Today we will look at the form तयोः from श्रीमद्वाल्मीकि-रामायणम् ।
तयोस्तद्वचनं श्रुत्वा प्रहस्य मुनिपुङ्गवः |
अब्रवीच्छ्रूयतां राम यस्यायं पूर्व आश्रमः || १-२३-९||
Gita Press translation “Hearing the aforesaid submission of the two brothers, Viśwāmitra (the foremost of hermits ) heartily laughed and said, “Hear, O Rāma, of him whose former residence this is.””
‘तद्’ gets प्रातिपदिकसंज्ञा by 1-2-45 अर्थवदधातुरप्रत्ययः प्रातिपदिकम् and सर्वनाम-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-1-27 सर्वादीनि सर्वनामानि । The विवक्षा here is षष्ठी-द्विवचनम् । 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टाभ्याम्भिस्ङेभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसिँभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसोसाम्ङ्योस्सुप् mandates the प्रत्ययाः सुँ, औ, जस् etc. after the प्रातिपदिकम् ‘तद्’ ।
(1) तद् + ओस् ।
(2) त अ + ओस् । By 7-2-102 त्यदादीनामः , तद् gets the अकारादेशः । As per 1-1-52 अलोऽन्त्यस्य , only the ending दकार: gets replaced.
(3) त + ओस् । By 6-1-97 अतो गुणे the अकारः at the end of त and the following अकारादेशः is replaced by अ (पररूपम्) as एकादेशः ।
(4) ते + ओस् । By 7-3-104 ओसि च , the ending अ of a प्रातिपदिकम् changes to ए when followed by the affix ओस् ।
(5) तयोस् । अयादेशः by 6-1-78 एचोऽयवायावः ।
(6) तयोः । रुँत्व-विसर्गौ 8-2-66 ससजुषो रुः and 8-3-15 खरवसानयोर्विसर्जनीयः ।
Questions:
1. The अमर-कोश: gives seven main words which are used as the second member of a compound in the sense of “foremost.” In this verse we have one of them “पुङ्गवः” which literally means “bull”, but “मुनिपुङ्गवः” means “the foremost of hermits.” These can only be used in the masculine.
Please list the other six.
स्युरुत्तरपदे व्याघ्रपुङ्गवर्षभकुञ्जराः।
सिंहशार्दूलनागाऽऽद्याः पुंसि श्रेष्ठाऽर्थगोचराः॥३-१-५९॥
2. Of the seven words listed above – which ones are used in the गीता?
3. Where has सम्बुद्धि: been used in this verse? By which सूत्रम् does पाणिनि: define सम्बुद्धि: ?
4. As we have seen in previous examples, the क्त्वा-प्रत्यय: is used when we have the same doer doing two actions. The verbal root in the earlier action takes the क्त्वा-प्रत्यय: . (The सूत्रम् is 3-4-21 समानकर्तृकयोः पूर्वकाले । If there is a compound formation then the क्त्वा-प्रत्यय: is replaced by ल्यप् as per 7-1-37 समासेऽनञ्पूर्वे क्त्वो ल्यप् ) . Please identify the word ending in the क्त्वा-प्रत्यय: and the ल्यप्-प्रत्यय: in this verse. Who is the common doer and which is his later action?
5. Why wasn’t 6-1-101 अकः सवर्णे दीर्घः applied between पूर्व + आश्रमः ?
6. Please list the terms “त्यद्” etc. referred to in the सूत्रम् 7-2-102 त्यदादीनामः। The त्यदादि-गण: is a subset of which गण: ?
7. Please do पदच्छेद: of अब्रवीच्छ्रूयताम् and mention the relevant rules.
8. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“Having heard the student’s words, the teacher said “Listen!”” Use the प्रातिपदिकम् “शिष्य” for student.
Advanced question:
1. Consider the प्रातिपदिकम् “तद्” . Since it is a प्रातिपदिकम् it is going to take one of the सुँप्-प्रत्यया: listed in 4-1-2. The सुँप्-प्रत्यया: have the विभक्ति-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-4-104 विभक्तिश्च । So it looks like 7-2-102 त्यदादीनामः will always apply and change “तद्” to “त” after using 6-1-97. Then why doesn’t पाणिनि: make the प्रातिपदिकम् as “त” to begin with? What is the point of the form “तद्” ?
(In short, find a case where 7-2-102 will not apply to “तद्” .)
2. Consider the सन्धि-कार्यम् between “पुङ्गव + ऋषभ” which is seen in the verse quoted from the अमर-कोश: in the first question. The steps are as follows:
पुङ्गव + ऋषभ = पुङ्गव् अ + ऋ षभ
= पुङ्गव् अर् षभ by 6-1-87 आद्गुणः , 1-1-51 उरण् रपरः।
At this stage, as per the सूत्रम् 6-1-85 अन्तादिवच्च the एकादेश: “अर्” can be considered as the ending member of the prior term – which means that we can look at this as पुङ्गवर् षभ। Now why doesn’t 8-3-15 खरवसानयोर्विसर्जनीयः apply to replace the पदान्त-रेफ: with a विसर्ग:?
