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नेदुः 3Ap-लिँट्

Today we will look at the form नेदुः 3Ap-लिँट् from श्रीमद्भागवतम् 10.33.5

ततो दुन्दुभयो नेदुर्निपेतुः पुष्पवृष्टयः ।
जगुर्गन्धर्वपतयः सस्त्रीकास्तद्यशोऽमलम् ।। १०-३३-५ ।।

श्रीधर-स्वामि-टीका
तत्तस्य भगवतः श्रीकृष्णस्यामलं निर्मलं यशो जगुरिति ।।

Gita Press translation “Then sounded kettle-drums (beaten by heavenly beings), showers of flowers fell, and the chiefs of Gandharvas sang His immaculate glory in chorus with their spouses.”

नेदुः is derived from the धातुः √नद् (भ्वादि-गणः, णदँ अव्यक्ते शब्दे, धातु-पाठः #१. ५६)

In the धातु-पाठः, the धातुः “णदँ” has one इत् letter – the अकार: following the दकार:। This इत् letter has a उदात्त-स्वर:। Thus this धातु: is devoid of any indications for bringing in आत्मनेपद-प्रत्यया:। (Neither 1-3-12 अनुदात्तङित आत्मनेपदम् nor 1-3-72 स्वरितञितः कर्त्रभिप्राये क्रियाफले applies.) Therefore, as per 1-3-78 शेषात् कर्तरि परस्मैपदम्, in कर्तरि प्रयोग: this धातु: will take the परस्मैपद-प्रत्यया: by default. As per 1-4-99 लः परस्मैपदम्, 1-4-100 तङानावात्मनेपदम्, the nine प्रत्यया: from “तिप्” to “मस्” get the परस्मैपद-सञ्ज्ञा। So this धातु: can take only one of these nine प्रत्यया: in कर्तरि प्रयोग:।

The धातुः “णदँ” is णोपदेशः, since it has an initial णकारः in the धातु-पाठः। By 6-1-65 णो नः, there is the substitution of नकारः in the place of the initial णकारः of a धातुः। The अकारः at the end gets इत्-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत् and takes लोप: by 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः। So, now we have “नद्”।

The विवक्षा is लिँट्, कर्तरि प्रयोग:, प्रथम-पुरुषः, बहुवचनम्, hence the प्रत्ययः is “झि”।

(1) नद् + लिँट् । By 3-2-115 परोक्षे लिँट् , the affix लिँट् (Perfect Tense) comes after a verbal root in the sense of the past not of today, provided that the action is unperceived by the narrator.

(2) नद् + ल् । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत्, 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः

(3) नद् + झि । 3-4-78 तिप्तस्झिसिप्थस्थमिब्वस्मस्तातांझथासाथांध्वमिड्वहिमहिङ् mandates the प्रत्ययः “झि” as the substitute for the लकारः। By 3-4-115 लिट् च, a तिङ्-प्रत्यय: which comes in place of लिँट् gets the आर्धधातुक-सञ्ज्ञा। Therefore “झि” gets the आर्धधातुक-सञ्ज्ञा। This prevents 3-1-68 कर्तरि शप्‌ (which requires a सार्वधातुक-प्रत्यय: to follow) from applying.

(4) नद् + उस् । By 3-4-82 परस्मैपदानां णलतुसुस्थलथुसणल्वमाः, when they come in place of लिँट्, the nine परस्मैपद-प्रत्यया: – “तिप्”, “तस्”, “झि”, “सिप्”, “थस्”, “थ”, “मिप्”, “वस्” and “मस्” – are substituted by “णल्”, “अतुस्”, “उस्”, “थल्”, “अथुस्”, “अ”, “णल्”, “व” and “म” respectively.
1-3-4 न विभक्तौ तुस्माः prevents the ending सकार: of “उस्” from getting the इत्-सञ्ज्ञा।

(5) नद् नद् + उस् । By 6-1-8 लिटि धातोरनभ्यासस्य , when लिँट् follows a verbal root, there is reduplication of the first portion – containing a single vowel – of the verbal root which is not already reduplicated. But if the verbal root (that has more than one vowel) begins with a vowel, then the reduplication is of the second portion – containing a single vowel.

