Today we will look at the form ईयतु: 3Ad-लिँट् from श्रीमद्भागवतम् Sb7.1.19

कथं तस्मिन्भगवति दुरवग्राहधामनि ।
पश्यतां सर्वलोकानां लयमीयतुरञ्जसा ।। ७-१-१९ ।।
एतद्भ्राम्यति मे बुद्धिर्दीपार्चिरिव वायुना ।
ब्रूह्येतदद्भुततमं भगवांस्तत्र कारणम् ।। ७-१-२० ।।

श्रीधर-स्वामि-टीका –
दुरवग्राहं दुष्प्रापं धाम स्वरूपं यस्य तस्मिन् लयं सायुज्यमीयतुर्जग्मतुः । अभूतस्यापि दन्तवक्त्रलस्य तज्जातकप्रामाण्येन सिद्धवन्निर्देशः ।। १९ ।। एतदद्भुततममत एतत्प्रति मे धीर्भ्राम्यति । भगवान् सर्वज्ञस्त्वं ब्रूहि ।। २० ।।

Gita Press translation “How did they attain absorption directly into the aforesaid Lord, whose reality cannot be easily grasped, while all the people (assembled on the spot) stood looking on? My mind is wavering on this point even as the flame of a light is unsteady under the action of wind; (for) this was (something) most wonderful. Omniscient as you are, kindly tell me the cause of it.”

ईयतु: is derived from the धातुः √इ (इण् गतौ, अदादि-गणः, धातु-पाठः #२. ४०)

The ending णकार: of “इण्” gets the इत्-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम् and takes लोप: by 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः। This धातु: is devoid of any indications for bringing in आत्मनेपद-प्रत्यया:। (Neither 1-3-12 अनुदात्तङित आत्मनेपदम् nor 1-3-72 स्वरितञितः कर्त्रभिप्राये क्रियाफले applies.) Therefore, as per 1-3-78 शेषात् कर्तरि परस्मैपदम्, in कर्तरि प्रयोग: √इ takes परस्मैपद-प्रत्यया: by default. As per 1-4-99 लः परस्मैपदम्, 1-4-100 तङानावात्मनेपदम्, the nine प्रत्यया: from “तिप्” to “मस्” get the परस्मैपद-सञ्ज्ञा। So √इ can take only one of these nine प्रत्यया: in कर्तरि प्रयोग:।

The विवक्षा is लिँट्, कर्तरि प्रयोग:, प्रथम-पुरुषः, द्विवचनम्, hence the प्रत्ययः is “तस्”।

(1) इ + लिँट् । By 3-2-115 परोक्षे लिँट्, the affix लिँट् (Perfect Tense) comes after a verbal root in the sense of the past not of today, provided that the action is unperceived by the narrator.

(2) इ + ल् । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत्, 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

(3) इ + तस् । 3-4-78 तिप्तस्झिसिप्थस्थमिब्वस्मस्तातांझथासाथांध्वमिड्वहिमहिङ् mandates the प्रत्ययः “तस्” as the substitute for the लकारः। By 3-4-115 लिट् च, a तिङ्-प्रत्यय: which comes in place of लिँट् gets the आर्धधातुक-सञ्ज्ञा। Therefore “तस्” gets the आर्धधातुक-सञ्ज्ञा। This prevents 3-1-68 कर्तरि शप्‌ (which requires a सार्वधातुक-प्रत्यय: to follow) from applying.

(4) इ + अतुस् । By 3-4-82 परस्मैपदानां णलतुसुस्थलथुसणल्वमाः, when they come in place of लिँट्, the nine परस्मैपद-प्रत्यया: – “तिप्”, “तस्”, “झि”, “सिप्”, “थस्”, “थ”, “मिप्”, “वस्” and “मस्” – are substituted by “णल्”, “अतुस्”, “उस्”, “थल्”, “अथुस्”, “अ”, “णल्”, “व” and “म” respectively.
1-3-4 न विभक्तौ तुस्माः prevents the ending सकार: of “अतुस्” from getting the इत्-सञ्ज्ञा।
Note: As per 1-2-5 असंयोगाल्लिट् कित्, “अतुस्” is a कित्। This allows 1-1-5 ग्क्ङिति च to block 7-3-84 सार्वधातुकार्धधातुकयोः।

(5) इ इ + अतुस् । By 6-1-8 लिटि धातोरनभ्यासस्य, when लिँट् follows a verbal root, there is reduplication of the first portion – containing a single vowel – of the verbal root which is not already reduplicated. But if the verbal root (that has more than one vowel) begins with a vowel, then the reduplication is of the second portion – containing a single vowel.

Note: As per 1-1-59 द्विर्वचनेऽचि, we apply 6-1-8 लिटि धातोरनभ्यासस्य before applying 6-4-81 इणो यण्।

(6) ई इ + अतुस् । By 7-4-69 दीर्घ इणः किति, when followed by a लिँट्-प्रत्यय: which is कित् (has ककार: as a इत्), there is an elongation of the vowel in the अभ्यास: of the verbal root √इ (इण् गतौ २. ४०)।

(7) ई य् + अतुस् । By 6-4-81 इणो यण्, the verbal root √इ (इण् गतौ #२. ४०), gets यण् as the replacement when followed by an अजादि-प्रत्यय: (vowel-beginning affix).

(8) ईयतु: । रुँत्व-विसर्गौ – 8-2-66 ससजुषो रुः and 8-3-15 खरवसानयोर्विसर्जनीयः ।

Questions:

1. In which chapter of the गीता has √इ (इण् गतौ, अदादि-गणः, धातु-पाठः #२. ४०) been used with लँट् in the last verse?

2. Commenting on the सूत्रम् 7-4-69 दीर्घ इणः किति, the तत्त्वबोधिनी says – किति किम्। इयाय। Please explain.

3. Continuing with the above comment, the तत्त्वबोधिनी says – अत्र वदन्ति – इह दीर्घे कृतेऽपि “अभ्यासस्याऽसवर्णे” इतीयङा रूपसिद्धेः कितीति व्यर्थम्। Please explain.

4. Which सूत्रम् is used for the दीर्घादेश: in the form भ्राम्यति?

5. Where has 6-4-98 गमहनजनखनघसां लोपः क्ङित्यनङि been used in the commentary?

6. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“Accompanied by the sage Viswamitra, Sri Rama and Lakshmana went to Mithila.” Use the compound प्रातिपदिकम् “श्रीराम-लक्ष्मण” (in the dual.)

Easy questions:

1. Where has 8-3-7 नश्छव्यप्रशान् been used in the verse?

2. Why didn’t 6-1-68 हल्ङ्याब्भ्यो दीर्घात्‌ सुतिस्यपृक्तं हल् apply in the form धी: (स्त्रीलिङ्ग-प्रातिपदिकम् “धी”, प्रथमा-एकवचनम्)?

Today we will look at the form सस्मरुः 3Ap-लिँट् from श्रीमद्भागवतम् 10.30.44

ततोऽविशन्वनं चन्द्रज्योत्स्ना यावद्विभाव्यते ।
तमः प्रविष्टमालक्ष्य ततो निववृतुः स्त्रियः ।। १०-३०-४३ ।।
तन्मनस्कास्तदालापास्तद्विचेष्टास्तदात्मिकाः ।
तद्गुणानेव गायन्त्यो नात्मागाराणि सस्मरुः ।। १०-३०-४४ ।।

श्रीधर-स्वामि-टीका –
ततस्तयापि सहिताः कृष्णान्वेषणाय वनमविशन् । ततो हरेरन्वेषणान्निवृत्ताः ।। ४३ ।। एवं तमप्राप्ता अपि स्वगृहान्नैव स्मृतवत्यः । तदात्मिकाः स एवात्मा यासां ताः । तन्मय्य इत्यर्थः ।। ४४ ।।

Gita Press translation “Again (in her company) the (cowherd) women penetrated the forest (further) so long as moonlight was visible. Perceiving (however) the darkness had set in they returned from that (very) point. With their mind absorbed in Him, talking of Him, imitating His various activities, nay, identified with Him and singing His praises alone, the cowherd women did not recollect their own body, much less their homes.”

सस्मरुः is derived from the धातुः √स्मृ (स्मृ चिन्तायाम्, भ्वादि-गणः, धातु-पाठः #१. १०८२)

In the धातु-पाठः, the स्मृ-धातुः has no इत् letters. It is devoid of any indications for bringing in आत्मनेपद-प्रत्यया:। Therefore, as per 1-3-78 शेषात् कर्तरि परस्मैपदम्, the स्मृ-धातुः, in कर्तरि प्रयोग:, will take the परस्मैपद-प्रत्यया: by default. As per 1-4-99 लः परस्मैपदम्, 1-4-100 तङानावात्मनेपदम्, the nine प्रत्यया: from “तिप्” to “मस्” get the परस्मैपद-सञ्ज्ञा। So स्मृ-धातुः can take only one of these nine प्रत्यया: in कर्तरि प्रयोग:।

The विवक्षा is लिँट्, कर्तरि प्रयोग:, प्रथम-पुरुषः, बहुवचनम्, hence the प्रत्ययः is “झि”।

(1) स्मृ + लिँट् । By 3-2-115 परोक्षे लिँट् , the affix लिँट् (Perfect Tense) comes after a verbal root in the sense of the past not of today, provided that the action is unperceived by the narrator.

