इमम् mAs
Today we will look at the form इमम् from श्रीमद्वाल्मीकि-रामायणम् ।
सदानृणमिमं रामं वयमिच्छामहे पितुः |
अनृणत्वाच्च कैकेय्याः स्वर्गं दशरथो गतः || २-११२-६||
Gita Press translation “We wish to see Śrī Rāma absolved forever from (all) obligations to his father; for due to his getting square with Kaikeyī (as a result of Śrī Rāma’s having readily offered to be in exile) King Daśaratha has ascended to heaven.”
‘इदम्’ gets प्रातिपदिकसंज्ञा by 1-2-45 अर्थवदधातुरप्रत्ययः प्रातिपदिकम् and सर्वनाम-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-1-27 सर्वादीनि सर्वनामानि । The विवक्षा here is द्वितीया-एकवचनम् । 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टाभ्याम्भिस्ङेभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसिँभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसोसाम्ङ्योस्सुप् mandates the प्रत्ययाः सुँ, औ, जस् etc. after the प्रातिपदिकम् ‘इदम्’ ।
(1) इदम् + अम् ।
(2) इद अ + अम् । By 7-2-102 त्यदादीनामः , इदम् gets the अकारादेशः। As per 1-1-52 अलोऽन्त्यस्य , only the ending मकार: gets replaced. 1-3-4 न विभक्तौ तुस्माः prevents the ending मकारः of अम् from getting इत्-सञ्ज्ञा ।
(3) इद् अ + अम् । By 6-1-97 अतो गुणे , the अकारः at the end of ‘इद’ and the following अकारादेशः is replaced by अकारः (पररूपम्) as एकादेशः ।
(4) इम् अ + अम् । By 7-2-109 दश्च , the दकारः of इदम् gets मकारः as a replacement when a विभक्तिः affix follows.
(5) इमम् । By 6-1-107 अमि पूर्वः In place of a preceding अक् letter and the following vowel (अच्) belonging to the affix अम् there is a single substitute of that preceding अक् letter. In this case, in place of the ending अकार: of “इम” and the following अकार: of “अम्” there is a single substitute which is the prior अकार:।
Questions:
1. Which chapter of the गीता has इमम् as the first word of the first verse?
2. Please list the eight synonyms for the word “स्वर्ग:” (प्रातिपदिकम् “स्वर्ग” masculine – meaning “heaven”) as given in the अमर-कोश:।
स्वरव्ययं स्वर्गनाकत्रिदिवत्रिदशालयाः|
सुरलोको द्योदिवौ द्वे स्त्रियां क्लीबे त्रिविष्टपम् ।।१-१-६।।
(इति नव “स्वर्गस्य” नामानि)
3. How do you say this in Sanskrit?
“On the first page of this book.” Use प्रातिपदिकम् “प्रथम” for “first”, प्रातिपदिकम् “पृष्ठ” for “page” and प्रातिपदिकम् “इदम्” for “this.”
4. When we see a pronoun (सर्वनाम-शब्द:) it is a good habit to look for the noun (नाम-शब्द:) that is behind it. Which noun is being qualified by the pronoun “इमम्” in this verse?
5. When discussing the declension of the प्रातिपदिकम् “इदम्” , the सिद्धान्त-कौमुदी makes the statement “त्यदादे: सम्बोधनं नास्तीत्युत्सर्ग:।” What does this mean?
6. By which सूत्रम् does the अम्-प्रत्यय: get the विभक्ति-सञ्ज्ञा (which is required to apply 7-2-109 दश्च)?
7. Where is the सूत्रम् 6-1-111 ऋत उत् used in this verse?
8. One सूत्रम् used in this example comes twice in the अष्टाध्यायी। Which one is it?
Easy questions:
1. Which सूत्रम् was used to get सदा + अनृणम् = सदानृणम् ?
2. Besides in the form “इमम्” , can you spot another place where the सूत्रम् 6-1-107 अमि पूर्वः has been used in this verse?
तयोः mGd
Today we will look at the form तयोः from श्रीमद्वाल्मीकि-रामायणम् ।
तयोस्तद्वचनं श्रुत्वा प्रहस्य मुनिपुङ्गवः |
अब्रवीच्छ्रूयतां राम यस्यायं पूर्व आश्रमः || १-२३-९||
Gita Press translation “Hearing the aforesaid submission of the two brothers, Viśwāmitra (the foremost of hermits ) heartily laughed and said, “Hear, O Rāma, of him whose former residence this is.””
