Today we will look at the form नामानि-nAp from श्रीमद्भागवतम् SB 6-6-10

सङ्कल्पायास्तु सङ्कल्पः कामः सङ्कल्पजः स्मृतः ।
वसवोऽष्टौ वसोः पुत्रास्तेषां नामानि मे शृणु ।। ६-६-१० ।।

Gita Press translation “Of Saṇkalpā, again, was born Saṇkalpa (the deity presiding over thoughts); (and) Kāma (the god of love) has been declared the progeny of Saṇkalpa. The eight Vasus (another group of gods) are the sons of Vasu; (now) hear their names from me;–“

The नपुंसकलिङ्ग-प्रातिपदिकम् ‘नामन्’ gets प्रातिपदिक-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-2-45 अर्थवदधातुरप्रत्ययः प्रातिपदिकम्। The विवक्षा here is द्वितीया-बहुवचनम् । 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टा… mandates the प्रत्ययाः सुँ, औ, जस् etc. after the प्रातिपदिकम् ‘नामन्’ ।

(1) नामन् + शस् ।

(2) नामन् + शि । By 7-1-20 जश्शसोः शिः, the affixes जस् and शस् get शि as the replacement when they follow a neuter अङ्गम्। As per 1-1-42 शि सर्वनामस्थानम्, the affix शि gets the designation सर्वनामस्थानम्।

(3) नामन् + इ । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-8 लशक्वतद्धिते and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

(4) नामानि । By 6-4-8 सर्वनामस्थाने चासम्बुद्धौ, the penultimate letter of the अङ्गम् (base) ending in a नकार: gets elongated if it is followed by a non-vocative affix having the designation सर्वनामस्थानम्।

Questions:

1. Derive the form अष्टौ (प्रथमा-बहुवचनम्) from the प्रातिपदिकम् “अष्टन्”। Is there an alternate form?

2. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“Hear that which was told to me by my teacher in school yesterday.” Use the verb from the verse. Use the pronoun प्रातिपदिकम् “तद्” for “that” and “यद्” for “which.” Use the adjective प्रातिपदिकम् “उक्त” for “was told”, the स्त्रीलिङ्ग-प्रातिपदिकम् “पाठशाला” for “school” and the अव्ययम् “श्वस्” for “yesterday.”

3. Can you spot a सुँट्-आगम: in the verse?

4. How about a याट्-आगम:?

5. Try to find five नपुंसकलिङ्ग-प्रातिपदिकानि in the गीता which (like “नामन्”) end in “अन्”। (Hint: The way to find these is to look for a प्रथमा/द्वितीया-एकवचनम् (like “नाम”) which ends in an अकार: (no विसर्ग:)।)

6. In which of the 21 forms in the declension table of “नामन्” is there a विकल्प: (option – giving two alternate forms)?

7. Which विभक्ति: has been used in the word “मे” in this verse? (Reference: 8-1-22 तेमयावेकवचनस्य)। (Use the translation for help.)
a) Here मे is short for मम (षष्ठी-एकवचनम्)।
b) Here मे is short for मह्यम् (चतुर्थी-एकवचनम्)।
c) Here मे could be short for either मम (षष्ठी-एकवचनम्) or मह्यम् (चतुर्थी-एकवचनम्)।
d) Here मे is short for neither मम (षष्ठी-एकवचनम्) nor मह्यम् (चतुर्थी-एकवचनम्)।

8. Please list the eighteen synonyms for the word “काम:” (प्रातिपदिकम् “काम” masculine, meaning “god of love”) as given in the अमरकोश:।
मदनो मन्मथो मारः प्रद्युम्नो मीनकेतनः ।
कंदर्पो दर्पकोऽनङ्गः कामः पञ्चशरः स्मरः ।।१-१-२५।।
शम्बरारिर्मनसिजः कुसुमेषुरनन्यजः ।
पुष्पधन्वा रतिपतिर्मकरध्वज आत्मभूः ।।१-१-२६।।
(इति एकोनविंशति: “कामस्य” नामानि)

Easy questions:

1. Derive the form “वसो:” (षष्ठी-एकवचनम्) from the पुंलिङ्ग-प्रातिपदिकम् “वसु”। (Use 7-3-111 घेर्ङिति and 6-1-110 ङसिङसोश्च)।

2. Where has a प्रथमा-बहुवचनम् been used in the verse? (The word has been declined like राम-शब्द:)।

Today we will look at the form तिर्यक्-nNs from श्रीमद्भागवतम् Sb4-29-29

क्वचित्पुमान्क्वचिच्च स्त्री क्वचिन्नोभयमन्धधीः ।
देवो मनुष्यस्तिर्यग्वा यथाकर्मगुणं भवः ।। ४-२९-२९ ।।

Gita Press translation “The deluded Jīva is sometimes (born as) a male, now (as) a female, and now it is (born) without gender either as a god or as a human being or in the sub-human species, the birth being determined by its past actions and the mode of Pakṛti (predominating in at the time of death preceding that birth).”

To get the form “तिर्यक्”, we have to start with the धातु “अन्च्” preceded by “तिरस्” । “तिरस् + अन्च्” means “moving horizontally” (hence “sub-human”.)