(2) स्मृ + ल् । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत्, 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

(3) स्मृ + झि । 3-4-78 तिप्तस्झिसिप्थस्थमिब्वस्मस्तातांझथासाथांध्वमिड्वहिमहिङ् mandates the प्रत्ययः “झि” as the substitute for the लकारः। By 3-4-115 लिट् च, a तिङ्-प्रत्यय: which comes in place of लिँट् gets the आर्धधातुक-सञ्ज्ञा। Therefore “झि” gets the आर्धधातुक-सञ्ज्ञा। This prevents 3-1-68 कर्तरि शप्‌ (which requires a सार्वधातुक-प्रत्यय: to follow) from applying.

(4) स्मृ + उस् । By 3-4-82 परस्मैपदानां णलतुसुस्थलथुसणल्वमाः, when they come in place of लिँट्, the nine परस्मैपद-प्रत्यया: – “तिप्”, “तस्”, “झि”, “सिप्”, “थस्”, “थ”, “मिप्”, “वस्” and “मस्” – are substituted by “णल्”, “अतुस्”, “उस्”, “थल्”, “अथुस्”, “अ”, “णल्”, “व” and “म” respectively.
1-3-4 न विभक्तौ तुस्माः prevents the ending सकार: of “उस्” from getting the इत्-सञ्ज्ञा।

(5) स्मृ स्मृ + उस् । By 6-1-8 लिटि धातोरनभ्यासस्य , when लिँट् follows a verbal root, there is reduplication of the first portion – containing a single vowel – of the verbal root which is not already reduplicated. But if the verbal root (that has more than one vowel) begins with a vowel, then the reduplication is of the second portion – containing a single vowel.

Note: As per 1-1-59 द्विर्वचनेऽचि, we apply 6-1-8 लिटि धातोरनभ्यासस्य before applying 7-4-10 ऋतश्च संयोगादेर्गुणः।

(6) स्मर् स्मृ + उस् । By 7-4-66 उरत्‌, a ऋवर्ण: of the अभ्यास: (reduplicate) takes the अकारादेश: when a प्रत्यय: follows. By 1-1-51 उरण् रपरः, in the place of ऋवर्ण: if an अण् letter (“अ”, “इ”, “उ”) comes as a substitute, it is always followed by a रँ (“र्”, “ल्”) letter.

(7) स स्मृ + उस् । By 7-4-60 हलादिः शेषः, of the consonants of a reduplicate (अभ्यासः – ref. 6-1-4 पूर्वोऽभ्यासः), only the one (if any) at the beginning is retained, the rest are elided.

(8) स स्मर् + उस् । By 7-4-10 ऋतश्च संयोगादेर्गुणः, a अङ्गम् which begins with a संयोग: (conjunct consonant) and ends in a ऋकार: takes गुण: when followed by a लिँट् affix. (As per 1-1-52 अलोऽन्त्यस्य, the ending ऋकार: of the अङ्गम् takes गुण:।)

See question 2.

(9) सस्मरुः । रुँत्व-विसर्गौ – 8-2-66 ससजुषो रुः and 8-3-15 खरवसानयोर्विसर्जनीयः ।

Questions:

1. In how many places has 7-4-10 ऋतश्च संयोगादेर्गुणः been used in the गीता?
i. Only once in Chapter One
ii. Twice
iii. More than five times
iv. Never

2. Why is 7-4-10 ऋतश्च संयोगादेर्गुणः required in step 8? Couldn’t we have just used 7-3-84 सार्वधातुकार्धधातुकयोः?

3. Commenting on the सूत्रम् 7-4-10 ऋतश्च संयोगादेर्गुणः, the सिद्धान्त-कौमुदी says – किदर्थमपीदं परत्वाण्णल्यपि भवति। रपरत्वम्। उपधावृद्धि:। Please explain. (Hint: Consider the example सस्मार।)

4. Commenting on the सूत्रम् 7-4-10 ऋतश्च संयोगादेर्गुणः, the तत्त्वबोधिनी says – संयोगादे: किम्। चक्रतु:। Please explain.

5. Where has the वार्त्तिकम् – ऋदुपधेभ्यो लिट: कित्त्वं गुणात्पूर्वविप्रतिषेधेन been used in the verse?

6. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“Kaikeyi remembered the two boons given by Dasaratha.” Use the masculine प्रातिपदिकम् “वर” for “boon” and the adjective प्रातिपदिकम् “दत्त” for “given.”

Easy questions:

1. Which सूत्रम् is used for the “इयँङ्”-आदेश: in the form स्त्रिय: (प्रातिपदिकम् “स्त्री”, प्रथमा-बहुवचनम्)?

2. The word तन्मय्य: used in the commentary is प्रथमा-बहुवचनम् of the प्रातिपदिकम् “तन्मयी”। Why doesn’t 6-1-102 प्रथमयोः पूर्वसवर्णः apply here?

Today we will look at the form पाठयामासतु: 3Ad-लिँट् from श्रीमद्भागवतम् Sb7.5.2

तौ राज्ञा प्रापितं बालं प्रह्रादं नयकोविदम् ।
पाठयामासतुः पाठ्यानन्यांश्चासुरबालकान् ।। ७-५-२ ।।
यत्तत्र गुरुणा प्रोक्तं शुश्रुवेऽनुपपाठ च ।
न साधु मनसा मेने स्वपरासद्ग्रहाश्रयम् ।। ७-५-३ ।।

श्रीधर-स्वामि-टीका –
पाठ्यान्दण्डनीत्यादीन् । पाठ्यानसुरबालकानिति वान्वयः ।। २ ।। अनु श्रवणानन्तरं तथैव पपाठ च किंतु तत्साधु न मेने । तत्र हेतुः – स्वः पर इत्यसद्ग्रहो मिथ्याभिनिवेश एवाश्रयो यस्य तत् ।।

Gita Press translation “They taught (all) subjects that were worth teaching to Prahrāda – who had been sent (to their house) by the king (Hiraṇyakaśipu) and, though (yet) a child, was skilled in reasoning – as well as to other children of the Asuras. He listened to and immediately reproduced what was taught to him by his teacher there; but at heart he did not approve of it, based as it was on the false notion distinguishing a friend from a foe.”

पाठयामासतु: is derived from the धातुः √पठ् (भ्वादि-गणः, पठँ व्यक्तायां वाचि १. ३८१)

The विवक्षा is लिँट्, कर्तरि प्रयोग: (हेतुमति), प्रथम-पुरुषः, द्विवचनम्।

पठ् + णिच् । By 3-1-26 हेतुमति च – The affix “णिच्” is used after a root, when the operation of a causer – such as the operation of directing – is to be expressed. “णिच्” gets आर्धधातुक-सञ्ज्ञा by 3-4-114 आर्धधातुकं शेषः।
= पठ् + इ । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-7 चुटू, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।
= पाठ् + इ । By 7-2-116 अत उपधायाः, a penultimate (उपधा) अकार: of a अङ्गम् gets वृद्धिः as the substitute when followed by a प्रत्ययः which is a ञित् or a णित्।
= पाठि ।

“पाठि” gets धातु-सञ्ज्ञा by 3-1-32 सनाद्यन्ता धातवः।

(1) पाठि + लिँट् । By 3-2-115 परोक्षे लिँट्, the affix लिँट् (Perfect Tense) comes after a verbal root in the sense of the past not of today, provided that the action is unperceived by the narrator.

(2) पाठि + आम् + लिँट् । By वार्त्तिकम् (under 3-1-35) कास्यनेकाच आम् वक्तव्यो लिँटि, when लिँट् follows, the affix आम् is prescribed after the धातु: √कास् (कासृँ शब्दकुत्सायाम् १. ७१०) as also after any धातु: that is अनेकाच् (has more than one vowel.)

(3) पाठय् + आम् + लिँट् । By 6-4-55 अयामन्ताल्वाय्येत्न्विष्णुषु, the affix “णि” is substituted by “अय्” when followed by any one of the following affixes – “आम्”, “अन्त”, “आलु”, “आय्य”, “इत्नु” or “इष्णु”।

(4) पाठयाम् । By 2-4-81 आमः, an affix which follows the affix “आम्” takes the लुक् elision. Now “पाठयाम्” gets the प्रातिपदिक-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-2-46 कृत्तद्धितसमासाश्च with the help of 1-1-62 प्रत्ययलोपे प्रत्ययलक्षणम्।
Note: लिँट् has the कृत्-सञ्ज्ञा by 3-1-93 कृदतिङ्।

(5) पाठयाम् + सुँ । By 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टा…..।

(6) पाठयाम् । By 2-4-81 आमः, an affix which follows the affix “आम्” takes the लुक् elision.