‘तद्’ gets प्रातिपदिकसंज्ञा by 1-2-45 अर्थवदधातुरप्रत्ययः प्रातिपदिकम् and सर्वनाम-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-1-27 सर्वादीनि सर्वनामानि । The विवक्षा here is षष्ठी-द्विवचनम् । 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टाभ्याम्भिस्ङेभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसिँभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसोसाम्ङ्योस्सुप् mandates the प्रत्ययाः सुँ, औ, जस् etc. after the प्रातिपदिकम् ‘तद्’ ।
(1) तद् + ओस् ।
(2) त अ + ओस् । By 7-2-102 त्यदादीनामः , तद् gets the अकारादेशः । As per 1-1-52 अलोऽन्त्यस्य , only the ending दकार: gets replaced.
(3) त + ओस् । By 6-1-97 अतो गुणे the अकारः at the end of त and the following अकारादेशः is replaced by अ (पररूपम्) as एकादेशः ।
(4) ते + ओस् । By 7-3-104 ओसि च , the ending अ of a प्रातिपदिकम् changes to ए when followed by the affix ओस् ।
(5) तयोस् । अयादेशः by 6-1-78 एचोऽयवायावः ।
(6) तयोः । रुँत्व-विसर्गौ 8-2-66 ससजुषो रुः and 8-3-15 खरवसानयोर्विसर्जनीयः ।
Questions:
1. The अमर-कोश: gives seven main words which are used as the second member of a compound in the sense of “foremost.” In this verse we have one of them “पुङ्गवः” which literally means “bull”, but “मुनिपुङ्गवः” means “the foremost of hermits.” These can only be used in the masculine.
Please list the other six.
स्युरुत्तरपदे व्याघ्रपुङ्गवर्षभकुञ्जराः।
सिंहशार्दूलनागाऽऽद्याः पुंसि श्रेष्ठाऽर्थगोचराः॥३-१-५९॥
2. Of the seven words listed above – which ones are used in the गीता?
3. Where has सम्बुद्धि: been used in this verse? By which सूत्रम् does पाणिनि: define सम्बुद्धि: ?
4. As we have seen in previous examples, the क्त्वा-प्रत्यय: is used when we have the same doer doing two actions. The verbal root in the earlier action takes the क्त्वा-प्रत्यय: . (The सूत्रम् is 3-4-21 समानकर्तृकयोः पूर्वकाले । If there is a compound formation then the क्त्वा-प्रत्यय: is replaced by ल्यप् as per 7-1-37 समासेऽनञ्पूर्वे क्त्वो ल्यप् ) . Please identify the word ending in the क्त्वा-प्रत्यय: and the ल्यप्-प्रत्यय: in this verse. Who is the common doer and which is his later action?
5. Why wasn’t 6-1-101 अकः सवर्णे दीर्घः applied between पूर्व + आश्रमः ?
6. Please list the terms “त्यद्” etc. referred to in the सूत्रम् 7-2-102 त्यदादीनामः। The त्यदादि-गण: is a subset of which गण: ?
7. Please do पदच्छेद: of अब्रवीच्छ्रूयताम् and mention the relevant rules.
8. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“Having heard the student’s words, the teacher said “Listen!”” Use the प्रातिपदिकम् “शिष्य” for student.
Advanced question:
1. Consider the प्रातिपदिकम् “तद्” . Since it is a प्रातिपदिकम् it is going to take one of the सुँप्-प्रत्यया: listed in 4-1-2. The सुँप्-प्रत्यया: have the विभक्ति-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-4-104 विभक्तिश्च । So it looks like 7-2-102 त्यदादीनामः will always apply and change “तद्” to “त” after using 6-1-97. Then why doesn’t पाणिनि: make the प्रातिपदिकम् as “त” to begin with? What is the point of the form “तद्” ?
(In short, find a case where 7-2-102 will not apply to “तद्” .)
2. Consider the सन्धि-कार्यम् between “पुङ्गव + ऋषभ” which is seen in the verse quoted from the अमर-कोश: in the first question. The steps are as follows:
पुङ्गव + ऋषभ = पुङ्गव् अ + ऋ षभ
= पुङ्गव् अर् षभ by 6-1-87 आद्गुणः , 1-1-51 उरण् रपरः।
At this stage, as per the सूत्रम् 6-1-85 अन्तादिवच्च the एकादेश: “अर्” can be considered as the ending member of the prior term – which means that we can look at this as पुङ्गवर् षभ। Now why doesn’t 8-3-15 खरवसानयोर्विसर्जनीयः apply to replace the पदान्त-रेफ: with a विसर्ग:?