Easy questions:
1. Which सूत्रम् was used to replace the ending मकार: of “वचनम्” by an अनुस्वार:?
2. Which सूत्रम् was used to get यस्य + अयम् = यस्यायम् ?
3. Which word in the verse translates to “residence”?
Questions:
1. The अमर-कोश: gives seven main words which are used as the second member of a compound in the sense of “foremost.” In this verse we have one of them “पुङ्गवः” which literally means “bull”, but “मुनिपुङ्गवः” means “the foremost of hermits.” These can only be used in the masculine.
Please list the other six.
स्युरुत्तरपदे व्याघ्रपुङ्गवर्षभकुञ्जराः।
सिंहशार्दूलनागाऽऽद्याः पुंसि श्रेष्ठाऽर्थगोचराः॥३-१-५९॥
A. व्याघ्रः, ऋषभः, कुञ्जरः, सिंहः, शार्दूलः, नागः।
2. Of the seven words listed above – which ones are used in the गीता?
A. ऋषभः in हे भरतर्षभ, हे पुरुषर्षभ।
यावत्सञ्जायते किञ्चित्सत्त्वं स्थावरजङ्गमम् |
क्षेत्रक्षेत्रज्ञसंयोगात्तद्विद्धि भरतर्षभ || 13-27||
यं हि न व्यथयन्त्येते पुरुषं पुरुषर्षभ |
समदुःखसुखं धीरं सोऽमृतत्वाय कल्पते || 2-15||
3. Where has सम्बुद्धि: been used in this verse? By which सूत्रम् does पाणिनि: define सम्बुद्धि: ?
A. राम। In 2-3-49 एकवचनं संबुद्धिः। The वृत्ति: is “सम्बोधने प्रथमाया एकवचनं सम्बुद्धिसंज्ञं स्यात्।”, The nominative singular affix (सुँ) when used in a vocative form gets the designation सम्बुद्धि:।
4. As we have seen in previous examples, the क्त्वा-प्रत्यय: is used when we have the same doer doing two actions. The verbal root in the earlier action takes the क्त्वा-प्रत्यय:। (The सूत्रम् is 3-4-21 समानकर्तृकयोः पूर्वकाले । If there is a compound formation then the क्त्वा-प्रत्यय: is replaced by ल्यप् as per 7-1-37 समासेऽनञ्पूर्वे क्त्वो ल्यप् ) . Please identify the word ending in the क्त्वा-प्रत्यय: and the ल्यप्-प्रत्यय: in this verse. Who is the common doer and which is his later action?
A. श्रुत्वा, प्रहस्य – the common doer is मुनिपुङ्गवः (विश्वामित्रः) and his later action is अब्रवीत्।
5. Why wasn’t 6-1-101 अकः सवर्णे दीर्घः applied between पूर्व + आश्रमः ?
A. The पदच्छेदः is पूर्वः, आश्रमः (पूर्वः is adjective to आश्रमः)
पूर्वस् + आश्रमः = पूर्वरुँ + आश्रमः (8-2-66 ससजुषो रुः) = पूर्वय् + आश्रमः (8-3-17 भोभगोअघोअपूर्वस्य योऽशि) = पूर्व आश्रमः (8-3-19 लोपः शाकल्यस्य)
Due to the rule 8-2-1 पूर्वत्रासिद्धम्, this dropping of the letter य् which happens in the त्रिपादी section (the last three quarters of the अष्टाध्यायी) is not seen by the rule 6-1-101 अकः सवर्णे दीर्घः which is in the सपादसप्ताध्यायी section. Hence 6-1-101 अकः सवर्णे दीर्घः does not apply. Final form is पूर्व आश्रमः।
8. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“Having heard the student’s words, the teacher said “Listen!”” Use the प्रातिपदिकम् “शिष्य” for student.
A. शिष्यस्य, वचनम्, श्रुत्वा, अध्यापकः, श्रूयताम् (इति), अब्रवीत् = शिष्यस्य वचनं श्रुत्वाध्यापकः श्रूयतामित्यब्रवीत्।
Advanced question:
2. Consider the सन्धि-कार्यम् between “पुङ्गव + ऋषभ” which is seen in the verse quoted from the अमर-कोश: in the first question. The steps are as follows:
पुङ्गव + ऋषभ = पुङ्गव् अ + ऋ षभ
= पुङ्गव् अर् षभ by 6-1-87 आद्गुणः , 1-1-51 उरण् रपरः।
At this stage, as per the सूत्रम् 6-1-85 अन्तादिवच्च the एकादेश: “अर्” can be considered as the ending member of the prior term – which means that we can look at this as पुङ्गवर् षभ। Now why doesn’t 8-3-15 खरवसानयोर्विसर्जनीयः apply to replace the पदान्त-रेफ: with a विसर्ग:?