(7) पाठयाम् + अस् + लिँट् । By 3-1-40 कृञ् चानुप्रयुज्यते लिटि, following a term ending in the affix “आम्”, one of the following is annexed:
i. √कृ (डुकृञ् करणे ८. १०) followed by लिँट्
ii. √भू (भू सत्तायाम् १. १) followed by लिँट् or
iii. √अस् (असँ भुवि २. ६०) followed by लिँट्

Note: In this सूत्रम्, “कृञ्” is a प्रत्याहार: formed starting from “कृ” in 5-4-50 and ending with “ञ्” in 5-4-58.

(8) पाठयाम् + अस् + ल् । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत्, 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

The ending अकार: (which is a इत् by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत्) of (असँ भुवि २. ६०) has a उदात्त-स्वर:। Hence as per 1-3-78 शेषात् कर्तरि परस्मैपदम्, √अस् takes परस्मैपद-प्रत्यया: in कर्तरि प्रयोग:। The विवक्षा is प्रथम-पुरुषः, द्विवचनम्, hence the प्रत्ययः is “तस्”।

(9) पाठयाम् + अस् + तस् । 3-4-78 तिप्तस्झिसिप्थस्थमिब्वस्मस्तातांझथासाथांध्वमिड्वहिमहिङ् mandates the प्रत्ययः “तस्” as the substitute for the लकारः। By 3-4-115 लिट् च, a तिङ्-प्रत्यय: which comes in place of लिँट् gets the आर्धधातुक-सञ्ज्ञा। Therefore “तस्” gets the आर्धधातुक-सञ्ज्ञा। This prevents 3-1-68 कर्तरि शप्‌ (which requires a सार्वधातुक-प्रत्यय: to follow) from applying.

(10) पाठयाम् + अस् + अतुस् । By 3-4-82 परस्मैपदानां णलतुसुस्थलथुसणल्वमाः, when they come in place of लिँट्, the nine परस्मैपद-प्रत्यया: – “तिप्”, “तस्”, “झि”, “सिप्”, “थस्”, “थ”, “मिप्”, “वस्” and “मस्” – are substituted by “णल्”, “अतुस्”, “उस्”, “थल्”, “अथुस्”, “अ”, “णल्”, “व” and “म” respectively.
1-3-4 न विभक्तौ तुस्माः prevents the ending सकार: of “अतुस्” from getting the इत्-सञ्ज्ञा।

(11) पाठयाम् + अस् अस् + अतुस् । By 6-1-8 लिटि धातोरनभ्यासस्य, when लिँट् follows a verbal root, there is reduplication of the first portion – containing a single vowel – of the verbal root which is not already reduplicated. But if the verbal root (that has more than one vowel) begins with a vowel, then the reduplication is of the second portion – containing a single vowel.

(12) पाठयाम् + आस् अस् + अतुस् । By 7-4-70 अत आदेः, a beginning अकारः of a अभ्यास: (reduplicate) takes the दीर्घादेश: (आकार:) when लिँट् follows.

(13) पाठयाम् + आ अस् + अतुस् । By 7-4-60 हलादिः शेषः, of the consonants of a reduplicate (अभ्यासः – ref. 6-1-4 पूर्वोऽभ्यासः), only the one (if any) at the beginning is retained, the rest are elided.

(14) पाठयामासतुस् । By 6-1-101 अकः सवर्णे दीर्घः ।

(15) पाठयामासतुः । रुँत्व-विसर्गौ – 8-2-66 ससजुषो रुः and 8-3-15 खरवसानयोर्विसर्जनीयः ।

Questions:

1. The प्रत्यय: “अतुस्” (used in this example) is used in only one word in the गीता। Which one is it?

2. From which सूत्रम् does the अनुवृत्ति: of लुक् come in to the सूत्रम् 2-4-81 आमः (used in steps 4 and 6)?

3. Where has 6-4-120 अत एकहल्मध्येऽनादेशादेर्लिटि been used in the verses?

4. Can you spot a “णल्”-प्रत्यय: in the verses?

5. What is not quite right about the form शुश्रुवे?

6. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“Sri Krishna read the letter sent by Rukmini.” Use प्रातिपदिकम् “पत्र” for “letter.” Use a word from the verse for “sent.”

Easy questions:

1. Where has 7-3-120 आङो नाऽस्त्रियाम् been used in the verses?

2. Which सूत्रम् is used for the अकार-लोप: (elision of the letter “अ”) in the form राज्ञा (प्रातिपदिकम् “राजन्”, पुंलिङ्गे तृतीया-एकवचनम्)?

Today we will look at the form सन्दधे 3As-लिँट् from श्रीमद्भागवतम् Sb4.19.21

अत्रिः सन्दर्शयामास त्वरमाणं विहायसा ।
कपालखट्वाङ्गधरं वीरो नैनमबाधत ।। ४-१९-२० ।।
अत्रिणा चोदितस्तस्मै सन्दधे विशिखं रुषा ।
सोऽश्वं रूपं च तद्धित्वा तस्थावन्तर्हितः स्वराट् ।। ४-१९-२१ ।।

श्रीधर-स्वामि-टीका –
No commentary on these verses.

Gita Press translation “As Indra was hurriedly passing through the skies Atri directed the attention (of Vijitāśwa). The hero, however, did not obstruct him, holding as he did (in his hand) a staff with a skull on its top. Urged, however, by Atri, he set an arrow to his bowstring in indignation and aimed it at him. Indra (thereupon) gave up the horse as well as his garb and stood invisible.”

दधे is derived from the धातुः √धा (जुहोत्यादि-गणः, डुधाञ् धारणपोषणयोः | दान इत्यप्येके धातु-पाठः #३. ११)।

The “डु” at the beginning of this धातुः gets इत्-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-3-5 आदिर्ञिटुडवः। The ञकारः at the end gets इत्-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्। Both take लोप: by 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

Since √धा has ञकारः as इत् in the धातु-पाठः, by 1-3-72 स्वरितञितः कर्त्रभिप्राये क्रियाफले this धातु: is उभयपदी। In this verse, it has taken a आत्मनेपद-प्रत्यय:।

The विवक्षा is लिँट्, कर्तरि प्रयोग:, प्रथम-पुरुषः, एकवचनम्, hence the प्रत्ययः is “त”।

(1) धा + लिँट् । By 3-2-115 परोक्षे लिँट्, the affix लिँट् (Perfect Tense) comes after a verbal root in the sense of the past not of today, provided that the action is unperceived by the narrator.

(2) धा + ल् । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत्, 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

(3) धा + त । 3-4-78 तिप्तस्झिसिप्थस्थमिब्वस्मस्तातांझथासाथांध्वमिड्वहिमहिङ् mandates the प्रत्ययः “त” as the substitute for the लकारः। By 3-4-115 लिट् च, a तिङ्-प्रत्यय: which comes in place of लिँट् gets the आर्धधातुक-सञ्ज्ञा। Therefore “त” gets the आर्धधातुक-सञ्ज्ञा। This prevents 3-1-68 कर्तरि शप्‌ (which requires a सार्वधातुक-प्रत्यय: to follow) from applying.

(4) धा + एश् । By 3-4-81 लिटस्तझयोरेशिरेच्, when they come in place of लिँट्, the affixes “त” and “झ” take the substitutions “एश्” and “इरेच्” respectively.
As per 1-3-10 यथासंख्यमनुदेशः समानाम् the substitutions are done respectively. And as per 1-1-55 अनेकाल् शित् सर्वस्य, the substitute “एश्” takes the place of the entire affix “त” – and not just its ending letter.

(5) धा + ए । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

(6) धा धा + ए । By 6-1-8 लिटि धातोरनभ्यासस्य, when लिँट् follows a verbal root, there is reduplication of the first portion – containing a single vowel – of the verbal root which is not already reduplicated. But if the verbal root (that has more than one vowel) begins with a vowel, then the reduplication is of the second portion – containing a single vowel.

Note: As per 1-1-59 द्विर्वचनेऽचि, while reduplication is yet to be done, a substitution (in this case लोप: of the आकार: by 6-4-64 आतो लोप इटि च) shall not be made in the place of a vowel on the basis of a vowel (in this case एकार:) that is the cause for reduplication.
Note: This rule only temporarily stops the substitution until reduplication is done. Once reduplication is done, the substitution does takes place (in step 8 below.)

Therefore we apply 6-1-8 लिटि धातोरनभ्यासस्य before applying 6-4-64 आतो लोप इटि च।

(7) ध धा + ए । By 7-4-59 ह्रस्वः, the अच् (vowel) of a reduplicate (अभ्यासः – ref. 6-1-4 पूर्वोऽभ्यासः) is substituted by a short vowel.

(8) धधे । By 6-4-64 आतो लोप इटि च – The ending आकार: of an अङ्गम् takes लोप: when followed by a vowel-beginning आर्धधातुक-प्रत्यय: that has either:
(i) a “इट्”-आगम: or
(ii) a ककार: or ङकार: as an इत्।

Note: As per 1-2-5 असंयोगाल्लिट् कित्, the “ए”-प्रत्यय: is कित् here. This allows 6-4-64 to apply.