Easy questions:
1. Which सूत्रम् was used to replace the ending मकार: of “वचनम्” by an अनुस्वार:?
2. Which सूत्रम् was used to get यस्य + अयम् = यस्यायम् ?
3. Which word in the verse translates to “residence”?
अक्ष्णः n-Ab-s
Today we will look at the form अक्ष्णः from श्रीमद्भागवतम् SB 3-12-24
पुलहो नाभितो जज्ञे पुलस्त्यः कर्णयोर्ऋषिः ।
अङ्गिरा मुखतोऽक्ष्णोऽत्रिर्मरीचिर्मनसोऽभवत् ।। ३-१२-२४ ।।
Gita Press translation “Pulaha emanated from his navel, the sage Pulatsya from his ears, Aṅgirā from his mouth, Atri from his eyes and Marīci came out of his mind.”
‘अक्षि’ gets प्रातिपदिकसंज्ञा by 1-2-45 अर्थवदधातुरप्रत्ययः प्रातिपदिकम्। The विवक्षा here is पञ्चमी-एकवचनम्. 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टाभ्याम्भिस्ङेभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसिँभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसोसाम्ङ्योस्सुप् mandates the प्रत्ययाः सुँ, औ, जस् etc. after the प्रातिपदिकम् ‘अक्षि’.
(1) अक्षि + ङसिँ ।
(2) अक्षि + अस् । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत्, 1-3-8 लशक्वतद्धिते and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः ।
(3) अक्ष् अनँङ् + अस् । By 7-1-75 अस्थिदधिसक्थ्यक्ष्णामनङुदात्तः , when a case affix – starting from the instrumental singular affix टा – beginning with a vowel (अच्) follows, the bases अस्थि, दधि, सक्थि and अक्षि get the अनँङ् replacement, which has the उदात्तः accent.
(4) अक्ष् अन् + अस् । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत् ,1-3-3 हलन्त्यम् and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः ।
(5) अक्ष् न् + अस् । By 6-4-134 अल्लोपोऽनः , the अकारः of the अन् in the अङ्गम् is elided when a स्वादि-प्रत्यय: which is not सर्वनामस्थानम् and which either begins with a यकारः or a vowel (अच्), follows.
(6) अक्ष्नः । रुँत्व-विसर्गौ 8-2-66 ससजुषो रुः and 8-3-15 खरवसानयोर्विसर्जनीयः ।
(7) अक्ष्णः । The letter न् is replaced by ण् by 8-4-1 रषाभ्यां नो णः समानपदे ।
Questions:
1. Could we have used 8-4-41 ष्टुना ष्टुः। (instead of 8-4-1) in step 7 to get the same result?
2. Please list the five synonyms for the word “कर्ण:” (प्रातिपदिकम् “कर्ण” masculine) meaning “ear” as given in the अमर-कोश:।
कर्णशब्दग्रहौ श्रोत्रं श्रुतिः स्त्री श्रवणं श्रवः ।।२-६-९४।।
(इति षट् “कर्णस्य” नामानि)
3. With regard to the word कर्णयो: the commentator says “पञ्चम्यर्थे सप्तमी।” What does this mean?
4. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“The two long ears of the sage.” Use the प्रातिपदिकम् “दीर्घ” for “long.”
5. Why didn’t the अनङ्-आदेश: replace the entire अङ्गम् “अक्षि” in step 3 as per 1-1-55 अनेकाल्शित्सर्वस्य ?
6. In this example, the अङ्गम् “अक्षि” has:
a) पद-सञ्ज्ञा b) भ-सञ्ज्ञा c) Neither भ-सञ्ज्ञा nor पद-सञ्ज्ञा d) Both भ-सञ्ज्ञा and पद-सञ्ज्ञा
7. Where is the सूत्रम् 7-3-104 ओसि च used in this verse?
8. In the absence of 7-1-75 अस्थिदधिसक्थ्यक्ष्णामनङुदात्तः which सूत्रम् would have applied to give which incorrect form?
Easy questions:
1. Which सूत्रम् was used to get मनसो + अभवत् = मनसोऽभवत् ?
2. Where does the word मरीचि: come in the गीता ?
देव्यै fDs
Today we will look at the form देव्यै from श्रीमद्वाल्मीकि-रामायणम् ।
दत्ता चास्मीष्टवद्देव्यै ज्येष्ठायै पुण्यकर्मणे |
तया सम्भाविता चास्मि स्निग्धया मातृसौहृदात् ||२-११८-३३||
Gita Press translation “I was further given over, like a coveted issue, to the senior most queen, who was given to meritorious deeds; and I was brought up by that tender lady through motherly affection.”