By 3-2-59 ऋत्विग्दधृक्स्रग्दिगुष्णिगञ्चुयुजिक्रुञ्चां च, “तिरस् अन्च्” gets the क्विन्-प्रत्यय:। क्विन् takes सर्वापहारलोपः। The ककार: and नकार: are removed using 1-3-8 लशक्वतद्धिते and 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम् along with 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः। The इकारः in the क्विन्-प्रत्यय: is उच्चारणार्थः। The single letter वकार: that remains gets अपृक्त-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-2-41 अपृक्त एकाल् प्रत्ययः। By 6-1-67 वेरपृक्तस्य, this वकार: which is अपृक्तः takes लोपः।

Now, since क्विन् is a कित्-प्रत्ययः, by 6-4-24 अनिदितां हल उपधायाः क्ङिति, the penultimate नकारः of bases that end in a consonant and that do not have इकारः as a marker, takes लोपः when followed by an affix that has ककारः or ङकारः as a marker. The उपधा-नकारः of अन्च् takes लोपः to give “तिरस् अच्”।

The क्विन्-प्रत्यय: has the कृत्-सञ्ज्ञा by 3-1-93 कृदतिङ् । By 1-1-62 प्रत्ययलोपे प्रत्ययलक्षणम्, even though the क्विन्-प्रत्ययः has taken लोपः, “तिरस् अच्” gets प्रातिपदिक-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-2-46 कृत्तद्धितसमासाश्च and hence it will take the affixes सुँ, औ, जस् etc. mandated by 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टा…। The विवक्षा here is नपुंसकलिङ्गे प्रथमा-एकवचनम्।

(1) तिरस् अच् + सुँ ।

(2) तिरस् अच् । By 7-1-23 स्वमोर्नपुंसकात्‌, the affixes सुँ and अम् that follow a neuter अङ्गम् take the लुक् elision.

(3) तिरि अच् । By 6-3-94 तिरसस्तिर्यलोपे, तिरस् gets तिरि as its replacement, when it is followed by the verb अन्चुँ that ends in a affix having a वकार:। This substitution does not take place when the अकारः of अन्चुँ takes लोपः। See question 3.

(4) तिर्यच् । यणादेशः by 6-1-77 इको यणचि। तिर्यच् has the पद-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-4-14 सुप्तिङन्तं पदम्।

(5) तिर्यक् । By 8-2-30 चोः कुः, the consonants of the च-वर्ग: (च्, छ्, ज्, झ्, ञ्) get the consonants of the क-वर्ग: (क्, ख्, ग्, घ्, ङ्) as a replacement when they occur at the end of a पदम् or when they are followed by a झल् letter.

(6) तिर्यग् । By 8-2-39 झलां जशोऽन्ते, when a झल् letter occurs at the end of a पदम् it is replaced by a जश् letter.

(7) तिर्यक्/तिर्यग् । By 8-4-56 वाऽवसाने, a झल् letter is optionally replaced by a चर् letter when nothing follows.

Questions:

1. In commenting on the सूत्रम् 6-3-94 तिरसस्तिर्यलोपे, the काशिका says “अलोपे इति किम्? तिरश्चा।” Please explain what this means.

2. What would have been the final form in this example if the gender were to be masculine?

3. In step 3, we could use 6-3-94 तिरसस्तिर्यलोपे because the अकार: of अन्चुँ had not taken लोप:। Which सूत्रम् is used to do the अकार-लोप:? Why did that सूत्रम् not apply in this example?

4. Can you spot an असुँङ्-आदेश: in the verse?

5. Where is the सूत्रम् 8-4-45 यरोऽनुनासिकेऽनुनासिको वा used?

6. Can you recall a सूत्रम् (which we have studied) in the त्रिपादी section in which पाणिनि: specifically mentions the क्विन्-प्रत्यय:?

7. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“This is the longest सूत्रम् in the अष्टाध्यायी।” Use the adjective प्रातिपदिकम् “दीर्घतम” for “longest.”

8. Please list the ten synonyms for the word “स्त्री” (प्रातिपदिकम् “स्त्री” feminine, meaning “woman”) as given in the अमरकोश:।
स्त्री योषिदबला योषा नारी सीमन्तिनी वधूः ।
प्रतीपदर्शिनी वामा वनिता महिला तथा ।।२-६-२।।
(इति एकादश “नार्या:” नामानि)

Easy questions:

1. Which सूत्रम् is used to get न + उभयम् = नोभयम्?

2. Please do पदच्छेद: of क्वचिच्च and mention the relevant rules.

Today we will look at the form धनुषी from श्रीमद्वाल्मीकि-रामायणम् ।

ततः शुभतरे तूणी धनुषी चायतेक्षणा |
ददौ सीता तयोर्भ्रात्रोः खड्गौ च विमलौ ततः || ३-८-१८ ||

Gita Press translation “Then Sītā, possessed of large eyes, handed to those two brothers very excellent quivers, (two) bows and polished swords.”