(9) दधे । By 8-4-54 अभ्यासे चर्च, in a reduplicate (अभ्यासः – ref. 6-1-4 पूर्वोऽभ्यासः), a letter of the झल्-प्रत्याहारः is substituted by a letter of the चर्-प्रत्याहारः or जश्-प्रत्याहारः। The substitutions take place as per 1-1-50 स्थानेऽन्तरतमः।

“सम्” is the उपसर्गः (ref. 1-4-59 उपसर्गाः क्रियायोगे।)
सम् + दधे = संदधे । By 8-3-23 मोऽनुस्वारः।
= सन्दधे/संदधे । By 8-4-59 वा पदान्तस्य।

Questions:

1. Where has √धा (जुहोत्यादि-गणः, डुधाञ् धारणपोषणयोः | दान इत्यप्येके धातु-पाठः #३. ११) been used with a आत्मनेपद-प्रत्यय: (as in this example) in a तिङन्तं पदम् in Chapter Twelve of the गीता?

2. Where has 7-4-61 शर्पूर्वाः खयः been used in the verses?

3. Can you spot a “अट्”-आगम: in the verses?

4. Which सूत्रम् is used for the “अय्”-आदेश: in the form सन्दर्शयामास?

5. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“Bharata placed Sri Rama’s (two) sandals on his (own) head.” Use (a लिँट् form of) √धा (जुहोत्यादि-गणः, डुधाञ् धारणपोषणयोः | दान इत्यप्येके धातु-पाठः #३. ११) with the उपसर्ग: “नि” for “to place”, use the feminine प्रातिपदिकम् “पादुका” for “sandal” and the pronoun “स्व” for “his own.”

6. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“Sri Hanuman went to Lanka passing through the skies.” Use (a लिँट् form of) √गम् (गमॢँ गतौ १. ११३७) for “to go.” Use a word from the verse for “passing through the skies.”

Easy questions:

1. Where has 8-4-62 झयो होऽन्यतरस्याम् been used in the verses?

2. Which सूत्रम् is used for the “एन”-आदेश: in the from एनम् (सर्वनाम-प्रातिपदिकम् “इदम्/एतद्”, पुंलिङ्गे द्वितीया-एकवचनम्)?

Today we will look at the form प्रेषयामास 3As-लिँट् from श्रीमद्भागवतम् 7.9.3

साक्षाच्छ्रीः प्रेषिता देवैर्दृष्ट्वा तन्महदद्भुतम् ।
अदृष्टाश्रुतपूर्वत्वात्सा नोपेयाय शङ्किता ।। ७-९-२ ।।
प्रह्रादं प्रेषयामास ब्रह्मावस्थितमन्तिके ।
तात प्रशमयोपेहि स्वपित्रे कुपितं प्रभुम् ।। ७-९-३ ।।

श्रीधर-स्वामि-टीका –
श्रीर्लक्ष्मीर्देवैः प्रेषितापि महदद्भुतं तद्रूपं दृष्ट्वा शङ्किता सती तं नोपजगाम । अद्भुतत्वे हेतुः – अदृष्टेति ।। उपेह्युपगच्छ ।।

Gita Press translation “Śrī (the Lord’s own Consort and the goddess of beauty and prosperity) was personally sent by the gods (to appease Him). Perceiving that great wonder and full of misgiving (however), She dared not go near, the form having neither been seen nor heard of (by Her) before. Brahmā (then) sent Prahrāda, standing close by, with the words; “Approach, dear one, and pacify the Lord, who has waxed angry at your father.”

प्रेषयामास is derived from the धातुः √प्रेष् (प्रेषृँ गतौ १. ७०६)

The विवक्षा is लिँट्, कर्तरि प्रयोग: (हेतुमति), प्रथम-पुरुषः, एकवचनम्।

प्रेष् + णिच् । 3-1-26 हेतुमति च, the affix “णिच्” is used after a root, when the operation of a causer – such as the operation of directing – is to be expressed.
= प्रेष् + इ । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-7 चुटू, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।
= प्रेषि । “प्रेषि” gets the धातु-सञ्ज्ञा by 3-1-32 सनाद्यन्ता धातवः।

(1) प्रेषि + लिँट् । By 3-2-115 परोक्षे लिँट्, the affix लिँट् (Perfect Tense) comes after a verbal root in the sense of the past not of today, provided that the action is unperceived by the narrator.

(2) प्रेषि + आम् + लिँट् । By वार्त्तिकम् (under 3-1-35) कास्यनेकाच आम् वक्तव्यो लिँटि, when लिँट् follows, the affix आम् is prescribed after the धातु: √कास् (कासृँ शब्दकुत्सायाम् १. ७१०) as also after any धातु: that is अनेकाच् (has more than one vowel.)

(3) प्रेषय् + आम् + लिँट् । By 6-4-55 अयामन्ताल्वाय्येत्न्विष्णुषु, the affix “णि” is substituted by “अय्” when followed by any one of the following affixes – “आम्”, “अन्त”, “आलु”, “आय्य”, “इत्नु” or “इष्णु”।

(4) प्रेषयाम् । By 2-4-81 आमः, an affix which follows the affix “आम्” takes the लुक् elision. Now “प्रेषयाम्” gets the प्रातिपदिक-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-2-46 कृत्तद्धितसमासाश्च with the help of 1-1-62 प्रत्ययलोपे प्रत्ययलक्षणम्।
Note: लिँट् has the कृत्-सञ्ज्ञा by 3-1-93 कृदतिङ्।

(5) प्रेषयाम् + सुँ । By 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टा…..।

(6) प्रेषयाम् । By 2-4-81 आमः, an affix which follows the affix “आम्” takes the लुक् elision.

(7) प्रेषयाम् + अस् + लिँट् । By 3-1-40 कृञ् चानुप्रयुज्यते लिटि, following a term ending in the affix “आम्”, one of the following is annexed:
i. √कृ (डुकृञ् करणे ८. १०) followed by लिँट्
ii. √भू (भू सत्तायाम् १. १) followed by लिँट् or
iii. √अस् (असँ भुवि २. ६०) followed by लिँट्

Note: In this सूत्रम्, “कृञ्” is a प्रत्याहार: formed starting from “कृ” in 5-4-50 and ending with “ञ्” in 5-4-58.

(8) प्रेषयाम् + अस् + ल् । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत्, 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

The ending अकार: (which is a इत् by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत्) of (असँ भुवि २. ६०) has a उदात्त-स्वर:। Hence as per 1-3-78 शेषात् कर्तरि परस्मैपदम्, √अस् takes परस्मैपद-प्रत्यया: in कर्तरि प्रयोग:। The विवक्षा is प्रथम-पुरुषः, एकवचनम्, hence the प्रत्ययः is तिप्।

(9) प्रेषयाम् + अस् + तिप् । 3-4-78 तिप्तस्झिसिप्थस्थमिब्वस्मस्तातांझथासाथांध्वमिड्वहिमहिङ् mandates the प्रत्ययः “तिप्” as the substitute for the लकारः। By 3-4-115 लिट् च, a तिङ्-प्रत्यय: which comes in place of लिँट् gets the आर्धधातुक-सञ्ज्ञा। Therefore “तिप्” gets the आर्धधातुक-सञ्ज्ञा। This prevents 3-1-68 कर्तरि शप्‌ (which requires a सार्वधातुक-प्रत्यय: to follow) from applying.

(10) प्रेषयाम् + अस् + णल् । By 3-4-82 परस्मैपदानां णलतुसुस्थलथुसणल्वमाः, when they come in place of लिँट्, the nine परस्मैपद-प्रत्यया: – “तिप्”, “तस्”, “झि”, “सिप्”, “थस्”, “थ”, “मिप्”, “वस्” and “मस्” – are substituted by “णल्”, “अतुस्”, “उस्”, “थल्”, “अथुस्”, “अ”, “णल्”, “व” and “म” respectively.

(11) प्रेषयाम् + अस् + अ । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-7 चुटू, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

(12) प्रेषयाम् + अस् अस् + अ । By 6-1-8 लिटि धातोरनभ्यासस्य, when लिँट् follows a verbal root, there is reduplication of the first portion – containing a single vowel – of the verbal root which is not already reduplicated. But if the verbal root (that has more than one vowel) begins with a vowel, then the reduplication is of the second portion – containing a single vowel.

Note: As per 1-1-59 द्विर्वचनेऽचि, we apply 6-1-8 लिटि धातोरनभ्यासस्य before applying 7-2-116 अत उपधायाः।

(13) प्रेषयाम् + आस् अस् + अ । By 7-4-70 अत आदेः, a beginning अकारः of a अभ्यास: (reduplicate) takes the दीर्घादेश: (आकार:) when लिँट् follows.

(14) प्रेषयाम् + आ अस् + अ । By 7-4-60 हलादिः शेषः, of the consonants of a reduplicate (अभ्यासः – ref. 6-1-4 पूर्वोऽभ्यासः), only the one (if any) at the beginning is retained, the rest are elided.