‘देवी’ gets प्रातिपदिकसंज्ञा by 1-2-45 अर्थवदधातुरप्रत्ययः प्रातिपदिकम्। The विवक्षा here is चतुर्थी-एकवचनम्. 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टाभ्याम्भिस्ङेभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसिँभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसोसाम्ङ्योस्सुप् mandates the प्रत्ययाः सुँ, औ, जस् etc. after the प्रातिपदिकम् ‘देवी’।
(1) देवी + ङे । ‘देवी’ gets नदी-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-4-3 यू स्त्र्याख्यौ नदी।
(2) देवी + ए । अनुबन्ध-लोप: by 1-3-8 लशक्वतद्धिते and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।
(2) देवी + आट् ङे । By 7-3-112 आण्नद्याः , the ङित् affixes (here ङे) that follow the अङ्गम् ending in a term having the नदी-सञ्ज्ञा, get the आट् augment.
(3) देवी + आ ए । अनुबन्ध-लोप: by 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम् and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।
(4) देवी + ऐ । वृद्धि-आदेश: (ऐकारः) by 6-1-90 आटश्च ।
(5) देव्यै । यणादेशः by 6-1-77 इको यणचि ।
Questions:
1. The अमर-कोश: gives four words in the meaning of “mother.” One of them is माता (प्रातिपदिकम् “मातृ”) used in this verse. Please list the other three.
जनयित्री प्रसूर्माता जननी ।।२-६-२९।।
(इति चत्वारि “जनन्या:” नामानि)
2. Which word(s) in the verse have समानाधिकरणम् with “देव्यै”?
3. Where has the सूत्रम् 7-3-105 आङि चापः been used in this verse?
4. In the last verse of the गीता which term has the नदी-सञ्ज्ञा?
5. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“The eldest (use the प्रातिपदिकम् “ज्येष्ठ” from this verse) among the four sons of the King (use the प्रातिपदिकम् “नृपति”) Dasaratha.”
6. The सूत्रम् 7-3-112 आण्नद्याः is used in the सूत्रम् 7-3-112 आण्नद्याः itself. How is that?
7. Which two अधिकारौ exert their influence on the सूत्रम् 6-1-90 आटश्च ?
8. Which one of the following is not a विधि-सूत्रम् (a rule which prescribes an operation)?
a) 7-3-112 आण्नद्याः।
b) 6-1-90 आटश्च।
c) 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्।
d) 6-1-77 इको यणचि।
e) 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।
Easy questions:
1. Find three places in this verse where the सूत्रम् 6-1-101 अकः सवर्णे दीर्घः has been used.
2. From where does the अनुवृत्ति: of “वृद्धि:” come in to the सूत्रम् 6-1-90 आटश्च ?
कतरस्मिन् mLs
Today we will look at the form कतरस्मिन् from श्रीमद्वाल्मीकि-रामायणम् ।
सर्वतश्चार्यतां दृष्टिः कानने निपुणो ह्यसि |
आश्रमः कतरस्मिन् नो देशे भवति संमतः || ३-१५-३||
Gita Press translation “Since you are a man of insight, cast an eye all around in the forest. At which place will a hermitage be acceptable to us?”
‘कतर’ gets प्रातिपदिकसंज्ञा by 1-2-45 अर्थवदधातुरप्रत्ययः प्रातिपदिकम्। The विवक्षा here is सप्तमी-एकवचनम्। 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टाभ्याम्भिस्ङेभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसिँभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसोसाम्ङ्योस्सुप् mandates the प्रत्ययाः सुँ, औ, जस् etc. after the प्रातिपदिकम् ‘कतर’।
(1) कतर + ङि । ‘कतर’ ends in the डतर-प्रत्यय: which is listed in the सर्वादि-गण:। Hence ‘कतर’ gets the सर्वनाम-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-1-27 सर्वादीनि सर्वनामानि ।
(2) कतरस्मिन् । By 7-1-15 ङसिङ्योः स्मात्स्मिनौ , following a pronoun ending in अ, the affixes ङसि and ङि are replaced respectively by स्मात् and स्मिन् ।
Questions:
1. Where does the declension of कतर-शब्द: differ from that of सर्व-शब्द: ?
2. Where is the कतर-शब्द: used in the गीता?
3. Please use some words from the verse to construct the following sentence in Sanskrit:
“You are skilled in finance.” Use the प्रातिपदिकम् “अर्थ-शास्त्र” for finance.
4. The अमर-कोश: gives five synonyms for the word “अरण्यम्” (प्रातिपदिकम् “अरण्य” neuter) meaning “forest.” One of them is काननम् (प्रातिपदिकम् “कानन” neuter) used in this verse. Can you list the other four?
अटव्यरण्यं विपिनं गहनं काननं वनम् ।।२-४-१।।
(इति षट् “अरण्यस्य” नामानि)
5. In the absence of 7-1-15 ङसिङ्योः स्मात्स्मिनौ , which सूत्रम् would have applied to give which undesired result?
6. Which word in the verse has समानाधिकरणम् with the word आश्रम: ?
7. Where has the सूत्रम् 6-1-114 हशि च been used in this verse?
8. In the form कानने (कानन + ङि), the ङि-प्रत्यय: was not replaced by “स्मिन्” . Which condition required by 7-1-15 was not satisfied?