The नपुंसकलिङ्ग-प्रातिपदिकम् ‘धनुस्’ is formed from धन्-धातुः with the उणादि-प्रत्ययः “उस्‌”। “धनुस्” gets प्रातिपदिक-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-2-46 कृत्तद्धितसमासाश्च। The विवक्षा here is द्वितीया-विभक्तिः द्विवचनम् । 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टा… mandates the प्रत्ययाः सुँ, औ, जस् etc. after the प्रातिपदिकम् ‘धनुस्’ ।

(1) धनुस् + औट् ।

(2) धनुस् + शी । By 7-1-19 नपुंसकाच्च, the affixes औ and औट् take शी as their replacement when following a neuter अङ्गम्।

(3) धनुस् + ई । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-8 लशक्वतद्धिते and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

(4) धनुषी । By 8-3-59 आदेशप्रत्यययोः, the letter स् is replaced by the cerebral ष् when preceded either by a letter of the इण्-प्रत्याहार: or a letter of the क-वर्ग: (क्, ख्, ग्, घ्, ङ्)। This substitution only takes place if the स् is an आदेश: or part of a प्रत्यय:। (Here the सकारः is a part of the उणादि-प्रत्ययः “उस्”)।

Questions:

1. Where has the सूत्रम् 7-2-102 त्यदादीनामः been used?

2. The अनुवृत्ति: of “शी” comes into 7-1-19 नपुंसकाच्च from a सूत्रम् that we’ve studied. Which one is that?

3. The सूत्रम् 7-1-19 नपुंसकाच्च has been used in the first word of a verse in the Second Chapter of the गीता। Which verse is it?

4. पाणिनि: mentions the उणादि-प्रत्यया: in the first सूत्रम् of a पाद: (quarter) in the अष्टाध्यायी। Which पाद: is it? (For a good brief description of “उणादि” please see Prof. Abhyankar’s “Dictionary of Sanskrit Grammar.” The answer to this question can also be found there.)

5. Can you spot a ऋकारान्त-प्रातिपदिकम् (a प्रातिपदिकम् ending in a ऋकार:) used in the verse?

6. Similar to the प्रातिपदिकम् “धनुस्”, there is a नपुंसकलिङ्ग-प्रातिपदिकम् ending in “उस्” used in the first ten verses of Chapter 11 of the गीता। Can you find it?

7. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“Sri Rama gave his (two) sandals to Bharata.” Use the verb from the verse. Use the प्रातिपदिकम् “पादुका” for “sandal.” Use चतुर्थी विभक्ति: with Bharata.

8. Please state the one synonym for the word “आयतम्” (प्रातिपदिकम् “आयत” adjective, meaning “long/large”) as given in the अमरकोश:।
दीर्घमायतम् ।।३-१-६९।।
(इति द्वे “विस्तृतस्य” नामनी)

Easy questions:

1. Which सूत्रम् was used to get च + आयतेक्षणा = चायतेक्षणा?

2. Derive the form खड्गौ (द्वितीया-द्विवचनम्) from the प्रातिपदिकम् “खड्ग” (declined like राम-शब्द:)।

Today we will look at the form महान्ति-nAp from श्रीमद्भागवतम् SB 12-7-22

एवंलक्षणलक्ष्याणि पुराणानि पुराविदः ।
मुनयोऽष्टादश प्राहुः क्षुल्लकानि महान्ति च ।। १२-७-२२ ।।

Gita Press translation “Sages well-versed in the antiquities tell us of eighteen Purāṇas, big and small (in volume), distinguished by the aforesaid characteristics.”

‘महत्’ gets प्रातिपदिकसंज्ञा by 1-2-45 अर्थवदधातुरप्रत्ययः प्रातिपदिकम्। The विवक्षा here is नपुंसकलिङ्गे द्वितीया-बहुवचनम्। 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टा… mandates the प्रत्ययाः सुँ, औ, जस् etc. after the प्रातिपदिकम् ‘महत्’।

Note: By the उणादि-सूत्रम् “वर्तमाने पृषद्-बृहन्महज्जगद् शतृँवच्च।” the प्रातिपदिकम् “महत्” will undergo the same operations as a शतृँ-प्रत्ययान्त-शब्द:। This makes it उगित् (one that has an उक् letter as an इत्) and hence 7-1-70 can apply.

(1) महत् + शस् ।

(2) महत् + शि । By 7-1-20 जश्शसोः शिः, the affixes जस् and शस् get शि as the replacement when they follow a neuter अङ्गम्। As per 1-1-42 शि सर्वनामस्थानम्, the affix शि gets the designation सर्वनामस्थानम्।

(3) मह नुँम् त् + शि । By either 7-1-70 or 7-1-72, we get the नुँम् augmentation. By 7-1-70 उगिदचां सर्वनामस्थानेऽधातोः, a non-verbal base with an उक् (उ, ऋ, ऌ) as a marker and the verbal base अञ्चुँ whose नकारः has taken elision takes the नुँम् augment when followed by a सर्वनामस्थानम् affix. By 7-1-72 नपुंसकस्य झलचः, when a सर्वनामस्थानम् affix follows, the neuter bases that end in a झल् letter or an अच् (vowel) get the नुँम् augment. As per 1-1-47 मिदचोऽन्त्यात्परः, an augment with मकारः as the इत् letter attaches itself after last vowel of the term to which it is prescribed. In the present case, the नुँम्-आगम: will come after the latter अकार: (the one following the हकार:) in महत्।

(4) महन्त् + इ । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत्, 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-8 लशक्वतद्धिते and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

(5) महान्ति । By 6-4-10 सान्तमहतः संयोगस्य, when a सर्वनामस्थानम् affix other than a सम्बुद्धिः follows, the letter preceding the नकारः of a base that ends in a सान्त-संयोग: (a conjunct ending in a सकार:) or of the word महत् is elongated.
See question 6.