(6) न नद् + उस् । By 7-4-60 हलादिः शेषः, of the consonants of a reduplicate (अभ्यासः – ref. 6-1-4 पूर्वोऽभ्यासः), only the one (if any) at the beginning is retained, the rest are elided.
See advanced question.

(7) नेद् + उस् । By 6-4-120 अत एकहल्मध्येऽनादेशादेर्लिटि, the अकार: of a अङ्गम् takes एकार: as the substitute and simultaneously there is लोप: (elision) of the अभ्यास:, when all the following conditions are satisfied:
(i) the अकार: is preceded and followed by a single (non-conjunct) consonant
(ii) the अङ्गम् is followed by a लिँट् affix which is कित्
(iii) in place of the first letter of the अङ्गम् there is no आदेश: (substitution) that is based on the लिँट् affix.
See question 2.

Note : By 1-2-5 असंयोगाल्लिट् कित्, a लिँट् affix which is not a पित् – does not have पकार: as a इत् – is considered to be a कित् (as having ककार: as a इत्), as long as there is no संयोग: (conjunction consonant) prior to the affix. Hence “उस्” is a कित् affix here. This allows 6-4-120 to apply.

(8) नेदुः । रुँत्व-विसर्गौ – 8-2-66 ससजुषो रुः and 8-3-15 खरवसानयोर्विसर्जनीयः

Questions:

1. In the first fifteen verses of Chapter Ten of the गीता can you spot a तिङन्तं पदम् formed from a धातु: which is णोपदेश: (like “णदँ” used in this example)?

2. The वृत्ति: for 6-4-120 अत एकहल्मध्येऽनादेशादेर्लिटि says – लिण्निमित्तादेशादिकं न भवति यदङ्गं तदवयवस्यासंयुक्तहल्मध्यस्थस्यात एत्वमभ्यासलोपश्च किति लिटि। What would have been the problem in this example if the वृत्ति: had said just आदेशादिकम् instead of लिण्निमित्तादेशादिकम्?

3. Where else (besides in नेदु:) has 6-4-120 अत एकहल्मध्येऽनादेशादेर्लिटि been used in the verse?

4. Where has 6-4-64 आतो लोप इटि च been used in the verse?

5. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“When Sri Rama executed Ravana, showers of flowers fell from heaven.” Use √हन् (हनँ हिंसागत्योः २. २) for “to execute.” Use the अव्यये यदा/तदा।

Advanced question:

1. In this example could have skipped step 6 and gone directly from step 5 to step 7?

Easy questions:

1. In how many places has 7-3-109 जसि च been used in the verse?

2. The word भगवत: used in the commentary is पुंलिङ्गे षष्ठी-एकवचनम् derived from the प्रातिपदिकम् “भगवत्”। Which other विभक्ति: (besides षष्ठी-एकवचनम्) would also give the form भगवत:?


1 Comment

  1. Questions:
    1. In the first fifteen verses of Chapter Ten of the गीता can you spot a तिङन्तं पदम् formed from a धातु: which is णोपदेश: (like “णदँ” used in this example)?
    Answer: In the first fifteen verses of Chapter Ten of the गीता a तिङन्तं पदम् formed from a धातु: which is णोपदेश: (like “णदँ” used in this example) is नाशयामि, a causative form derived from the धातुः √नश् (णशँ अदर्शने ४. ९१).
    The धातुः “णशँ” is णोपदेशः, since it has an initial णकारः in the धातु-पाठः। By 6-1-65 णो नः, there is the substitution of नकारः in the place of the initial णकारः of a धातुः। So, now we have “नशँ”। The अकारः at the end gets इत्-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत् and takes लोप: by 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

    तेषामेवानुकम्पार्थमहमज्ञानजं तमः |
    नाशयाम्यात्मभावस्थो ज्ञानदीपेन भास्वता || 10-11||