Easy questions:
1. Which सूत्रम् has been used in the following?
हि + असि = ह्यसि।
2. Which word in the verse translates to “since”?
जगत्पते m-Voc-s
Today we will look at the form जगत्पते from श्रीमद्भागवतम् SB 7-3-6
तेन तप्ता दिवं त्यक्त्वा ब्रह्मलोकं ययुः सुराः ।
धात्रे विज्ञापयामासुर्देवदेव जगत्पते ।। 7-3-6 ।।
दैत्येन्द्रतपसा तप्ता दिवि स्थातुं न शक्नुमः । 7-3-7 first half
Gita Press translation “Scorched, by that fire, the gods left heaven and went to the realm of Brahmā and submitted to the creator (as follows): – “Tormented by the asceticism of Hiraṇyakaśipu (the chief of demons), O god of gods, O lord of the universe, we can no longer stay in heaven.” “
‘जगत्पति’ gets प्रातिपदिकसंज्ञा by >1-2-46 कृत्तद्धितसमासाश्च। The विवक्षा here is पुंलिङ्गे सम्बोधने प्रथमा-एकवचनम्। 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टाभ्याम्भिस्ङेभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसिँभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसोसाम्ङ्योस्सुप् mandates the प्रत्ययाः सुँ, औ, जस् etc. after the प्रातिपदिकम् ‘जगत्पति’.
(1) जगत्पति + सुँ । Here the सुँ-प्रत्यय: gets the designation सम्बुद्धि: (which is required to apply 7-3-108) by 2-3-49 एकवचनं संबुद्धिः।
(2) जगत्पते + सुँ । गुणादेशः of the ending इकारः of the अङ्गम् by 7-3-108 ह्रस्वस्य गुणः।
(3) जगत्पते + स् । अनुबन्ध-लोप: by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत् and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।
(4) जगत्पते । सकार-लोप: by 6-1-69 एङ्ह्रस्वात् सम्बुद्धेः ।
Questions:
1. Where does the phrase “देवदेव जगत्पते” come in the गीता?
2. Does the term “जगत्पति” have the घि-सञ्ज्ञा? Does the term “पति” on its own (not in a समास:) have the घि-सञ्ज्ञा?
3. The अमर-कोश: gives nineteen synonyms for the word “बह्मा” (प्रातिपदिकम् “ब्रह्मन्” – masculine in this meaning.) One of them is धाता (प्रातिपदिकम् “धातृ” – adjective, here masculine) which is used in this example in the form धात्रे (चतुर्थी-एकवचनम्). Can you list the other eighteen?
ब्रह्मात्मभूः सुरज्येष्ठः परमेष्ठी पितामहः।
हिरण्यगर्भो लोकेशः स्वयंभूश्चतुराननः ।।१-१-१६।।
धाताब्जयोनिर्द्रुहिणो विरिञ्चिः कमलासन:।
स्रष्टा प्रजापतिर्वेधा विधाता विश्वसृड्विधि: ।।१-१-१७।।
(इति विंशति: “ब्रह्मण:” नामानि)
4. How do you say this in Sanskrit?
“A child tormented by fever.” – Use the प्रातिपदिकम् “शिशु” for child and “ज्वरा” for fever.
5. As we have seen in previous examples, the त्वा-प्रत्यय: is used when we have the same doer doing two actions. The verbal root in the earlier action takes the त्वा-प्रत्यय:। (The सूत्रम् is 3-4-21 समानकर्तृकयोः पूर्वकाले ।) In this verse we have the word त्यक्त्वा which comes from the धातु: “त्यज्” . Who are the doers of this action? Which word in the verse gives us the second (later) action?
6. Where is the सूत्रम् 6-1-107 अमि पूर्वः used in this verse? How about 6-1-102 प्रथमयोः पूर्वसवर्णः ?
7. What is the name of the आचार्य: who wrote the highly regarded commentary भाष्य-प्रदीप: (or simply प्रदीप:) on the महाभाष्यम् ? (Answer to this and similar questions can be found in Prof. Abhyankar’s “Dictionary of Sanskrit Grammar.”)
a) भट्टोजि-दीक्षित: b) सायणाचार्य: c) कैयट: d) कात्यायन: e) नागेशभट्ट: f) भागुरि:
8. Where does पाणिनि: define the अङ्ग-सञ्ज्ञा ?
Easy questions:
1. Which word in the verse translates to “the gods”?
2. Which सूत्रम् is used to get the following?
“दैत्य + इन्द्र” = “दैत्येन्द्र”
निशाचरचमूः fNs
Today we will look at the form निशाचरचमूः from श्रीरामरक्षास्तोत्रम्।
रामो राजमणिः सदा विजयते रामं रमेशं भजे।
रामेणाभिहता निशाचरचमू रामाय तस्मै नमः ।। ३७-first half
“Srī Rāma, who is a jewel among kings, is always victorious. I worship Srī Rāma, the consort of Lakshmī. I bow to that Rāma, by whom the rākṣasa army was annihilated.”