(15) प्रेषयाम् + आ आस् + अ । By 7-2-116 अत उपधायाः , a penultimate (उपधा) अकार: of a अङ्गम् gets वृद्धिः as the substitute when followed by a प्रत्ययः which is a ञित् or a णित्।

(16) प्रेषयामास । By 6-1-101 अकः सवर्णे दीर्घः ।

Questions:

1. In the last ten verses of Chapter Fourteen of the गीता, where has 7-2-116 अत उपधायाः (used in step 15 of this example) been used in a तिङन्तं पदम्?

2. Where has 6-4-78 अभ्यासस्यासवर्णे been used in the verses?

3. Where else (besides in प्रेषयामास) has the प्रत्यय: “णिच्” been used in the verses?

4. Which सूत्रम् is used for the “हि”-आदेश: in the form उपेहि (= उप + इहि)?

5. In which word in the commentary has लिँट् been used?

6. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“Sri Rama dispatched Angada (as) a messenger to Ravana.” Use the masculine प्रातिपदिकम् “दूत” for “messenger.” Use चतुर्थी विभक्ति: with “Ravana.”

Easy questions:

1. Where has 8-4-63 शश्छोऽटि been used in the verses?

2. Which सूत्रम् is used for the सकारादेश: (substitute letter “स्”) in the form सा (सर्वनाम-प्रातिपदिकम् “तद्”, स्त्रीलिङ्गे प्रथमा-एकवचनम्)?

Today we will look at the form निवारयामासुः 3Ap-लिँट् from श्रीमद्भागवतम् 4.19.27

तमृत्विजः शक्रवधाभिसन्धितं विचक्ष्य दुष्प्रेक्ष्यमसह्यरंहसम् ।
निवारयामासुरहो महामते न युज्यतेऽत्रान्यवधः प्रचोदितात् ।। ४-१९-२७ ।।
वयं मरुत्वन्तमिहार्थनाशनं ह्वयामहे त्वच्छ्रवसा हतत्विषम् ।
अयातयामोपहवैरनन्तरं प्रसह्य राजन्जुहवाम तेऽहितम् ।। ४-१९-२८ ।।

श्रीधर-स्वामि-टीका –
शक्रवधेऽभिसन्धितं कृताभिप्रायम् । प्रचोदितात्पशोर्वधादन्यस्य वधस्तव न युज्यते ।। तद्वधं तु वयं करिष्याम इत्याहुः । वयमिह यज्ञनाशकं त्वत्कीर्त्यैव हतप्रभमिन्द्रमाह्वयामहे । कैः । अयातयामैरगतवीर्यैराह्वानमन्त्रै: । अनन्तरं च ते तवाहितं जुहवाम होष्यामः ।।

Gita Press translation “Pṛthu’s might and rapidity of movement were irresistible; he was terrible to look at (on account of his great fury). When the priests officiating at the sacrifice saw that he had made up his mind to kill Indra, they prevented him, saying, O king of great wisdom, it is not worthy of you to kill anyone other than the beast approved of (by the scriptures) on this (sacred) occasion. We will invoke to this very place through powerful spells Indra, who has thwarted your purpose and has been eclipsed by your glory, and will without delay forcibly throw your enemy, O king, (as an oblation) into the fire.”

वारयामासुः is derived from the धातुः √वृ (स्वादि-गणः, वृञ् वरणे, धातु-पाठः # ५. ८) or √वृ (क्र्यादि-गणः, वृङ् सम्भक्तौ, धातु-पाठः # ९. ४५)

वृ + णिच् । 3-1-26 हेतुमति च, the affix “णिच्” is used after a root, when the operation of a causer – such as the operation of directing – is to be expressed.
= वृ + इ । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-7 चुटू, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।
= वार् + इ । By 7-2-115 अचो ञ्णिति, a vowel ending अङ्गम् gets a वृद्धिः substitute, when followed by a प्रत्ययः that has ञकारः or a णकारः as an indicatory letter. By 1-1-51 उरण् रपरः, in the place of ऋवर्ण: if an अण् letter (“अ”, “इ”, “उ”) comes as a substitute, it is always followed by a रँ (“र्”, “ल्”) letter.
= वारि । By 6-1-78 एचो ऽयवायावः।
“वारि” gets the धातु-सञ्ज्ञा by 3-1-32 सनाद्यन्ता धातवः।

(1) वारि + लिँट् । By 3-2-115 परोक्षे लिँट्, the affix लिँट् (Perfect Tense) comes after a verbal root in the sense of the past not of today, provided that the action is unperceived by the narrator.

(2) वारि + आम् + लिँट् । By वार्त्तिकम् (under 3-1-35) कास्यनेकाच आम् वक्तव्यो लिँटि, when लिँट् follows, the affix आम् is prescribed after the धातु: √कास् (कासृँ शब्दकुत्सायाम् १. ७१०) as also after any धातु: that is अनेकाच् (has more than one vowel.)

(3) वारय् + आम् + लिँट् । By 6-4-55 अयामन्ताल्वाय्येत्न्विष्णुषु, the affix “णि” is substituted by “अय्” when followed by any one of the following affixes – “आम्”, “अन्त”, “आलु”, “आय्य”, “इत्नु” or “इष्णु”।

(4) वारयाम् । By 2-4-81 आमः, an affix which follows the affix “आम्” takes the लुक् elision. Now “वारयाम्” gets the प्रातिपदिक-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-2-46 कृत्तद्धितसमासाश्च with the help of 1-1-62 प्रत्ययलोपे प्रत्ययलक्षणम्।
Note: लिँट् has the कृत्-सञ्ज्ञा by 3-1-93 कृदतिङ्।

(5) वारयाम् + सुँ । By 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टा…..।

(6) वारयाम् । By 2-4-81 आमः, an affix which follows the affix “आम्” takes the लुक् elision.

(7) वारयाम् + अस् + लिँट् । By 3-1-40 कृञ् चानुप्रयुज्यते लिटि, following a term ending in the affix “आम्”, one of the following is annexed:
i. √कृ (डुकृञ् करणे ८. १०) followed by लिँट्
ii. √भू (भू सत्तायाम् १. १) followed by लिँट् or
iii. √अस् (असँ भुवि २. ६०) followed by लिँट्

Note: In this सूत्रम्, “कृञ्” is a प्रत्याहार: formed starting from “कृ” in 5-4-50 and ending with “ञ्” in 5-4-58.

(8) वारयाम् + अस् + ल् । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत्, 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

The ending अकार: (which is a इत् by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत्) of (असँ भुवि २. ६०) has a उदात्त-स्वर:। Hence as per 1-3-78 शेषात् कर्तरि परस्मैपदम्, √अस् takes परस्मैपद-प्रत्यया: in कर्तरि प्रयोग:। The विवक्षा is प्रथम-पुरुषः, बहुवचनम्, hence the प्रत्ययः is “झि”।

(9) वारयाम् + अस् + झि । 3-4-78 तिप्तस्झिसिप्थस्थमिब्वस्मस्तातांझथासाथांध्वमिड्वहिमहिङ् mandates the प्रत्ययः “झि” as the substitute for the लकारः। By 3-4-115 लिट् च, a तिङ्-प्रत्यय: which comes in place of लिँट् gets the आर्धधातुक-सञ्ज्ञा। Therefore “झि” gets the आर्धधातुक-सञ्ज्ञा। This prevents 3-1-68 कर्तरि शप्‌ (which requires a सार्वधातुक-प्रत्यय: to follow) from applying.

(10) वारयाम् + अस् + उस् । By 3-4-82 परस्मैपदानां णलतुसुस्थलथुसणल्वमाः, when they come in place of लिँट्, the nine परस्मैपद-प्रत्यया: – “तिप्”, “तस्”, “झि”, “सिप्”, “थस्”, “थ”, “मिप्”, “वस्” and “मस्” – are substituted by “णल्”, “अतुस्”, “उस्”, “थल्”, “अथुस्”, “अ”, “णल्”, “व” and “म” respectively.
1-3-4 न विभक्तौ तुस्माः prevents the ending सकार: of “उस्” from getting the इत्-सञ्ज्ञा।

(11) वारयाम् अस् अस् + उस् । By 6-1-8 लिटि धातोरनभ्यासस्य , when लिँट् follows a verbal root, there is reduplication of the first portion – containing a single vowel – of the verbal root which is not already reduplicated. But if the verbal root (that has more than one vowel) begins with a vowel, then the reduplication is of the second portion – containing a single vowel.

(12) वारयाम् आस् अस् + उस् । By 7-4-70 अत आदेः, a beginning अकारः of a अभ्यास: (reduplicate) takes the दीर्घादेश: (आकार:) when लिँट् follows.

(13) वारयाम् + आ अस् + उस् । By 7-4-60 हलादिः शेषः, of the consonants of a reduplicate (अभ्यासः – ref. 6-1-4 पूर्वोऽभ्यासः), only the one (if any) at the beginning is retained, the rest are elided.