Questions:

1. “महान्ति” is an adjective. Which noun is it qualifying in the verse?

2. Where has the सूत्रम् 7-1-22 षड्भ्यो लुक् been used?

3. In which verse of Chapter 1 of the गीता has the महत्-प्रातिपदिकम् been used नपुंसकलिङ्गे?

4. In step 3, both 7-1-70 and 7-1-72 are applicable and they give the same result (prescribe the नुँम्-आगम:)। In the commentary on 7-1-72, the काशिका gives the following opinion on this issue – “उगितो झलन्तस्य नपुंसकस्य परत्वादनेन एव नुम् भवति।” Please explain.

5. In this example, we could have managed without making the महत्-प्रातिपदिकम् “शतृँ-वत्” (hence उगित्) by the उणादि-सूत्रम् “वर्तमाने पृषद्-बृहन्महज्जगद् शतृँवच्च।” We just use 7-1-72 नपुंसकस्य झलचः (which does not require उगित्)। 7-1-70 उगिदचां सर्वनामस्थानेऽधातोः (which requires उगित्) is not necessary. This being the case, what is the point of making the महत्-प्रातिपदिकम् “शतृँ-वत्” (hence उगित्)?

6. Which two rules (from the त्रिपादी section) should be applied after step 5? (The final form will be the same – महान्ति)।

7. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“The गीता has been studied by many great scholars.” Use the प्रातिपदिकम् “विद्वस्” for “scholar” and the adjective प्रातिपदिकम् “अधीत (अधीता feminine)” for “has been studied.”

8. Please list the eight synonyms of the adjective प्रातिपदिकम् “महत्” (meaning “large/great”) as given in the अमरकोश:। We have already seen these in a prior example. (Search this web site for “महत्”)।

Easy questions:

1. In this example the नुँम्-आगम: was used. After removing the इत् letters (by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत् and 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्) only the नकार: remains. Can you recall another आगम: that we have studied which (after removing the इत् letters) is also a नकार:?

2. Derive the form “मुनय:” (प्रथमा-बहुवचनम्) from the प्रातिपदिकम् “मुनि”। (Use 7-3-109 जसि च)।

Today we will look at the form वाः-nNs from श्रीमद्भागवतम् SB 10-82-45

अहं हि सर्वभूतानामादिरन्तोऽन्तरं बहिः ।
भौतिकानां यथा खं वार्भूर्वायुर्ज्योतिरङ्गनाः ।।१०-८२-४५ ।।

Gita Press translation “I am the beginning and end of all beings and pervade them both inside and outside, even as the elements, viz., the earth, water, air, fire and ether constitute the beginning and end of all material objects and pervade them both inside and outside, O fair ones!”

The नपुंसकलिङ्ग-प्रातिपदिकम् ‘वार्’ gets प्रातिपदिक-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-2-45 अर्थवदधातुरप्रत्ययः प्रातिपदिकम्। The विवक्षा here is प्रथमा-एकवचनम् । 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टा… mandates the प्रत्ययाः सुँ, औ, जस् etc. after the प्रातिपदिकम् ‘वार्’ ।

(1) वार् + सुँ ।

(2) वार् । By 7-1-23 स्वमोर्नपुंसकात्‌, the affixes सुँ and अम् that follow a neuter अङ्गम् take the लुक् elision.

(3) वाः । By 8-3-15 खरवसानयोर्विसर्जनीयः, the letter र् at the end of a पद changes to a विसर्ग: (represented by : ) when it is either followed by a खर् letter or when nothing follows.

Questions:

1. Can you spot a सकारान्तम् (ending in a सकार:) नपुंसकलिङ्ग-प्रातिपदिकम् used in the verse?

2. If we had a situation where a word like “आगच्छति” were to follow the प्रथमा-एकवचनम् of the प्रातिपदिकम् “वार्”, what would be the final form?
a) वा आगच्छति (like देवा आगच्छन्ति) ?
or
b) वारागच्छति ?