‘निशाचरचमू’ gets प्रातिपदिकसंज्ञा by 1-2-46 कृत्तद्धितसमासाश्च. The विवक्षा here is प्रथमा-एकवचनम्। 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टाभ्याम्भिस्ङेभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसिँभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसोसाम्ङ्योस्सुप् mandates the प्रत्ययाः सुँ, औ, जस् etc. after the प्रातिपदिकम् “निशाचरचमू”.
(1) निशाचरचमू + सुँ ।
(2) निशाचरचमू + स् । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत् and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।.
(3) निशाचरचमूः । Applying रुँत्व-विसर्गौ 8-2-66 ससजुषो रुः and 8-3-15 खरवसानयोर्विसर्जनीयः।
Questions:
1. The प्रथमा-एकवचनम् of an ईकारान्त-स्त्रीलिङ्ग-प्रातिपदिकम् like “नदी” is नदी – no विसर्ग: at the end. On the other hand the प्रथमा-एकवचनम् of an ऊकारान्त-स्त्रीलिङ्ग-प्रातिपदिकम् like “चमू” is चमू:। Which सूत्रम् causes the difference?
2. Please do पदच्छेद: of निशाचरचमू रामाय and mention the relevant rules.
3. Where is the प्रातिपदिकम् “चमू” used in the गीता?
4. The अमरकोश: gives ten synonyms for the word सेना (army.) One of them is चमू:। Can you list the other nine?
ध्वजिनी वाहिनी सेना पृतनानीकिनी चमूः।
वरूथिनी बलं सैन्यं चक्रं चानीकमस्त्रियाम् ।।२-८-७८।।
(इति एकादश “सेनाया:” नामानि।)
5. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“Four chariots (use the प्रातिपदिकम् “रथ”) in front (use the प्रातिपदिकम् “अग्र”) of a small army.”
6. There is one सर्वनाम-शब्द: in the verse. Which one is it?
7. The declension of an अकारान्त-सर्वनाम-शब्द: (like “सर्व”) in the masculine differs from that of राम-शब्द: in five places. Which are they and which rules cause the difference?
8. Where has the सूत्रम् 7-3-102 सुपि च been used in this verse?
Easy questions:
1. Which सूत्रम् was used in the following?
a) रमा + ईश: = रमेश:
b) सती + ईश: = सतीश:
c) रामेण + अभिहता = रामेणाभिहता
2. Which word in the verse translates to “always”?
धातः m-Voc-s
Today we will look at the form धातः from श्रीमद्भागवतम् SB 6-9-32
यत्ते गतीनां तिसृणामीशितुः परमं पदम्।
नार्वाचीनो विसर्गस्य धातर्वेदितुमर्हति ।। ६-९-३२ ।।
Gita Press translation “No one born after creation, O Lord, is fit to know Your highest essence (absolute nature), which lies beyond the three courses (of Sattva, Rajas and Tamas), You being their Controller.”
‘धातृ’ gets प्रातिपदिकसंज्ञा by 1-2-45 अर्थवदधातुरप्रत्ययः प्रातिपदिकम्. The विवक्षा here is पुंलिङ्गे सम्बोधनम् एकवचनम्। 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टाभ्याम्भिस्ङेभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसिँभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसोसाम्ङ्योस्सुप् mandates the प्रत्ययाः सुँ, औ, जस् etc. after the प्रातिपदिकम् ‘धातृ’.
(1) धातृ + सुँ । ‘सुँ’ gets सर्वनामस्थान-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-1-43 सुडनपुंसकस्य। .
(2) धातर् + सुँ । By 7-3-110 ऋतो ङिसर्वनामस्थानयोः , there comes a गुणादेश: in place of the ending ऋकार: of the अङ्गम्। By 1-1-2 अदेङ् गुणः and 1-1-51 उरण् रपरः the आदेश: is “अर्”।
(3) धातर् + स् । अनुबन्ध-लोप: by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत् and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।
(4) धातर् । सकार-लोप: by 6-1-68 हल्ङ्याब्भ्यो दीर्घात् सुतिस्यपृक्तं हल्।
(5) धातः । रेफः is replaced by a विसर्गः by 8-3-15 खरवसानयोर्विसर्जनीयः।
Questions:
1. Why didn’t 7-1-94 ऋदुशनस्पुरुदंसोऽनेहसां च apply to do the अनँङ्-आदेश: after step 1?
2. Why didn’t 6-4-11 अप्तृन्तृच्स्वसृनप्तृनेष्टृत्वष्टृक्षत्तृहोतृपोतृप्रशास्तॄणाम् apply to do the उपधादीर्घ: after step 2?
