्च, when a सम्प्रसारणम् is followed by a vowel, there is a single replacement of the prior letter (the सम्प्रसारणम्).

(5) मघोना । 6-1-87 आद्गुणः gives ओ as एकादेशः to अ and उ।

Questions:

1. What would have been the alternate final form in this example?

2. Please list the fourteen synonyms for the word “मेघ:” (प्रातिपदिकम् “मेघ” masculine, meaning “cloud”) as given in the अमर-कोश:।
अभ्रं मेघो वारिवाहः स्तनयित्नुर्बलाहकः ।।१-३-६।।
धाराधरो जलधरस्तडित्वान् वारिदोऽम्बुभृत् ।
घनजीमूतमुदिरजलमुग्धूमयोनयः ।।१-३-७।।
(इति पञ्चदश “मेघस्य” नामानि)

3. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“Today (is) the first Monday of the New Year.” Use the अव्ययम् “अद्य” for “today” and the adjective प्रातिपदिकम् “नूतन” for “new.”

4. Where is the सूत्रम् 6-4-133 श्वयुवमघोनामतद्धिते used in the गीता (Chapter 5)?

5. Can you spot the place where the सूत्रम् 7-3-105 आङि चापः has been used in this verse?

6. Match the columns:
i. सङ्कीर्तितः
ii. मघोना
iii. भगवान्
iv. एवम्

a) Thus
b) glorified
c) by Indra
d) Lord

7. Which विभक्ति:/वचनम् has been used in the term “यणः” in the सूत्रम् 1-1-45 इग्यणः सम्प्रसारणम् ?
a) प्रथमा-बहुवचनम्
b) द्वितीया-बहुवचनम्
c) पञ्चमी-एकवचनम्
d) षष्ठी-एकवचनम्

8. Two rules from the “6-1-84 एकः पूर्वपरयोः” अधिकार: have been used in this example. Which are they?

Easy questions:

1. Where has the सूत्रम् 8-3-32 ङमो ह्रस्वादचि ङमुण्नित्यम् been used in this verse?

2. How about 6-1-114 हशि च ?

Today we will look at the form पथः from श्रीमद्भागवतम् SB 11-20-37.

एवमेतान् मया दिष्टाननुतिष्ठन्ति मे पथः ।
क्षेमं विन्दन्ति मत्स्थानं यद् ब्रह्म परमं विदुः ।।११-२०-३७ ।।

Gita Press translation “Those who follow in the aforesaid manner the paths shown by Me as leading to Me attain to My realm, which is free from fear (of death etc.), and realize that which is known as the supreme Brahma.”

‘पथिन्’ gets प्रातिपदिकसंज्ञा by 1-2-45 अर्थवदधातुरप्रत्ययः प्रातिपदिकम्। The विवक्षा here is द्वितीया-बहुवचनम्। 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टाभ्याम्भिस्ङेभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसिँभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसोसाम्ङ्योस्सुप् mandates the प्रत्ययाः सुँ, औ, जस् etc. after the प्रातिपदिकम् ‘पथिन्’।

(1) पथिन् + शस् ।

(2) पथ् इन् + अस् । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-8 लशक्वतद्धिते and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः। 1-3-4 न विभक्तौ तुस्माः prevents the ending सकारः of शस् from getting इत्-सञ्ज्ञा । ‘पथिन्’ gets भ-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-4-18 यचि भम्।

(3) पथ् + अस् । ‘इन्’ of ‘पथिन्’ gets टि-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-1-64 अचोऽन्त्यादि टि। The टि-भागः of पथिन् which has the भ-सञ्ज्ञा, takes लोपः by 7-1-88 भस्य टेर्लोपः।

(4) पथः । रुँत्व-विसर्गौ 8-2-66 ससजुषो रुः and 8-3-15 खरवसानयोर्विसर्जनीयः।

Questions:

1. Use a verb from the verse to construct the following sentence in Sanskrit:
“All four sons of this man follow the advice of the scriptures.” Use the प्रातिपदिकम् “उपदेश” (masculine) for “advice” and “शास्त्र” (neuter) for “scripture.”

2. Where is the सूत्रम् “7-1-88 भस्य टेर्लोपः” used in the गीता?

3. What could be the reason for पाणिनि: not putting the सूत्रम् 7-1-88 भस्य टेर्लोपः in the “6-4-129 भस्य ” अधिकार: ? (That way he wouldn’t have had to say “भस्य” in 7-1-88.)

4. Why didn’t 7-1-85, 7-1-86 or 7-1-87 apply in this example?

5. Please list the eleven synonyms for the word “क्षेम:/क्षेमम्” (प्रातिपदिकम् “क्षेम” masculine/neuter, meaning “well-being”) as given in the अमर-कोश:।
श्वःश्रेयसं शिवं भद्रं कल्याणं मङ्गलं शुभम् ।।१-४-२५।।
भावुकं भविकं भव्यं कुशलं क्षेममस्त्रियाम्।
शस्तं च ।।१-४-२६।।
(इति द्वादश “कल्याणमात्रस्य” नामानि)

6. Where is the सूत्रम् 6-1-103 तस्माच्छसो नः पुंसि used in this verse?

7. What were the other possibilities for “पथ:” besides द्वितीया-बहुवचनम् ? Which word(s) in the verse give(s) us the hint that “पथ:” is द्वितीया-बहुवचनम् here (and not the other possibilities)?

8. Why didn’t 7-2-102 त्यदादीनामः apply in the form “यद्” ?

Easy questions:

1. List the five प्रत्यया: that are included in the सुँट्-प्रत्याहार:।

2. Consider the सन्धि: between दिष्टान् + अनुतिष्ठन्ति। Why didn’t 8-3-32 ङमो ह्रस्वादचि ङमुण्नित्यम् apply here? (Which condition was not satisfied?)