3. Where has the अस्मद्-प्रातिपदिकम् been used in the verse? Was there an alternate form possible?

4. Where has the सूत्रम् 6-4-3 नामि been used?

5. Which word in the verse is ending in the जस्-प्रत्यय:?

6. In the declension table of the प्रातिपदिकम् “वार्” where do we need the सूत्रम् 8-3-16 रोः सुपि ?

7. Please list the twenty-six synonyms for the word “वा:” (प्रातिपदिकम् “वार्” neuter, meaning “water”) as listed in the अमरकोश:।
आपः स्त्री भूम्नि वार्वारि सलिलं कमलं जलं । (Note: भूम्नि means “in the plural”)
पयः कीलालममृतं जीवनं भुवनं वनम् ।।१-१०-३।।
कबन्धमुदकं पाथः पुष्करं सर्वतोमुखम् ।
अम्भोऽर्णस्तोयपानीयनीरक्षीराम्बुशम्बरम् ।।१-१०-४।।
मेघपुष्पं घनरस: ।।१-१०-५।।
(इति सप्तविंशति: “जलस्य” नामानि)

Note: Some editions of अमरकोश: have शंवरम् instead of शम्बरम्।

8. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“In which month were you born?” Use the adjective प्रातिपदिकम् “जात” for “were born.”

Easy questions:

1. Please do पदच्छेद: of अन्तोऽन्तरम् and mention the relevant rules.

2. Derive the form खम् (प्रथमा-एकवचनम्) from the neuter प्रातिपदिकम् “ख” (declined like ज्ञान/वन-शब्द:)।

Today we will look at the form इमानि-nAp from श्रीमद्वाल्मीकि-रामायणम् ।

इमानि तु महारण्ये विहृत्य नव पञ्च च |
वर्षाणि परमप्रीत्या स्थास्यामि वचने तव || २-२४-१७ ||

Gita Press translation “Having sported in some great forest during the ensuing nine years and five with supreme delight, I shall (then) continue to be at your beck and call.”

‘इदम्’ gets प्रातिपदिकसञ्ज्ञा by 1-2-45 अर्थवदधातुरप्रत्ययः प्रातिपदिकम् and सर्वनाम-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-1-27 सर्वादीनि सर्वनामानि । The विवक्षा here is नपुंसकलिङ्गे द्वितीया-बहुवचनम् । 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टा… mandates the प्रत्ययाः सुँ, औ, जस् etc. after the प्रातिपदिकम् ‘इदम्’ ।

(1) इदम् + शस् ।

(2) इदम् + शि । By 7-1-20 जश्शसोः शिः, the affixes जस् and शस् get शि as the replacement when they follow a neuter अङ्गम्। By 1-1-42 शि सर्वनामस्थानम्, the affix शि gets the designation सर्वनामस्थानम्।

(3) इद अ + शि । By 7-2-102 त्यदादीनामः, the ending letter (see 1-1-52) of the pronouns, starting with “त्यद्” and ending with “द्वि”, is replaced by अ when followed by a विभक्ति: affix.

(4) इद + शि । By 6-1-97 अतो गुणे , the अकारः at the end of ‘इद’ and the following अकारादेशः is replaced by अकारः (पररूपम्) as एकादेशः ।

(5) इम + शि। By 7-2-109 दश्च, the दकारः of इदम् gets मकारः as a replacement when a विभक्तिः affix follows.

(6) इमनुँम् + शि । By 7-1-72 नपुंसकस्य झलचः, when a सर्वनामस्थानम् affix follows, the neuter bases that end in a झल् letter or an अच् (vowel) get the नुँम् augment. As per 1-1-47 मिदचोऽन्त्यात्परः, an augment with मकारः as the इत् letter attaches itself after last vowel of the term to which it is prescribed.

(7) इमन् + इ । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत्, 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-8 लशक्वतद्धिते and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

(8) इमानि । By 6-4-8 सर्वनामस्थाने चासम्बुद्धौ, the penultimate letter of the अङ्गम् (base) ending in a नकार: gets elongated if it is followed by a non-vocative affix having the designation सर्वनामस्थानम्।

Questions:

1. As we have seen in previous examples, the क्त्वा-प्रत्यय: is used when we have the same doer doing two actions. The verbal root in the earlier action takes the क्त्वा-प्रत्यय:| (The सूत्रम् is 3-4-21 समानकर्तृकयोः पूर्वकाले । If there is a compound formation then the क्त्वा-प्रत्यय: is replaced by ल्यप् as per 7-1-37 समासेऽनञ्पूर्वे क्त्वो ल्यप्)। In this verse the word “विहृत्य” ends in ल्यप्-प्रत्यय:। (A तुँक्-आगम: has also come in there by 6-1-71 ह्रस्वस्य पिति कृति तुक्)। Who is the समानकर्ता and which is his/her later action?

2. What would have been the final form in this example, if the usage had been अन्वादेशे (as a second reference to something which has been referred to before)?

3. Where has the टा-प्रत्यय: been used?

4. Can you spot a नकारान्त-प्रातिपदिकम् (a प्रातिपदिकम् ending in a नकार:) used in the verse?

5. By which सूत्रम् does “शि” get the विभक्ति-सञ्ज्ञा (required to apply 7-2-102 and 7-2-109)?

6. The इदम्-प्रातिपदिकम् has been used as the first word of which chapter of the गीता?

7. Use some words from the verse to construct the following sentence in Sanskrit:
“I shall stay for five years in school, within the command of my teacher.” Use the feminine प्रातिपदिकम् “पाठशाला” for “school.”