3. Why did we chose to apply 7-3-110 ऋतो ङिसर्वनामस्थानयोः instead of 7-3-108 ह्रस्वस्य गुणः in step 2?
4. Where does पाणिनि: define the अपृक्त-सञ्ज्ञा?
5. Should we be mentioning 1-3-4 न विभक्तौ तुस्माः at step 3 to stop the इत्-सञ्ज्ञा for the सकार: of the सुँ-प्रत्यय:?
6. Why didn’t the सूत्रम् 6-4-3 नामि apply to make a दीर्घ: for the ऋकार: in the form तिसृणाम् ?
7. Can you spot another ऋकारान्त-प्रातिपदिकम् in the verse?
8. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“The professor (use the प्रातिपदिकम् “प्राचार्य”) is fit to know the answer to the question.”
For “fit to know” use वेदितुमर्हति (वेदितुम् + अर्हति) from the verse.
9. Which word in the verse has समानाधिकरणम् with “गतीनाम्” ?
Easy questions:
1. Which सञ्ज्ञा is defined by पाणिनि: in the first सूत्रम् of the अष्टाध्यायी?
2. Can you spot where the सूत्रम् 6-1-101 अकः सवर्णे दीर्घः has been used in the verse?
अम्ब f-Voc-s
Today we will look at the form अम्ब from श्रीमद्भागवतम् SB 7-2-20
हिरण्यकशिपुरुवाच।
अम्बाम्ब हे वधूः पुत्रा वीरं मार्हथ शोचितुम् ।
रिपोरभिमुखे श्लाघ्यः शूराणां वध ईप्सितः ।। ७-२-२० ।।
Gita Press translation “Hiraṇyakaśipu said: Mother, O mother, sister-in-law and sons! You ought not to lament the hero (Hiraṇyākṣa). The death of the brave in front of their enemy is praiseworthy and (as such) coveted (by them). ”
‘अम्बा’ gets प्रातिपदिकसंज्ञा by 1-2-45 अर्थवदधातुरप्रत्ययः प्रातिपदिकम्. The विवक्षा here is सम्बोधनम् एकवचनम्. 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टाभ्याम्भिस्ङेभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसिँभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसोसाम्ङ्योस्सुप् mandates the प्रत्ययाः सुँ, औ, जस् etc. after the प्रातिपदिकम् ‘अम्बा’.
(1) अम्बा + सुँ । ‘सुँ’ gets सम्बुद्धि-सञ्ज्ञा by 2-3-49 एकवचनं संबुद्धिः।
(2) अम्ब + सुँ । By 7-3-107 अम्बाऽर्थनद्योर्ह्रस्वः, here the अङ्गम् ‘अम्बा’ , gets substituted by a ह्रस्व: अकार:, because सम्बुद्धि-प्रत्यय: (vocative singular) follows. By the परिभाषा-सूत्रम् 1-1-52 अलोऽन्त्यस्य only the ending आकार: of ‘अम्बा’ gets replaced.
(3) अम्ब + स् । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत् and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।
(4) अम्ब । By 6-1-69 एङ्ह्रस्वात् सम्बुद्धेः , the सकारः ( belonging to a सम्बुद्धि: affix) gets dropped, since it follows ह्रस्व: अकार:।
Questions:
1. The सम्बुद्धि-प्रत्यय: has also been used in हे वधूः। Is this form correct as per the rules of पाणिनि:? If not, please give the correct form.
2. The अमरकोश: gives eleven words that mean “woman.” One of them is “वधूः” – used in this verse. Please list the other ten.
स्त्री योषिदबला योषा नारी सीमन्तिनी वधूः।
प्रतीपदर्शिनी वामा वनिता महिला तथा ।।२-६-२।।
(इति एकादश “स्त्रीमात्रस्य” नामानि)
3. The अमरकोश: gives three words that mean “daughter-in-law.” One of them is “वधूः” . Please list the other two.
समाः स्नुषाजनीवध्वः। ।।२-६-९।।
(इति त्रीणि “पुत्रभार्याया:” नामानि)
4. Which is the other word (besides अम्ब and वधू:) used in the verse in the sense of सम्बोधनम् (address)?
5. Why was 6-1-87 आद्गुणः not applied between वध + ईप्सितः ?
6. In the बाल-रामायणम् (which we have been studying in the second session of the Saturday class) which verse had the word वधूः ?
