Today we will look at the form कथय 2As-लोँट् from श्रीमद्भागवतम् Sb10.58.19
का त्वं कस्यासि सुश्रोणि कुतोऽसि किं चिकीर्षसि ।
मन्ये त्वां पतिमिच्छन्तीं सर्वं कथय शोभने ।। १०-५८-१९ ।।
Gita Press translation “Who are you and whose daughter may you be, O fair damsel? Where do you come from and what do you mean to do? I infer you to be in quest of a (suitable) match. (Pray), relate everything (to me), O good maiden!”
कथय is derived from the धातुः √कथ (चुरादि-गणः, कथ वाक्यप्रबन्धे (वाक्यप्रबन्धने), धातु-पाठः # १०. ३८९)
The ending अकारः of “कथ” is not a अनुनासिक: and hence does not get the इत्-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत्।
By 3-1-25 सत्यापपाशरूपवीणातूलश्लोकसेनालोमत्वचवर्मवर्णचूर्णचुरादिभ्यो णिच् , the affix णिच् is used after these words – “सत्य” ‘truth’ (which then takes the form of “सत्याप्” as exhibited in the सूत्रम्), “पाश” ‘fetter’, “रूप” ‘form’, “वीणा” ‘lute’, “तूल” ‘cotton’, “श्लोक” ‘celebration’, “सेना” ‘army’, “लोमन्” ‘hair of the body’, “त्वच” ‘skin’, “वर्मन्” ‘mail’, “वर्ण” ‘color’, “चूर्ण” ‘powder’ and the verbal roots belonging to the चुरादि-गणः।
कथ + णिच् । By 3-1-25. “णिच्” gets आर्धधातुक-सञ्ज्ञा by 3-4-114 आर्धधातुकं शेषः।
= कथ् + णिच् । By 6-4-48 अतो लोपः, when an आर्धधातुकम् affix follows, the अकारः at the end of a अङ्गम् is elided if the अङ्गम् ends in a अकार: at the time when the आर्धधातुकम् affix is prescribed. Note: As per 7-2-116 अत उपधायाः, the णिच्-प्रत्यय: would do a वृद्धि: substitution in place of the अकार: of the अङ्गम् “कथ्”। But this does not happen because as per 1-1-57 अचः परस्मिन् पूर्वविधौ, the लोप: done by 6-4-48 has स्थानिवद्-भाव: (it behaves like the item it replaced – अकार:) when it comes to an operation (वृद्धि:) that would be performed to the left of it. Hence as far as 7-2-116 is concerned, the उपधा of the अङ्गम् is the थकार: and hence it cannot apply.
= कथ् + इ । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-7 चुटू, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।
= कथि।
“कथि” gets धातु-सञ्ज्ञा by 3-1-32 सनाद्यन्ता धातवः।
As per 1-3-74 णिचश्च, the verbal roots that end in the णिच्-प्रत्ययः shall take आत्मनेपद-प्रत्ययाः when the fruit of the action (क्रियाफलम्) accrues to the doer (कर्त्रभिप्रायम् = कर्तृ-अभिप्रायम्)। In the remaining case – when the fruit of the action does not accrue to the doer these verbal roots shall take परस्मैपद-प्रत्ययाः।
In reality though, this distinction of the fruit of the action accruing to the doer or not, is rarely honored in the language. So as a practical matter, a verbal root that ends in the णिच्-प्रत्ययः will take either आत्मनेपद-प्रत्ययाः or परस्मैपद-प्रत्ययाः regardless of whether the fruit of the action accrues to the doer or not. In short, it will be उभयपदी। Here it has taken a परस्मैपद-प्रत्ययः।
The विवक्षा is लोँट्, कर्तरि प्रयोगः, मध्यम-पुरुषः, एकवचनम्, therefore the प्रत्यय: will be “सिप्”।
(1) कथि + लोँट् । By 3-3-162 लोट् च, the affix लोँट् comes after a धातुः when used in the sense of command/request.
(2) कथि + ल् । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत्, 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।
(3) कथि + सिप् । 3-4-78 तिप्तस्झिसिप्थस्थमिब्वस्मस्तातांझथासाथांध्वमिड्वहिमहिङ् mandates the प्रत्ययः “सिप्” as the substitute for the लकारः। “सिप्” gets the सार्वधातुक-सञ्ज्ञा by 3-4-113 तिङ्शित्सार्वधातुकम्।
(4) कथि + सि । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।
(5) कथि + हि । By 3-4-87 सेर्ह्यपिच्च, “सि” of लोँट् is substituted by “हि” and it is an अपित्।
(6) कथि + शप् + हि । By 3-1-68 कर्तरि शप्, the शप्-प्रत्यय: is placed after a verbal root, when followed by a सार्वधातुक-प्रत्यय: that is used signifying the agent.