    The विवक्षा is लँट्, कर्तरि प्रयोग: (हेतुमति), उत्तम-पुरुषः, एकवचनम्।
    नश् + णिच् । By 3-1-26 हेतुमति च।
    = नश् + इ । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-7 चुटू, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।
    = नाश् + इ । By 7-2-116 अत उपधायाः, a penultimate (उपधा) अकार: of a अङ्गम् gets वृद्धिः as the substitute when followed by a प्रत्ययः which is a ञित् or a णित्।
    = नाशि ।
    “नाशि” gets धातु-सञ्ज्ञा by 3-1-32 सनाद्यन्ता धातवः।

    नाशि + लँट् । By 3-2-123 वर्तमाने लट्।
    = नाशि + ल् । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत्, 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।
    = नाशि + मिप् । By 3-4-78 तिप्तस्झिसिप्थस्थमिब्वस्मस्तातांझथासाथांध्वमिड्वहिमहिङ्।
    = नाशि + शप् + मिप् । By 3-1-68 कर्तरि शप्।
    = नाशि + अ + मि । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-8 लशक्वतद्धिते, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।
    = नाशे + अ + मि । By 7-3-84 सार्वधातुकार्धधातुकयोः।
    = नाशय् + अ + मि । By 6-1-78 एचोऽयवायावः।
    = नाशयामि। By 7-3-101 अतो दीर्घो यञि – the ending अकार: of a अङ्गम् is elongated if it is followed by a सार्वधातुक-प्रत्यय: beginning with a letter of the यञ्-प्रत्याहार:।

    2. The वृत्ति: for 6-4-120 अत एकहल्मध्येऽनादेशादेर्लिटि says – लिण्निमित्तादेशादिकं न भवति यदङ्गं तदवयवस्यासंयुक्तहल्मध्यस्थस्यात एत्वमभ्यासलोपश्च किति लिटि। What would have been the problem in this example if the वृत्ति: had said just आदेशादिकम् instead of लिण्निमित्तादेशादिकम्?
    Answer: The third condition for 6-4-120 अत एकहल्मध्येऽनादेशादेर्लिटि to apply is that in place of the first letter of the अङ्गम् there is no आदेश: (substitution) that is based on the लिँट् affix. Now if the वृत्ति: had said just आदेशादिकम् instead of लिण्निमित्तादेशादिकम् then the problem would be that 6-4-120 would not have applied in this example because in “न नद् + उस्” the अङ्गम् is “न नद्”| By 6-1-65 णो नः, there was the आदेश: (substitution) of नकारः in the place of the initial णकारः of a धातुः as the धातुः “णदँ” is णोपदेशः( has an initial णकारः in the धातु-पाठः)। However this आदेश: is not based on the लिँट् affix. Having लिण्निमित्तादेशादिकम् in the वृत्ति: allows 6-4-120 to apply here.