8. Please state the one synonym for the word महारण्यम् (प्रातिपदिकम् “महारण्य” neuter (compound), meaning “great forest”) as given in the अमरकोश:।
महारण्यमरण्यानी।।२-४-१।।
(इति द्वे “महतो वनस्य” नामनी)

Easy questions:

1. Derive the form “वर्षाणि” (प्रथमा/द्वितीया-बहुवचनम्) from the प्रातिपदिकम् “वर्ष” (declined like ज्ञान/वन-शब्द:)। (The steps required are present in the example above. Use 8-4-2 अट्कुप्वाङ्नुम्व्यवायेऽपि as the last step.)

2. Can you spot a सप्तमी-एकवचनम् form in the verse?

Today we will look at the form हविः-nAs from श्रीमद्भागवतम् SB 9-18-11

अहो निरीक्ष्यतामस्या दास्याः कर्म ह्यसाम्प्रतम् ।
अस्मद्धार्यं धृतवती शुनीव हविरध्वरे ।। ९-१८-११ ।।

Gita Press translation “Oh! just look at the indecorum of this servant-maid in that like a bitch snatching away the oblation in a sacrifice she has put on the clothing which was meant to be put on by us.”

The नपुंसकलिङ्ग-प्रातिपदिकम् ‘हविस्’ is formed from हु-धातुः with the उणादि-प्रत्ययः “इसिँ”। “हविस्” gets प्रातिपदिक-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-2-46 कृत्तद्धितसमासाश्च। The विवक्षा here is द्वितीया-विभक्तिः एकवचनम् । 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टा… mandates the प्रत्ययाः सुँ, औ, जस् etc. after the प्रातिपदिकम् ‘हविस्’ ।

(1) हविस् + अम् ।

(2) हविस् । By 7-1-23 स्वमोर्नपुंसकात्‌, the affixes सुँ and अम् that follow a neuter अङ्गम् take the लुक् elision.

(3) हविः । रुँत्व-विसर्गौ by 8-2-66 ससजुषो रुः and 8-3-15 खरवसानयोर्विसर्जनीयः।

Questions:

1. Can you spot a word in the verse in which सम्प्रसारणम् has been done?

2. Where has the स्याट्-आगम: been used?

3. Where has the सूत्रम् 7-3-112 आण्नद्याः been used?

4. What will be the प्रथमा/द्वितीया-बहुवचनम् form of the प्रातिपदिकम् “हविस्”?

5. Where has the प्रातिपदिकम् “हविस्” been used in Chapter 4 of the गीता?

6. Which अधिकार-सूत्राणि exert their influence on the सूत्रम् 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टाभ्याम्भिस्ङेभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसिभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसोसाम्ङ्योस्सुप्‌ ?

7. Use some words from the verse to construct the following sentence in Sanskrit.
“Oh! Just look at the beautiful smile of this girl.” Use the neuter noun “हसित” for “smile.”

8. Please state the one synonym for the word “हवि:” (प्रातिपदिकम् “हविस्” neuter, “oblation”) as given in the अमरकोश:।
सांनाय्यं हविः ।।२-७-२७।।
(इति द्वे “हविष:” नामनी)

Easy questions:

1. Can you spot where the सूत्रम् 8-3-22 हलि सर्वेषाम् has been used?

2. Derive the form “कर्म” (प्रथमा-एकवचनम्) from the नपुंसकलिङ्ग-प्रातिपदिकम् “कर्मन्”। (Use 8-2-7 नलोपः प्रातिपदिकान्तस्य)।

Today we will look at the form धनूंषि-nAp from श्रीमद्वाल्मीकि-रामायणम् ।

उपस्थापय मे क्षिप्रं रथं सौम्य धनूंषि च |
शरांश्च चित्रान्खड्गांश्च शक्तीश्च विविधाः शिताः || ३-२२-१०||

Gita Press translation “Place before me quickly my chariot and bows, as well as my arrows, swords of diverse kinds and various sharp javelins, O gentle one !”

The नपुंसकलिङ्ग-प्रातिपदिकम् ‘धनुस्’ is formed from धन्-धातुः with the उणादि-प्रत्ययः “उस्‌”। “धनुस्” gets प्रातिपदिक-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-2-46 कृत्तद्धितसमासाश्च। The विवक्षा here is द्वितीया-विभक्तिः बहुवचनम् । 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टा… mandates the प्रत्ययाः सुँ, औ, जस् etc. after the प्रातिपदिकम् ‘धनुस्’ ।

(1) धनुस् + शस् ।

(2) धनुस् + शि । By 7-1-20 जश्शसोः शिः, the affixes जस् and शस् get शि as the replacement when they follow a neuter अङ्गम्। By 1-1-42 शि सर्वनामस्थानम्, the affix शि gets the designation सर्वनामस्थानम्। See question 1.

(3) धनु नुँम् स् + शि । By 7-1-72 नपुंसकस्य झलचः, when a सर्वनामस्थानम् affix follows, the neuter bases that end in a झल् letter or an अच् (vowel) get the नुँम् augment. By 1-1-47 मिदचोऽन्त्यात्परः, an augment with मकारः as the इत् letter attaches itself after last vowel of the term to which it is prescribed.