(14) वारयामासुस् । By 6-1-101 अकः सवर्णे दीर्घः ।

(15) वारयामासुः । रुँत्व-विसर्गौ – 8-2-66 ससजुषो रुः and 8-3-15 खरवसानयोर्विसर्जनीयः ।

“नि” is the उपसर्गः (ref. 1-4-59 उपसर्गाः क्रियायोगे।)
नि + वारयामासुः = निवारयामासुः।

Questions:

1. Where has 3-1-26 हेतुमति च been used (as in this example) in a तिङन्तं पदम् in Chapter Five of the गीता?

2. Can you spot a “यक्”-प्रत्यय: in the verses?

3. Can you spot a “आट्”-आगम: in the verses?

4. Where has 7-3-101 अतो दीर्घो यञि been used in the verses?

5. In the verses, can you spot a प्रातिपदिकम् which ends in the प्रत्यय: “क्विन्”?

6. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“Sri Rama warded off those demons who tried to hinder Vishwamitra’s sacrifice.” Use the अव्ययम् “उपरोद्धुम्” for “to hinder” and use (a लिँट् form of) √यत् (यतीँ प्रयत्ने १. ३०) with the उपसर्ग: “प्र” for “to try.” Use appropriate forms of the pronouns “यद्” and “तद्”।

Easy questions:

1. Why doesn’t the ending नकार: in (हे) राजन् take लोप: by 8-2-7 नलोपः प्रातिपदिकान्तस्य?

2. Which सूत्रम् is used for the “नुँम्”-आगम: in the form मरुत्वन्तम् (प्रातिपदिकम् “मरुत्वत्”, पुंलिङ्गे द्वितीया-एकवचनम्)? Note: The प्रातिपदिकम् “मरुत्वत्” ends in the प्रत्यय: “वतुँप्”।

Today we will look at the form भावयाम्बभूव 3As-लिँट् from श्रीमद्भागवतम् 5.1.24

अथ च दुहितरं प्रजापतेर्विश्वकर्मण उपयेमे बर्हिष्मतीं नाम तस्यामु ह वाव आत्मजानात्मसमानशीलगुणकर्मरूपवीर्योदारान्दश भावयाम्बभूव कन्यां च यवीयसीमूर्जस्वतीं नाम ।। ५-१-२४ ।।

श्रीधर-स्वामि-टीका –
उ इति विस्मये । ह इति प्रसिद्धौ । वावेति निश्चये । आत्मनः समानैः शीलादिभिरुदारान्महतो दश पुत्रान् जनयामास ।।

Gita Press translation “He then married a daughter, named Barhiṣmatī, of Viśwakarmā (the architect of gods), a lord of created beings; and how wonderful that through her he actually begot ten sons – who were evidently as great as he in amiability, virtues, actions, comeliness of form and prowess – as well as daughter, Ūrjawatī by name, who was younger than all of them.”

भावयाम्बभूव is derived from the धातुः √भू (भू सत्तायाम्, भ्वादि-गणः, धातु-पाठः #१. १)

The विवक्षा is लिँट्, कर्तरि प्रयोग: (हेतुमति), प्रथम-पुरुषः, एकवचनम्।

भू + णिच् । 3-1-26 हेतुमति च, the affix “णिच्” is used after a root, when the operation of a causer – such as the operation of directing – is to be expressed.
= भू + इ । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-7 चुटू, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।
= भौ + इ । By 7-2-115 अचो ञ्णिति, a vowel ending अङ्गम् gets a वृद्धिः substitute, when followed by a प्रत्ययः that has ञकारः or a णकारः as an indicatory letter.
= भावि । By 6-1-78 एचो ऽयवायावः।
“भावि” gets the धातु-सञ्ज्ञा by 3-1-32 सनाद्यन्ता धातवः।

(1) भावि + लिँट् । By 3-2-115 परोक्षे लिँट्, the affix लिँट् (Perfect Tense) comes after a verbal root in the sense of the past not of today, provided that the action is unperceived by the narrator.

(2) भावि + आम् + लिँट् । By वार्त्तिकम् (under 3-1-35) कास्यनेकाच आम् वक्तव्यो लिँटि, when लिँट् follows, the affix आम् is prescribed after the धातु: √कास् (कासृँ शब्दकुत्सायाम् १. ७१०) as also after any धातु: that is अनेकाच् (has more than one vowel.)

(3) भावि + आम् + लिँट् । By 6-4-55 अयामन्ताल्वाय्येत्न्विष्णुषु, the affix “णि” is substituted by “अय्” when followed by any one of the following affixes – “आम्”, “अन्त”, “आलु”, “आय्य”, “इत्नु” or “इष्णु”।

(4) भावयाम् । By 2-4-81 आमः, an affix which follows the affix “आम्” takes the लुक् elision. Now “भावयाम्” gets the प्रातिपदिक-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-2-46 कृत्तद्धितसमासाश्च with the help of 1-1-62 प्रत्ययलोपे प्रत्ययलक्षणम्।
Note: लिँट् has the कृत्-सञ्ज्ञा by 3-1-93 कृदतिङ्।

(5) भावयाम् + सुँ । By 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टा…..।

(6) भावयाम् । By 2-4-81 आमः, an affix which follows the affix “आम्” takes the लुक् elision.

(7) भावयाम् + भू + लिँट् । By 3-1-40 कृञ् चानुप्रयुज्यते लिटि, following a term ending in the affix “आम्”, one of the following is annexed:
i. √कृ (डुकृञ् करणे ८. १०) followed by लिँट्
ii. √भू (भू सत्तायाम् १. १) followed by लिँट् or
iii. √अस् (असँ भुवि २. ६०) followed by लिँट्

Note: In this सूत्रम्, “कृञ्” is a प्रत्याहार: formed starting from “कृ” in 5-4-50 and ending with “ञ्” in 5-4-58.

(8) भावयाम् + भू + ल् । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत्, 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

(9) भावयाम् + भू + तिप् । 3-4-78 तिप्तस्झिसिप्थस्थमिब्वस्मस्तातांझथासाथांध्वमिड्वहिमहिङ् mandates the प्रत्ययः “तिप्” as the substitute for the लकारः। By 3-4-115 लिट् च, a तिङ्-प्रत्यय: which comes in place of लिँट् gets the आर्धधातुक-सञ्ज्ञा। Therefore “तिप्” gets the आर्धधातुक-सञ्ज्ञा। This prevents 3-1-68 कर्तरि शप्‌ (which requires a सार्वधातुक-प्रत्यय: to follow) from applying.

(10) भावयाम् + भू + णल् । By 3-4-82 परस्मैपदानां णलतुसुस्थलथुसणल्वमाः, when they come in place of लिँट्, the nine परस्मैपद-प्रत्यया: – “तिप्”, “तस्”, “झि”, “सिप्”, “थस्”, “थ”, “मिप्”, “वस्” and “मस्” – are substituted by “णल्”, “अतुस्”, “उस्”, “थल्”, “अथुस्”, “अ”, “णल्”, “व” and “म” respectively.

(11) भावयाम् + भू + अ । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-7 चुटू, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

(12) भावयाम् + भू वुक् + अ । By 6-4-88 भुवो वुग्लुङ्लिटोः, “भू” gets the augment “वुक्” when a vowel-beginning affix of लुँङ् or लिँट् follows.

(13) भावयाम् भू व् + अ । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।
Note: The उकार: in “वुक्” is उच्चारणार्थ: (for pronunciation only.)

(14) भावयाम् भूव् भूव् + अ । By 6-1-8 लिटि धातोरनभ्यासस्य, when लिँट् follows a verbal root, there is reduplication of the first portion – containing a single vowel – of the verbal root which is not already reduplicated. But if the verbal root (that has more than one vowel) begins with a vowel, then the reduplication is of the second portion – containing a single vowel.

(15) भावयाम् भू भूव् + अ । By 7-4-60 हलादिः शेषः, of the consonants of a reduplicate (अभ्यासः – ref. 6-1-4 पूर्वोऽभ्यासः), only the one (if any) at the beginning is retained, the rest are elided.

(16) भावयाम् भु भूव् + अ । By 7-4-59 ह्रस्वः, the अच् (vowel) of a reduplicate (अभ्यासः – ref. 6-1-4 पूर्वोऽभ्यासः) is substituted by a short vowel.

(17) भावयाम् भ भूव् + अ । By 7-4-73 भवतेरः, अकारः is substituted for the उकारः of the अभ्यास: (reduplicate) of the verbal root √भू (भू सत्तायाम् १. १) when लिँट् follows.

(18) भावयाम्बभूव । By 8-4-54 अभ्यासे चर्च, in a reduplicate (अभ्यासः – ref. 6-1-4 पूर्वोऽभ्यासः), a letter of the झल्-प्रत्याहारः is substituted by a letter of the चर्-प्रत्याहारः or जश्-प्रत्याहारः। The substitutions take place as per 1-1-50 स्थानेऽन्तरतमः।
See question 2.

Questions:

1. Where is Chapter Three of the गीता has √भू (भू सत्तायाम्, भ्वादि-गणः, धातु-पाठः #१. १) been used in a causative form (as in this example) in a तिङन्तं पदम्?