(7) कथि + अ + हि । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-8 लशक्वतद्धिते , 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।
(8) कथे + अ + हि । By 7-3-84 सार्वधातुकार्धधातुकयोः, an अङ्गम् whose final letter is an इक् gets गुण-आदेशः, when a सार्वधातुक-प्रत्यय: or an आर्धधातुक-प्रत्यय: follows.
(9) कथय + हि । By 6-1-78 एचोऽयवायावः।
(10) कथय । By 6-4-105 अतो हेः, there is an elision of the affix “हि” when it follows an अङ्गम् ending in a अकार:।
Questions:
1. Where has कथय been used in the गीता?
2. What is the special feature of all the verbal roots in the section beginning with √कथ (चुरादि-गणः, कथ वाक्यप्रबन्धे (वाक्यप्रबन्धने), धातु-पाठः # १०. ३८९) and going up to the end of the चुरादि-गण:?
3. Where has 7-4-50 तासस्त्योर्लोपः been used in the verse?
4. Can you spot a श्यन्-प्रत्यय: in the verse?
5. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“I think you’re a brave man.” Use the adjective प्रातिपदिकम् “वीर” for “brave” and use a verb from the verse for “I think.”
6. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“Tell me everything that happened yesterday in the temple.” Use the adjective प्रातिपदिकम् “वृत्त” for “happened”, use the अव्ययम् “श्वस्” for “yesterday” and use चतुर्थी विभक्ति: with “me” (प्रातिपदिकम् “अस्मद्”)। Use some words from the verse for “tell” and “everything.”
Easy questions:
1. Where has 7-3-106 सम्बुद्धौ च been used in the verse?
2. Why didn’t the सूत्रम् 7-2-103 किमः कः apply in the form किम् (सर्वनाम-प्रातिपदिकम् “किम्”, नपुंसकलिङ्गे द्वितीया-एकवचनम्)?
Questions:
1. Where has कथय been used in the गीता?
Answer: विस्तरेणात्मनो योगं विभूतिं च जनार्दन |
भूयः कथय तृप्तिर्हि शृण्वतो नास्ति मेऽमृतम् || 10-18||
2. What is the special feature of all the verbal roots in the section beginning with √कथ (चुरादि-गणः, कथ वाक्यप्रबन्धे (वाक्यप्रबन्धने), धातु-पाठः # १०. ३८९) and going up to the end of the चुरादि-गण:?
Answer: The special feature of all the verbal roots in the section beginning with √कथ (चुरादि-गणः, कथ वाक्यप्रबन्धे (वाक्यप्रबन्धने), धातु-पाठः # १०. ३८९) and going up to the end of the चुरादि-गण: is that they they are अदन्ता: – they end in a अकार:। The ending अकारः of these verbal roots is not for the sake of pronunciation (उच्चारणार्थ:) but is a part of the root. This ending अकारः is not a अनुनासिक: and hence does not get the इत्-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत्।
3. Where has 7-4-50 तासस्त्योर्लोपः been used in the verse?
Answer: 7-4-50 तासस्त्योर्लोपः has been used in the verse in the form असि derived from the धातुः √अस् (असँ भुवि, अदादि-गणः, धातु-पाठः #२. ६०) Since the विवक्षा is लँट्, मध्यम-पुरुष-एकवचनम्, the प्रत्यय: is “सिप्”।
अस् + लँट् । By 3-2-123 वर्तमाने लट्।
= अस् + ल् । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत्, 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।
= अस् + सिप् । By 3-4-78 तिप्तस्झिसिप्थस्थमिब्वस्मस्तातांझथासाथांध्वमिड्वहिमहिङ्।
= अस् + सि । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम् and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।
= अस् + शप् + सि । By 3-1-68 कर्तरि शप्, 3-4-113 तिङ्शित्सार्वधातुकम्।
= अस् + सि । By 2-4-72 अदिप्रभृतिभ्यः शपः ।
= असि । By 7-4-50 तासस्त्योर्लोपः – When followed by an affix beginning with a सकार:, there is a लोप: elision of the सकार: of the “तास्”-प्रत्यय: and of √अस् (असँ भुवि २. ६०)।