(4) धनु न् स् + इ । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत्, 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-8 लशक्वतद्धिते and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

(5) धनून्सि । By 6-4-10 सान्तमहतः संयोगस्य, when a सर्वनामस्थानम् affix other than a सम्बुद्धिः follows, the letter preceding the नकारः of a base that ends in a सान्त-संयोग: (a conjunct ending in a सकार:) or of the word महत् is elongated.

(6) धनूंसि । By 8-3-24 नश्चापदान्तस्य झलि, नकारः and मकारः which do not occur at the end of a पदम् get अनुस्वारः as replacement when a झल् letter follows.

(7) धनूंषि । By 8-3-58 नुम्विसर्जनीयशर्व्यवायेऽपि, a सकारः following an इण् letter or a consonant of the क-वर्गः (क्, ख्, ग्, घ्, ङ्) gets षकारः as its replacement, even when any one of the following may intervene – the नुँम् augment, the विसर्गः or a शर् letter. As per 8-3-59 आदेशप्रत्यययोः this substitution only takes place if the स् is an आदेश: or part of a प्रत्यय:। (Here the सकारः is a part of the उणादि-प्रत्ययः “उस्”)।

Questions:

1. True or false:
The entire स्थानी (term being replaced) “शस्” was replaced by “शि” in step 2 because “शि” is a शित्-प्रत्यय: (a प्रत्यय: which has शकार: as an इत्)। (Ref. 1-1-55 अनेकाल्शित्सर्वस्य)।

2. True or false:
The शि-प्रत्यय: can never get the सम्बुद्धि-सञ्ज्ञा – even when used in the vocative (सम्बोधने)।

3. Where is the प्रातिपदिकम् “धनुस्” used in Chapter One of the गीता?

4. In commenting on the सूत्रम् 7-1-72 नपुंसकस्य झलचः, the काशिका says झलचः इति किम्? चत्वारि। अहानि। Please explain what this means.

5. Where has the सूत्रम् 8-3-7 नश्छव्यप्रशान् been used?

6. Where has the अस्मद्-प्रातिपदिकम् been used?

7. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“You told me your name one time, but I’ve forgotten it.” Use the adjective प्रातिपदिकम् “उक्तवत्/उक्तवती (feminine)” to express the past tense “told”, use the अव्ययम् “सकृत्” for “one time.” Paraphrase the second half to “but it has been forgotten by me.” Use the adjective प्रातिपदिकम् “विस्मृत” for “forgotten.”

8. Please list the six synonyms for the word “धनु:” (प्रातिपदिकम् “धनुस्” neuter, meaning “bow”) as given in the अमरकोश:।
धनुश्चापौ धन्वशरासनकोदण्डकार्मुकम् ।
इष्वासोऽपि ।।२-८-८३।।
(इति सप्त “धनुष:” नामानि)

Easy questions:

1. Derive the form “शक्ती:” (द्वितीया-बहुवचनम्) from the स्त्रीलिङ्ग-प्रातिपदिकम् “शक्ति”। (Use 6-1-102 प्रथमयोः पूर्वसवर्णः)।

2. Can you spot where the सूत्रम् 6-1-103 तस्माच्छसो नः पुंसि has been used in this verse? (This same सूत्रम् is used in “रामान्”)।

3. Why didn’t the सूत्रम् 8-4-58 अनुस्वारस्य ययि परसवर्णः apply after step 7?

Today we will look at the form ब्रह्मन् from श्रीमद्भागवतम् SB 1-19-32

परीक्षिदुवाच।
अहो अद्य वयं ब्रह्मन्सत्सेव्याः क्षत्रबन्धवः ।
कृपयातिथिरूपेण भवद्भिस्तीर्थकाः कृताः ।। १-१९-३२ ।।

Gita Press translation “Oh, how blessed are we today, O holy sage, in that we, vile Kṣatriyas, have been considered worthy of a visit by saints and have been so graciously consecrated by you by calling on us as our guest.”

The प्रातिपदिकम् ‘ब्रह्मन्’ gets प्रातिपदिक-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-2-45 अर्थवदधातुरप्रत्ययः प्रातिपदिकम्। The विवक्षा here is पुंलिङ्गे सम्बुद्धिः । 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टा… mandates the प्रत्ययाः सुँ, औ, जस् etc. after the प्रातिपदिकम् ‘ब्रह्मन्’ ।

(1) (हे) ब्रह्मन् + सुँ (सम्बुद्धिः) ।

(2) (हे) ब्रह्मन् + स् । अनुबन्ध-लोप: by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत् and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः। The सकार: which is an एकाल् (single letter) प्रत्यय: gets the अपृक्त-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-2-41 अपृक्त एकाल् प्रत्ययः।

(3) (हे) ब्रह्मन् । सकार-लोप: by 6-1-68 हल्ङ्याब्भ्यो दीर्घात्‌ सुतिस्यपृक्तं हल्।