    3. Where else (besides in नेदु:) has 6-4-120 अत एकहल्मध्येऽनादेशादेर्लिटि been used in the verse?
    Answer: 6-4-120 अत एकहल्मध्येऽनादेशादेर्लिटि has been used in the verse in the form निपेतुः derived from the धातुः √पत् (भ्वादि-गणः, पतॢँ गतौ १. ९७९).
    The विवक्षा is लिँट्, कर्तरि प्रयोग:, प्रथम-पुरुषः, बहुवचनम्।
    पत् + लिँट् । By 3-2-115 परोक्षे लिँट् ।
    = पत् + ल् । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत्, 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।
    = पत् + झि । By 3-4-78 तिप्तस्झिसिप्थस्थमिब्वस्मस्तातांझथासाथांध्वमिड्वहिमहिङ्, 1-3-78 शेषात् कर्तरि परस्मैपदम्।
    = पत् + उस् । By 3-4-82 परस्मैपदानां णलतुसुस्थलथुसणल्वमाः। 1-3-4 न विभक्तौ तुस्माः prevents the ending सकार: of “उस्” from getting the इत्-सञ्ज्ञा।
    = पत् पत् + उस् । By 6-1-8 लिटि धातोरनभ्यासस्य।
    = प पत् + उस् । By 7-4-60 हलादिः शेषः।
    = पेत् + उस् । By 6-4-120 अत एकहल्मध्येऽनादेशादेर्लिटि – The अकार: of a अङ्गम् takes एकार: as the substitute and simultaneously there is लोप: (elision) of the अभ्यास:, when all the following conditions are satisfied:
    (i) the अकार: is preceded and followed by a single (non-conjunct) consonant
    (ii) the अङ्गम् is followed by a लिँट् affix which is कित्
    (iii) in place of the first letter of the अङ्गम् there is no आदेश: (substitution) that is based on the लिँट् affix.
    Note : By 1-2-5 असंयोगाल्लिट् कित्, a लिँट् affix which is not a पित् – does not have पकार: as a इत् – is considered to be a कित् (as having ककार: as a इत्), as long as there is no संयोग: (conjunction consonant) prior to the affix. Hence “उस्” is a कित् affix here. This allows 6-4-120 to apply.
    = पेतुः । रुँत्व-विसर्गौ by 8-2-66 ससजुषो रुः and 8-3-15 खरवसानयोर्विसर्जनीयः ।
    “नि” is the उपसर्गः (ref. 1-4-59 उपसर्गाः क्रियायोगे, 1-4-80 ते प्राग्धातोः।)
    नि + पेतुः = निपेतुः ।

    4. Where has 6-4-64 आतो लोप इटि च been used in the verse?
    Answer: 6-4-64 आतो लोप इटि च has been used in the verse in the form जगुः derived from the धातुः √गै (गै शब्दे १. १०६५)।
    The विवक्षा is लिँट्, कर्तरि प्रयोग:, प्रथम-पुरुषः, बहुवचनम्, hence the प्रत्ययः is “झि”।
    गा + लिँट् । By 3-2-115 परोक्षे लिँट्।
    Note: By 6-1-45 आदेच उपदेशेऽशिति, the ending एच् (“ए”, “ओ”, “ऐ”, “औ”) letter of a धातु: in the धातु-पाठ: is replaced by a आकार:, but not in the context where a शकार: which is a इत् follows.
    Since there is going to be no शित् (शकार: as a इत्) following, the धातु: “गै” becomes “गा”।
    = गा + ल् । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत्, 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।
    = गा + झि । By 3-4-78 तिप्तस्झिसिप्थस्थमिब्वस्मस्तातांझथासाथांध्वमिड्वहिमहिङ्।
    = गा + उस् । By 3-4-82 परस्मैपदानां णलतुसुस्थलथुसणल्वमाः। 1-3-4 न विभक्तौ तुस्माः prevents the ending सकार: of “उस्” from getting the इत्-सञ्ज्ञा।
    = गा गा + उस् । By 6-1-8 लिटि धातोरनभ्यासस्य।
    Note: As per 1-1-59 द्विर्वचनेऽचि, we apply 6-1-8 लिटि धातोरनभ्यासस्य before applying 6-4-64 आतो लोप इटि च।
    = जा गा + उस् । By 7-4-62 कुहोश्चुः।
    = ज गा + उस् । By 7-4-59 ह्रस्वः।
    = ज ग् उस् । By 6-4-64 आतो लोप इटि च – The ending आकार: of an अङ्गम् takes लोप: when followed by a vowel-beginning आर्धधातुक-प्रत्यय: that has either:
    (i) a “इट्”-आगम: or
    (ii) a ककार: or ङकार: as an इत्।

    Note: As per 1-2-5 असंयोगाल्लिट् कित्, “उस्” is a कित्-प्रत्यय: here. This allows 6-4-64 आतो लोप इटि च to apply.
    = जगुः । रुँत्व-विसर्गौ – 8-2-66 ससजुषो रुः and 8-3-15 खरवसानयोर्विसर्जनीयः।