2. What would be an alternate final form (in addition to भावयाम्बभूव) in this example?

3. In the form उपयेमे in the verse, a आत्मनेपद-प्रत्यय: has been used even though the धातु: √यम् (यमँ उपरमे १. ११३९) is परस्मैपदी। Can you try to find a सूत्रम् in 1-3 (third quarter of the first chapter) of the अष्टाध्यायी by which पाणिनि: prescribes आत्मनेपदम् in this situation?

4. The वार्त्तिकम् (under 3-1-35) कास्यनेकाच आम् वक्तव्यो लिँटि prescribes “आम्” as a प्रत्यय:। Can you recall two सूत्रे by which पाणिनि: prescribes “आम्” as a आदेश: (substitute)?

5. Where has 6-4-92 मितां ह्रस्वः been used in the commentary?

6. Use some words from the verse to construct the following sentence in Sanskrit:
“Sri Rama married the daughter of King Janaka.”

Easy questions:

1. Where has 7-3-110 ऋतो ङिसर्वनामस्थानयोः been used in the verse?

2. Which term used in the verse has the “षट्”-सञ्ज्ञा?

Today we will look at the form विज्ञापयामासु: 3Ap-लिँट् from श्रीमद्भागवतम् 7.3.6

तेन तप्ता दिवं त्यक्त्वा ब्रह्मलोकं ययुः सुराः ।
धात्रे विज्ञापयामासुर्देवदेव जगत्पते ।। ७-३-६ ।।
दैत्येन्द्रतपसा तप्ता दिवि स्थातुं न शक्नुमः ।
तस्य चोपशमं भूमन्विधेहि यदि मन्यसे ।
लोका न यावन्नङ्क्ष्यन्ति बलिहारास्तवाभिभूः ।। ७-३-७ ।।

श्रीधर-स्वामि-टीका –
तव बलिहाराः करप्रदाः पूजाकारिण इति वा । अभितो भवतीत्यभिभूः । हे अभिभूः हे सर्वाधिपते । पाठान्तरे भो इति सम्बोधनम् । अभितो यावन्न नङ्क्ष्यन्तीति सम्बन्धः ।।

Gita Press translation – Scorched by that fire, the gods left heaven and went to the realm of Brahmā and submitted to the creator (as follows) : – “Tormented by the asceticism of Hiraṇyakaśipu (the chief of the demons), O god of gods, O lord of the universe, we can no longer stay in heaven. (Pray,) devise some remedy against it, O perfect one, if you think fit, before the worlds that bear tributes to you perish, O universal lord!”

विज्ञापयामासु: is derived from the धातुः √ज्ञा (क्र्यादि-गणः, ज्ञा अवबोधने, धातु-पाठः # ९. ४३)

The विवक्षा is लिँट्, कर्तरि प्रयोग: (हेतुमति), प्रथम-पुरुषः, बहुवचनम्।

ज्ञा + णिच् । 3-1-26 हेतुमति च, the affix “णिच्” is used after a root, when the operation of a causer – such as the operation of directing – is to be expressed.
= ज्ञा + इ । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-7 चुटू, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।
= ज्ञा पुक् + इ By 7-3-36 अर्त्तिह्रीव्लीरीक्नूयीक्ष्माय्यातां पुङ्णौ, the augment पुक् is added to the roots √ऋ (ऋ गतिप्रापणयोः १. १०८६, ऋ गतौ ३. १७), √ह्री (ह्री लज्जायाम् ३. ३), √व्ली (व्ली वरणे ९. ३७), √री (रीङ् श्रवणे ४. ३३, री गतिरेषणयोः ९. ३५), √क्नूय् (क्नूयीँ शब्द उन्दने च १. ५५८), √क्ष्माय् (क्ष्मायीँ विधूनने १. ५५९) and to a root ending in a आकार: when the causative affix “णि” follows. As per 1-1-46 आद्यन्तौ टकितौ, the “पुक्”-आगम: joins at the end of the अङ्गम् “ज्ञा”।
= ज्ञाप् + इ । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः। Note: The उकार: in “पुक्” is उच्चारणार्थ: (for pronunciation only.)
= ज्ञापि । “ज्ञापि” gets the धातु-सञ्ज्ञा by 3-1-32 सनाद्यन्ता धातवः।

(1) ज्ञापि + लिँट् । By 3-2-115 परोक्षे लिँट्, the affix लिँट् (Perfect Tense) comes after a verbal root in the sense of the past not of today, provided that the action is unperceived by the narrator.

(2) ज्ञापि + आम् + लिँट् । By वार्त्तिकम् (under 3-1-35) कास्यनेकाच आम् वक्तव्यो लिँटि, when लिँट् follows, the affix आम् is prescribed after the धातु: √कास् (कासृँ शब्दकुत्सायाम् १. ७१०) as also after any धातु: that is अनेकाच् (has more than one vowel.)

(3) ज्ञापि + आम् + लिँट् । By 6-4-55 अयामन्ताल्वाय्येत्न्विष्णुषु, the affix “णि” is substituted by “अय्” when followed by any one of the following affixes – “आम्”, “अन्त”, “आलु”, “आय्य”, “इत्नु” or “इष्णु”।

(4) ज्ञापयाम् । By 2-4-81 आमः, an affix which follows the affix “आम्” takes the लुक् elision. Now “ज्ञापयाम्” gets the प्रातिपदिक-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-2-46 कृत्तद्धितसमासाश्च with the help of 1-1-62 प्रत्ययलोपे प्रत्ययलक्षणम्।
Note: लिँट् has the कृत्-सञ्ज्ञा by 3-1-93 कृदतिङ्।

(5) ज्ञापयाम् + सुँ । By 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टा…..।

(6) ज्ञापयाम् । By 2-4-81 आमः, an affix which follows the affix “आम्” takes the लुक् elision.

(7) ज्ञापयाम् + अस् + लिँट् । By 3-1-40 कृञ् चानुप्रयुज्यते लिटि, following a term ending in the affix “आम्”, one of the following is annexed:
i. √कृ (डुकृञ् करणे ८. १०) followed by लिँट्
ii. √भू (भू सत्तायाम् १. १) followed by लिँट् or
iii. √अस् (असँ भुवि २. ६०) followed by लिँट्

Note: In this सूत्रम्, “कृञ्” is a प्रत्याहार: formed starting from “कृ” in 5-4-50 and ending with “ञ्” in 5-4-58.

(8) ज्ञापयाम् + अस् + ल् । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत्, 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

The ending अकार: (which is a इत् by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत्) of (असँ भुवि २. ६०) has a उदात्त-स्वर:। Hence as per 1-3-78 शेषात् कर्तरि परस्मैपदम्, √अस् takes परस्मैपद-प्रत्यया: in कर्तरि प्रयोग:। The विवक्षा is प्रथम-पुरुषः, बहुवचनम्, hence the प्रत्ययः is “झि”।

(9) ज्ञापयाम् + अस् + झि । 3-4-78 तिप्तस्झिसिप्थस्थमिब्वस्मस्तातांझथासाथांध्वमिड्वहिमहिङ् mandates the प्रत्ययः “झि” as the substitute for the लकारः। By 3-4-115 लिट् च, a तिङ्-प्रत्यय: which comes in place of लिँट् gets the आर्धधातुक-सञ्ज्ञा। Therefore “झि” gets the आर्धधातुक-सञ्ज्ञा। This prevents 3-1-68 कर्तरि शप्‌ (which requires a सार्वधातुक-प्रत्यय: to follow) from applying.

(10) ज्ञापयाम् + अस् + उस् । By 3-4-82 परस्मैपदानां णलतुसुस्थलथुसणल्वमाः, when they come in place of लिँट्, the nine परस्मैपद-प्रत्यया: – “तिप्”, “तस्”, “झि”, “सिप्”, “थस्”, “थ”, “मिप्”, “वस्” and “मस्” – are substituted by “णल्”, “अतुस्”, “उस्”, “थल्”, “अथुस्”, “अ”, “णल्”, “व” and “म” respectively.
1-3-4 न विभक्तौ तुस्माः prevents the ending सकार: of “उस्” from getting the इत्-सञ्ज्ञा।

(11) ज्ञापयाम् अस् अस् + उस् । By 6-1-8 लिटि धातोरनभ्यासस्य , when लिँट् follows a verbal root, there is reduplication of the first portion – containing a single vowel – of the verbal root which is not already reduplicated. But if the verbal root (that has more than one vowel) begins with a vowel, then the reduplication is of the second portion – containing a single vowel.

(12) ज्ञापयाम् आस् अस् + उस् । By 7-4-70 अत आदेः, a beginning अकारः of a अभ्यास: (reduplicate) takes the दीर्घादेश: (आकार:) when लिँट् follows.

(13) ज्ञापयाम् + आ अस् + उस् । By 7-4-60 हलादिः शेषः, of the consonants of a reduplicate (अभ्यासः – ref. 6-1-4 पूर्वोऽभ्यासः), only the one (if any) at the beginning is retained, the rest are elided.