4. Can you spot a श्यन्-प्रत्यय: in the verse?
Answer: A श्यन्-प्रत्यय: in the verse is seen in the form मन्ये derived from the धातुः √मन् (दिवादि-गणः, मनँ ज्ञाने, धातु-पाठः #४. ७३ ). Since the विवक्षा is लँट्, उत्तम-पुरुष-एकवचनम्, the प्रत्यय: is “इट्”।
मन् + लँट् । By 3-2-123 वर्तमाने लट्।
= मन् + ल् । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत्, 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।
= मन् + इट् । By 3-4-78 तिप्तस्झिसिप्थस्थमिब्वस्मस्तातांझथासाथांध्वमिड्वहिमहिङ्।
= मन् + इ । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।
= मन् + ए । By 3-4-79 टित आत्मनेपदानां टेरे।
= मन् + श्यन् + ए । By 3-1-69 दिवादिभ्यः श्यन् – The श्यन्-प्रत्यय: is placed after the verbal roots belonging to the दिवादि-गणः, when followed by a सार्वधातुक-प्रत्यय: that is used signifying the agent. This सूत्रम् is a अपवाद: (exception) to 3-1-68 कर्तरि शप्।
= मन् + य + ए । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-8 लशक्वतद्धिते, 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।
= मन्ये । By 6-1-97 अतो गुणे।
5. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“I think you’re a brave man.” Use the adjective प्रातिपदिकम् “वीर” for “brave” and use a verb from the verse for “I think.”
Answer: त्वाम् वीरम् मन्ये = त्वां वीरं मन्ये।
अथवा –
वीर: असि इति मन्ये = वीरोऽसीति मन्ये।
6. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“Tell me everything that happened yesterday in the temple.” Use the adjective प्रातिपदिकम् “वृत्त” for “happened”, use the अव्ययम् “श्वस्” for “yesterday” and use चतुर्थी विभक्ति: with “me” (प्रातिपदिकम् “अस्मद्”)। Use some words from the verse for “tell” and “everything.”
Answer: श्वः मन्दिरे यत् यत् वृत्तम् तत् तत् सर्वम् मे कथय = श्वो मन्दिरे यद् यद् वृत्तं तत् तत् सर्वं मे कथय।
Easy questions:
1. Where has 7-3-106 सम्बुद्धौ च been used in the verse?
Answer: 7-3-106 सम्बुद्धौ च has been used in the form (हे) शोभने (स्त्रीलिङ्ग-प्रातिपदिकम् “शोभना”, सम्बुद्धिः)।
(हे) शोभना + सुँ (4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्…। “सुँ” get the सम्बुद्धि-सञ्ज्ञा by 2-3-49 एकवचनं संबुद्धिः)।
= (हे) शोभना + स् (1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत्, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः)।
= (हे) शोभने + स् (7-3-106 सम्बुद्धौ च – bases ending in the feminine affix “आप्” get एकारः as the substitute when followed by a सम्बुद्धिः affix. As per 1-1-52 अलोऽन्त्यस्य, only the ending आकार: get substituted by a एकार:।)
= (हे) शोभने (6-1-69 एङ् ह्रस्वात् सम्बुद्धेः)।
2. Why didn’t the सूत्रम् 7-2-103 किमः कः apply in the form किम् (सर्वनाम-प्रातिपदिकम् “किम्”, नपुंसकलिङ्गे द्वितीया-एकवचनम्)?
Answer: The सूत्रम् 7-2-103 किमः कः did not apply in the form किम् (सर्वनाम-प्रातिपदिकम् “किम्”, नपुंसकलिङ्गे द्वितीया-एकवचनम्) because of the निषेध-सूत्रम् 1-1-63 न लुमताऽङ्गस्य – When an affix takes the “लुक्”, “श्लु” or “लुप्” elision, the operations that were ordained on the अङ्गम् by that affix, shall not be carried out. The affix “अम्” takes the लुक् elision first by 7-1-23 स्वमोर्नपुंसकात् and then 7-2-103 किमः कः cannot apply because a विभक्तिः affix does not follow and hence “किम्” does not get “क” as its replacement.
किम् + अम् । By 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्…।
= किम् । The affix “अम्” takes the लुक् elision by 7-1-23 स्वमोर्नपुंसकात् – The affixes “सुँ” and “अम्” that follow a neuter अङ्गम् take the लुक् elision. Normally, 1-1-62 प्रत्ययलोपे प्रत्ययलक्षणम् would have still allowed 7-2-103 किमः कः to apply, but the निषेध-सूत्रम् 1-1-63 न लुमताऽङ्गस्य (which applies in the case of a “लुक्”, “श्लु” or “लुप्” elision) prevents 7-2-103 from applying.