(4) (हे) ब्रह्मन् । By 8-2-8 न ङिसम्बुद्ध्योः, the नकारः does not take लोपः, when ङि or the सम्बुद्धिः affix follows. 8-2-8 stops 8-2-7 नलोपः प्रातिपदिकान्तस्य।

Questions:

1. Would the final form in this example be the same if the प्रातिपदिकम् “ब्रह्मन्” were to be used in the neuter gender?

2. Why was no सन्धि-कार्यम् done between अहो अद्य? (Why was 6-1-109 एङः पदान्तादति not applied?)

3. Where has the अस्मद्-प्रातिपदिकम् been used in this verse?

4. Which other सर्वनाम-शब्द: (besides “अस्मद्”) has been used?

5. Where has the सूत्रम् 7-3-109 जसि च been used?

6. In most places the प्रातिपदिकम् “ब्रह्मन्” is used in the गीता in the neuter gender. Can you spot a place in the 11th Chapter where it is used in the masculine?

7. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“From where can there be happiness for one who is not at peace.” Take the answer directly from Chapter 2 of the गीता।

Along the same lines, construct the following sentence in Sanskrit:
“From where can there be knowledge of the वेद: for one who has not studied grammar?” Paraphrase the second part to “for one by whom grammar has not been studied.” Use the adjective प्रातिपदिकम् “अधीत” for “has been studied.”

8. Please list the two synonyms for the word “अतिथि:” (प्रातिपदिकम् “अतिथि” masculine, meaning “guest”) as given in the अमरकोश:।
स्युरावेशिक आगन्तुरतिथिर्ना गृहागते ।।२-७-३४।।
(इति त्रीणि “गृहागतस्य” नामानि)

Easy questions:

1. Derive the form “कृपया” (तृतीया-एवचनम्) from the feminine प्रातिपदिकम् “कृपा” (declined like रमा/लता-शब्द:)। (Use 7-3-105 आङि चापः।)

2. Can you spot another तृतीया-एकवचनम् form (besides “कृपया”) in the verse?

Today we will look at the form अहः from श्रीमद्वाल्मीकि-रामायणम् ।

त्वरते कार्यकालो मे अहश्चाप्यतिवर्तते |
प्रतिज्ञा च मया दत्ता न स्थातव्यमिहान्तरा || ५-१-१३१||

Gita Press translation “The time allotted to my duty (of leaping across the sea and tracing out Sītā) is hastening me. The day too is passing. Nay, the plighted word has been given by me (to my fellow monkeys) to the effect that I should not tarry here midway.”

The नपुंसकलिङ्ग-प्रातिपदिकम् ‘अहन्’ gets प्रातिपदिकसञ्ज्ञा by 1-2-45 अर्थवदधातुरप्रत्ययः प्रातिपदिकम्। The विवक्षा here is प्रथमा-एकवचनम्। 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टा… mandates the प्रत्ययाः सुँ, औ, जस् etc. after the प्रातिपदिकम् ‘अहन्’।

(1) अहन् + सुँ ।

(2) अहन् । By 7-1-23 स्वमोर्नपुंसकात्‌, since the affix सुँ follows the neuter अङ्गम् “अहन्”, it takes the लुक् elision.

(3) अहर् । By 8-2-69 रोऽसुपि, रेफः is substituted for (the ending नकार: of) अहन्, since the सुँ-प्रत्ययः has taken लुक् ।

(4) अहः । विसर्ग-आदेशः by 8-3-15 खरवसानयोर्विसर्जनीयः।

Questions:

1. 8-2-69 रोऽसुपि is an अपवाद: for which सूत्रम्?

2. What kind of प्रतिषेध: (पर्युदास-प्रतिषेध: or प्रसज्य-प्रतिषेध:) is indicated by the term “असुपि” in the सूत्रम् 8-2-69 रोऽसुपि?

3. Where is the word अहः used in Chapter 8 of the गीता? Is it प्रथमा-एकवचनम् or द्वितीया-एकवचनम्?

4. Can you spot a place in the verse where a सन्धि-कार्यम् has not been done?

5. Where has the टा-प्रत्यय: been used?

6. What will be the प्रथमा/द्वितीया-द्विवचनम् form of the अहन्-प्रातिपदिकम्?

7. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“In one month (there are) thirty days. In one day (there are) twenty-four hours.” Use the feminine प्रातिपदिकम् “त्रिंशत्” (declined singular) for “thirty”, the feminine प्रातिपदिकम् “चतुर्विंशति” (declined singular) for “twenty-four” and the feminine प्रातिपदिकम् “होरा” for “hour.”

8. Please list the four synonyms for the word “अह:” (प्रातिपदिकम् “अहन्” neuter, meaning “day”) as given in the अमरकोश:।
घस्रो दिनाऽहनी वा तु क्लीबे दिवसवासरौ ।।१-४-२।।
(इति पञ्च “दिनस्य” नामानि)

Easy questions:

1. Please do पदच्छेद: of अहश्च and mention the relevant rules.

2. Which सूत्रम् was used to get च + अपि = चापि? Which one for अपि + अतिवर्तते = अप्यतिवर्तते?