7. In the महाभाष्यम् on 7-3-107 अम्बाऽर्थनद्योर्ह्रस्वः, पतञ्जलि: says “अम्बार्थं द्व्यक्षकरं यदि।” and gives the example (हे) अम्बिके। Please explain what this means.
8. Which two words in the verse have समानाधिकरणम् with वध: ?
9. How do you say this in Sanskrit – “Service to the Guru (is) praiseworthy”? Use the प्रातिपदिकम् “श्लाघ्य” from the example.
Also – “Service to (one’s) mother (is) praiseworthy.” Use the प्रातिपदिकम् “मातृ” for mother.
Easy questions:
1. Which word in the verse translates to “hero”?
2. Which of the 21 सुँप्-प्रत्यया: has been used in the form अभिमुखे ?
चतुर्षु mLp
Today we will look at the form चतुर्षु from श्रीमद्वाल्मीकि-रामायणम्
ते चास्य हयमुख्येषु तूर्णमुत्पत्य वानराः |
चतुर्षु सुमहावीर्या निपेतुर्भीमविक्रमाः || ६-८९-४९||
Gita Press translation “Nay, springing up rapidly, the aforesaid monkeys, who were endowed with remarkable valor and terrible prowess, fell on the four excellent horses of Indrajit.”
‘चतुर्’ gets प्रातिपदिकसंज्ञा by 1-2-45 अर्थवदधातुरप्रत्ययः प्रातिपदिकम्. The विवक्षा here is पुंलिङ्गे सप्तमी-बहुवचनम्. 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टाभ्याम्भिस्ङेभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसिँभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसोसाम्ङ्योस्सुप् mandates the प्रत्ययाः सुँ, औ, जस् etc. after the प्रातिपदिकम् ‘चतुर्’.
(1) चतुर् + सुप् ।
(2) चतुर् + सु । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम् and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः
(3) चतुर्षु । By 8-3-59 आदेशप्रत्यययोः ,the letter स् is replaced by the cerebral ष्.
Questions:
1. The term “चतुर्” has पद-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-4-17 स्वादिष्वसर्वनमस्थाने। After step 2, why didn’t the ending रेफ: become a विसर्ग: by 8-3-15 खरवसानयोर्विसर्जनीयः ?
2. The अनुवृत्ति: of इण्कोः comes into the सूत्रम् 8-3-59 आदेशप्रत्यययोः from 8-3-57. So in order for the following सकार: to change to a षकार: there must be a letter of the इण्-प्रत्याहार: or a letter of the क-वर्ग: preceding. Here we have the रेफ: preceding the सकार: . The रेफ: is not a part of the क-वर्ग: . Is the रेफ: included in the इण्-प्रत्याहार: ? (Or does the इण्-प्रत्याहार: include only the letters इ and उ from the first माहेश्वर-सूत्रम् – अ इ उ ण् । ?)
3. The अमरकोश: gives thirteen words that mean “horse.” One of them is हय: (used in this verse as part of a compound.) Please list any five of the remaining twelve.
घोटके वीति ( पीति) तुरगतुरङ्गाश्वतुरङ्गमाः ।।२-८-४३।।
वाजिवाहार्वगन्धर्वहयसैन्धवसप्तयः।
(इति त्रयोदश “घोटकस्य” नामानि)
4. Where is the प्रातिपदिकम् “हय” used in the गीता?
5. Just like we had the optional forms चतुर्णाम्/चतुर्ण्णाम् in the षष्ठी-बहुवचनम् , is there an optional final form (using 8-4-46 अचो रहाभ्यां द्वे) possible in this example?
6. As we have seen in previous examples, the क्त्वा-प्रत्यय: is used when we have the same doer doing two actions. The verbal root in the earlier action takes the क्त्वा-प्रत्यय: . (The सूत्रम् is 3-4-21 समानकर्तृकयोः पूर्वकाले । If there is a compound formation then the क्त्वा-प्रत्यय: is replaced by ल्यप् as per 7-1-37 समासेऽनञ्पूर्वे क्त्वो ल्यप् ) . Please identify the word ending in the ल्यप्-प्रत्यय: in this verse. Who are the common doers and which is their later action?
7. Where is the सूत्रम् 7-1-17 जसः शी used in this verse? How about 8-3-22 हलि सर्वेषाम् ?
8. What is the purpose of having the पकार: as an अनुबन्ध: in the सुप्-प्रत्यय:?
9. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“Three monkeys on the branch of a tree.” Use the प्रातिपदिकम् “शाखा” for branch, and “तरु” for tree. (The English word tree may have come from “तरु”)
Easy questions:
1. Which सूत्रम् was used to get च + अस्य = चास्य ?
2. Which word in the verse translates to “monkeys”?
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