A.
The answer is given in the सिद्धान्त-कौमुदी as follows:
अन्तादिवद्भावेन पदान्तरेफस्य न विसर्ग:। “उभयथर्क्षु (८.३.८), कर्तरि चर्षिदेवतयोः (३.२.१८६)” इत्यादिनिर्देशात्।
Even though by the सूत्रम् 6-1-85 अन्तादिवच्च , in the example in question, we could treat the रेफ: as a पदान्त-रेफ: and then by 8-3-15 खरवसानयोर्विसर्जनीयः that रेफ: would be liable to get a विसर्गादेश:, we don’t do this operation because पाणिनि: himself has not done that in rules such as 8-3-8 उभयथर्क्षु and 3-2-186 कर्तरि चर्षिदेवतयोः।
Easy questions:
1. Which सूत्रम् was used to replace the ending मकार: of “वचनम्” by an अनुस्वार:?
8-3-23 मोऽनुस्वारः।
2. Which सूत्रम् was used to get यस्य + अयम् = यस्यायम् ?
6-1-101 अकः सवर्णे दीर्घ॥
3. Which word in the verse translates to “residence”?
आश्रमः।
1.व्याघ्र:, पुङ्गव:, ऋषभ:, कुञ्जर:, सिंह:, शार्दूल:, नाग:।
2.
निश्चयं शृणु मे तत्र त्यागे भरतसत्तम |
त्यागो हि पुरुषव्याघ्र त्रिविधः सम्प्रकीर्तितः || 18-4||
3. राम। In 2-3-49 एकवचनं संबुद्धिः। “आमन्त्रितप्रथमायाः यदेकवचनं तत्संबुद्धिसंज्ञं भवति।”
4. श्रुत्वा and प्रहस्य; मुनिपुङ्गवः (विश्वामित्रः) is the समानकर्ता, अब्रवीत् is the उत्तरवर्तिनी क्रिया।
6. The त्यदादि-गणः is a part of सर्वादि-गणः। As per the व्याख्यानम् on 7-1-102, for the purpose of this सूत्रम्, the त्यदादि-गण: is taken only up to the term ‘द्वि’ (काशिका-वृत्तिः on 7-1-102 “द्विपर्यन्तानां त्यदादीनामत्वमिष्यते।”)
Hence the terms “त्यद्” etc. referred to in 7-1-102 are त्यद् तद् यद् एतद् इदम् अदस् एक द्वि।
7.The पदच्छेदः is अब्रवीत्, श्रूयताम्
अब्रवीत् + श्रूयताम् = अब्रवीद् + श्रूयताम् (8-2-39 झलां जशोऽन्ते ) = अब्रवीज् + श्रूयताम् (8-4-40 स्तोः श्चुना श्चुः) = अब्रवीच् + श्रूयताम् (8-4-55 खरि च) = अब्रवीच्छ्रूयताम् (8-4-63 शश्छोऽटि )
8. शिष्यस्य, वचनम्, श्रुत्वा, आचार्यः, अब्रवीत्, श्रूयताम्, इति = शिष्यस्य वचनं श्रुत्वाचार्योऽब्रवीच्छ्रूयतामिति।
Advanced question:
1. It is true that the प्रातिपदिकम् “तद्” will have to take a सुँप्-प्रत्यय: by 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्….. , but if that सुँप्-प्रत्यय: takes a लुक् elision then as per 1-1-63 न लुमताऽङ्गस्य no अङ्गकार्यम् can be done based on that प्रत्यय: which took लुक्। So in these cases “तद्” will remain as “तद्” – 7-2-102 त्यदादीनामः will not apply.
Examples:
a) In the neuter gender:
तद् + सुँ (or अम्) = तद् by 7-1-23 स्वमोर्नपुंसकात्। Now, due to 1-1-63 न लुमताऽङ्गस्य, 7-2-102 त्यदादीनामः will not apply.
b) In compounds – for example the compound तत्पुरुष: (the compound “तत्पुरुष:” itself a compound of the तत्पुरुष: class.)
लौकिक-विग्रह: is तस्य पुरुष:।
अलौकिक-विग्रह: is तद् + ङस् + पुरुष + सुँ = तद् + पुरुष by 1-2-46 कृत्तद्धितसमासाश्च and 2-4-71 सुपो धातुप्रातिपदिकयोः। Since the ङस्-प्रत्यय: took a लुक् elision, 7-2-102 त्यदादीनामः will not apply and “तद्” will remain as “तद्” . Then using 8-4-55 खरि च we will get तत्पुरुष:।