    5. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
    “When Sri Rama executed Ravana, showers of flowers fell from heaven.” Use √हन् (हनँ हिंसागत्योः २. २) for “to execute.” Use the अव्यये यदा/तदा।
    Answer: यदा श्रीरामः रावणम् जघान तदा स्वर्गात् पुष्पाणाम् वृष्टयः (पुष्पवृष्टयः) निपेतुः = यदा श्रीरामो रावणं जघान तदा स्वर्गात् पुष्पाणां वृष्टयो (पुष्पवृष्टयो) निपेतुः।

    Advanced question:

    1. In this example could have skipped step 6 and gone directly from step 5 to step 7?
    Answer: In this example we could NOT have skipped step 6 and gone directly from step 5 to step 7 because the condition that the अकार: in the अङ्गम् be preceded by a non-conjunct consonant necessary for 6-4-120 अत एकहल्मध्येऽनादेशादेर्लिटि to apply is not met after step 5 because we have a संयोग: (द् + न्) prior to to the अकार:। Hence in order to satisfy the condition एकहल्मध्ये, step 6 is essential. 6-4-120 cannot apply before 7-4-60.

    Easy questions:

    1. In how many places has 7-3-109 जसि च been used in the verse?
    Answer: 7-3-109 जसि च has been used in the verse in the forms (1) दुन्दुभयः (स्त्रीलिङ्ग/पुंलिङ्ग-प्रातिपदिकम् “दुन्दुभि”), (2) पुष्पवृष्टयः (स्त्रीलिङ्ग-प्रातिपदिकम् “पुष्पवृष्टि”) and (3) गन्धर्वपतयः (पुंलिङ्ग-प्रातिपदिकम् “गन्धर्वपति”)। विवक्षा in each case is प्रथमा-बहुवचनम्।

    दुन्दुभि + जस् । By 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टा…।
    = दुन्दुभे + जस् । By 7-3-109 जसि च, when the affix “जस्” follows, there is a गुण: substitute for the (ending letter of) of an अङ्गम् ending in a short vowel. In this case, the ending इकार: of “दुन्दुभि” is substituted by a एकार:।
    = दुन्दुभे + अस् । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-7 चुटू, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः। 1-3-4 न विभक्तौ तुस्माः prevents the ending सकारः of “जस्” from getting the इत्-सञ्ज्ञा।
    = दुन्दुभय् + अस् । By 6-1-78 एचोऽयवायावः।
    = दुन्दुभयः । रुँत्व-विसर्गौ – 8-2-66 ससजुषो रुः and 8-3-15 खरवसानयोर्विसर्जनीयः।

    Similar steps for पुष्पवृष्टयः and गन्धर्वपतयः।

    2. The word भगवत: used in the commentary is पुंलिङ्गे षष्ठी-एकवचनम् derived from the प्रातिपदिकम् “भगवत्”। Which other विभक्ति: (besides षष्ठी-एकवचनम्) would also give the form भगवत:?
    Answer: द्वितीया-बहुवचनम् and पञ्चमी-एकवचनम् would also give the form भगवत:।
    द्वितीया-बहुवचनम् derived as follows:
    भगवत् + शस् । By 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टा…।
    = भगवत् + अस् । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-8 लशक्वतद्धिते, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः। 1-3-4 न विभक्तौ तुस्माः prevents the ending सकारः of “शस्” from getting the इत्-सञ्ज्ञा।
    = भगवतः। रुँत्व-विसर्गौ – 8-2-66 ससजुषो रुः and 8-3-15 खरवसानयोर्विसर्जनीयः ।

    पञ्चमी-एकवचनम् derived as follows:
    भगवत् + ङसिँ । By 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टा…।
    = भगवत् + अस् । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत्, 1-3-8 लशक्वतद्धिते, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।
    = भगवतः। रुँत्व-विसर्गौ – 8-2-66 ससजुषो रुः and 8-3-15 खरवसानयोर्विसर्जनीयः।

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