(14) ज्ञापयामासुस् । By 6-1-101 अकः सवर्णे दीर्घः ।

(15) ज्ञापयामासुः । रुँत्व-विसर्गौ – 8-2-66 ससजुषो रुः and 8-3-15 खरवसानयोर्विसर्जनीयः ।

“वि” is the उपसर्गः (ref. 1-4-59 उपसर्गाः क्रियायोगे।)
वि + ज्ञापयामासुः = विज्ञापयामासु:।

Questions:

1. Where has √ज्ञा (क्र्यादि-गणः, ज्ञा अवबोधने, धातु-पाठः # ९. ४३) been used with the उपसर्ग: “वि” in the first five verses of Chapter Four of the गीता?

2. Could we have derived the same final form (विज्ञापयामासु:) in this example without the use of 7-4-70 अत आदेः (step 12)?

3. Where has 6-4-64 आतो लोप इटि च been used in the verses?

4. Can 6-4-107 लोपश्चास्यान्यतरस्यां म्वोः be used to get an alternate form for शक्नुम:?

5. Which सूत्रम् is used for the एकारादेश: in विधेहि?

6. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“Sri Hanuman informed Sri Rama that ‘I saw Sita in Lanka.'” Use चतुर्थी विभक्ति: with “श्रीराम”, use the अव्ययम् “इति” as an end-quote and use √दृश् (दृशिँर् प्रेक्षणे १. ११४३) for “to see.”

Easy questions:

1. Does “पति” have the घि-सञ्ज्ञा in the (compound) form जगत्पते?

2. Can you spot a ऋकारान्तं प्रातिपदिकम् (a प्रातिपदिकम् ending in a ऋकार:) in the verses?

Today we will look at the form भेजु: 3Ap-लिँट् from श्रीमद्भागवतम् 10.47.13

आसामहो चरणरेणुजुषामहं स्यां वृन्दावने किमपि गुल्मलतौषधीनाम् ।
या दुस्त्यजं स्वजनमार्यपथं च हित्वा भेजुर्मुकुन्दपदवीं श्रुतिभिर्विमृग्याम् ।। १०-४७-६१ ।।

श्रीधर-स्वामि-टीका –
किंच आस्तां तावद्गोपीनां भाग्यं, मम त्वेतावत्प्रार्थ्यमित्याह – आसामिति । गोपीनां चरणरेणुभाजां गुल्मादीनां मध्ये यत्किमप्यहं स्यामित्याशंसा । कथंभूतानाम् । या इत्यादि । आर्याणां मार्गं धर्मं च हित्वा ।।

Gita Press translation “Oh, let me be (incarnated as) anyone of the shrubs, creepers or herbs in (the woodlands of) Vṛndāvana, catching the dust of feet of these (blessed ladies), who (successfully) trod the path (of Devotion) leading to Śrī Kṛṣṇa – (the path) which is (still) to be strenuously sought for (even) by the Upaniṣads – neglecting their own people as well as the path trodden by the virtuous, (both of) which are (so) difficult to abandon (for a chaste woman).”

भेजु: is derived from the धातुः √भज् (भ्वादि-गणः, भजँ सेवायाम्, धातु-पाठः #१.११५३)

In the धातु-पाठः, “भजँ” has one इत् letter which is the अकार: following the जकार:। This इत् letter has a स्वरित-स्वर:। Therefore, as per the सूत्रम् 1-3-72 स्वरितञितः कर्त्रभिप्राये क्रियाफले, √भज् is उभयपदी। In this verse, it has taken a परस्मैपद-प्रत्यय:।

The विवक्षा is लिँट्, कर्तरि प्रयोग:, प्रथम-पुरुषः, बहुवचनम्, hence the प्रत्ययः is “झि”।

(1) भज् + लिँट् । By 3-2-115 परोक्षे लिँट् , the affix लिँट् (Perfect Tense) comes after a verbal root in the sense of the past not of today, provided that the action is unperceived by the narrator.

(2) भज् + ल् । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत्, 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

(3) भज् + झि । 3-4-78 तिप्तस्झिसिप्थस्थमिब्वस्मस्तातांझथासाथांध्वमिड्वहिमहिङ् mandates the प्रत्ययः “झि” as the substitute for the लकारः। By 3-4-115 लिट् च, a तिङ्-प्रत्यय: which comes in place of लिँट् gets the आर्धधातुक-सञ्ज्ञा। Therefore “झि” gets the आर्धधातुक-सञ्ज्ञा। This prevents 3-1-68 कर्तरि शप्‌ (which requires a सार्वधातुक-प्रत्यय: to follow) from applying.

(4) भज् + उस् । By 3-4-82 परस्मैपदानां णलतुसुस्थलथुसणल्वमाः, when they come in place of लिँट्, the nine परस्मैपद-प्रत्यया: – “तिप्”, “तस्”, “झि”, “सिप्”, “थस्”, “थ”, “मिप्”, “वस्” and “मस्” – are substituted by “णल्”, “अतुस्”, “उस्”, “थल्”, “अथुस्”, “अ”, “णल्”, “व” and “म” respectively.
1-3-4 न विभक्तौ तुस्माः prevents the ending सकार: of “उस्” from getting the इत्-सञ्ज्ञा।

(5) भज् भज् + उस् । By 6-1-8 लिटि धातोरनभ्यासस्य , when लिँट् follows a verbal root, there is reduplication of the first portion – containing a single vowel – of the verbal root which is not already reduplicated. But if the verbal root (that has more than one vowel) begins with a vowel, then the reduplication is of the second portion – containing a single vowel.

(6) भ भज् + उस् । By 7-4-60 हलादिः शेषः, of the consonants of a reduplicate (अभ्यासः – ref. 6-1-4 पूर्वोऽभ्यासः), only the one (if any) at the beginning is retained, the rest are elided.

(7) ब भज् + उस् । By 8-4-54 अभ्यासे चर्च, in a reduplicate (अभ्यासः – ref. 6-1-4 पूर्वोऽभ्यासः), a letter of the झल्-प्रत्याहारः is substituted by a letter of the चर्-प्रत्याहारः or जश्-प्रत्याहारः। The substitutions take place as per 1-1-50 स्थानेऽन्तरतमः।

(8) भेज् + उस् । By 6-4-122 तॄफलभजत्रपश्च, the अकार: of the four verbal roots √तॄ (तॄ प्लवनतरणयोः १. ११२४), √फल् (ञिफलाँ विशरणे १. ५९४, फलँ निष्पत्तौ १. ६०८), √भज् (भजँ सेवायाम् १. ११५३) and √त्रप् (त्रपूँष् लज्जायाम्) takes एकार: as the substitute and simultaneously there is लोप: (elision) of the अभ्यास:, when the प्रत्यय: following is either a –
(i) लिँट् affix which is कित्, or
(ii) “थल्” (मध्यम-पुरुष-एकवचनम्) affix which has a “इट्”-आगम:।

Note : By 1-2-5 असंयोगाल्लिट् कित्, a लिँट् affix which is not a पित् – does not have पकार: as a इत् – shall be considered to be a कित् (as having ककार: as a इत्), as long as there is no संयोग: (conjunction consonant) prior to the affix. Hence, “उस्” is a कित्-प्रत्यय: here. This allows 6-4-122 to apply.

See question 2.

(9) भेजुः । रुँत्व-विसर्गौ – 8-2-66 ससजुषो रुः and 8-3-15 खरवसानयोर्विसर्जनीयः ।

Questions:

1. In which chapter of the गीता has √भज् (भ्वादि-गणः, भजँ सेवायाम्, धातु-पाठः #१.११५३) been used in a तिङन्तं पदम् in the last verse?

2. Why couldn’t 6-4-120 अत एकहल्मध्येऽनादेशादेर्लिटि be used in step 8? (Why is 6-4-122 तॄफलभजत्रपश्च required?)

3. Which सूत्रम् is used for the “आम्”-आदेश: in the form “आस्ताम्” used in the commentary?

4. Where has 6-4-111 श्नसोरल्लोपः been used in the verse?

5. The अनुवृत्ति: of अभ्यासलोप: comes in to the सूत्रम् 6-4-122 तॄफलभजत्रपश्च from a सूत्रम् we have studied. Which one is it?

6. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“When Ravana fell on the ground, all the scared demons fled in all directions.” Paraphrase to “When Ravana fell on the ground, all the scared demons took to the directions.” Use the adjective प्रातिपदिकम् “भीत” for “scared”, the feminine प्रातिपदिकम् “दिश्” for “direction” and use √भज् (भ्वादि-गणः, भजँ सेवायाम्, धातु-पाठः #१.११५३) for “to take to.”

Easy questions:

1. Where has 7-2-113 हलि लोपः been used in the verse?

2. Which सूत्रम् is used for the “नुँट्”-आगम: in the form गोपीनाम् (स्त्रीलिङ्ग-प्रातिपदिकम् “गोपी”, षष्ठी-बहुवचनम्)?