Today we will look at the form परंतपः mNs from श्रीमद्-वाल्मीकि-रामायणम् 5.58.25.

ततः पश्याम्यहं देवीं सुरसां नागमातरम् । समुद्रमध्ये सा देवी वचनं मामभाषत ।। ५-५८-२२ ।।
मम भक्ष्यः प्रदिष्टस्त्वममरैर्हरिसत्तम । ततस्त्वां भक्षयिष्यामि विहितस्त्वं हि मे सुरैः ।। ५-५८-२३ ।।
एवमुक्तः सुरसया प्राञ्जलिः प्रणतः स्थितः । विवर्णवदनो भूत्वा वाक्यं चेदमुदीरयम् ।। ५-५८-२४ ।।
रामो दाशरथिः श्रीमान्प्रविष्टो दण्डकावनम् । लक्ष्मणेन सह भ्रात्रा सीतया च परंतपः ।। ५-५८-२५ ।।

Gita Press translation – Then I perceived in mid ocean the goddess Surasā, the mother of the serpents, and that goddess spoke (to me) as follows – (22) ‘You have been destined by the immortals to be my food, O jewel among monkeys! I shall accordingly devour you since you have been sent by the gods.'(23) Spoken to the aforesaid by Surasā, I stood bent low with joined palms (before her); and my face turning pale, I submitted (to her) as follows: -(24) The glorious Śrī Rāma, son of Daśaratha and the scourge of his foes, penetrated deep into the Daṇḍaka forest with his (younger half-) brother, Lakṣmaṇa, and (his consort) Sītā (25).

परान् (शत्रून्) तापयतीति परंतप:/परन्तप:।

“तप” is a कृदन्त-प्रातिपदिकम् (participle form) derived from the causative form of the verbal root √तप् (भ्वादि-गणः, तपँ सन्तापे, धातु-पाठः #१. ११४०).

(1) तप् + णिच् । By 3-1-26 हेतुमति च – The affix “णिच्” is used after a root, when the operation of a causer – such as the operation of directing – is to be expressed.

(2) तप् + इ । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-7 चुटू, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

(3) ताप् + इ । By 7-2-116 अत उपधायाः – A penultimate (उपधा) अकार: of a अङ्गम् gets वृद्धिः as the substitute when followed by a प्रत्ययः which is a ञित् or a णित्।

= तापि । “तापि” gets धातु-सञ्ज्ञा by 3-1-32 सनाद्यन्ता धातवः।

The (compound) प्रातिपदिकम् “परंतप/परन्तप” is derived as follows:

(4) पर + आम् + तापि + खच् । By 3-2-39 द्विषत्परयोस्तापेः – The affix “खच्” may be used after the verbal root “तापि” when in composition with a कर्म-पदम् (a पदम् which denotes the object of the action) which is either “द्विषत्” or “पर”। Note: The verbal root “तापि” refers to either √तप् (तपँ दाहे, # १०. ३५०) or a causative form of √तप् (तपँ सन्तापे, # १. ११४०).

Note: In the सूत्रम् 3-2-39, the term द्विषत्परयो: ends in the seventh (locative) case. Hence “पर + आम्” (which is the object (कर्म-पदम्) of तापयति) gets the उपपद-सञ्ज्ञा here by 3-1-92 तत्रोपपदं सप्तमीस्थम्‌ – The designation उपपदम् is applied to a term which denotes a thing – like a pot etc. – which is present (as the thing to be expressed) in a word ending in the locative case in the सूत्रम्।
Note: The affix “आम्” is used here as per 2-3-65 कर्तृकर्मणोः कृति – To express the agent or the object (of an action), a nominal stem takes a sixth case affix when the nominal stem is used in conjunction with a term which ends in a कृत् affix. (This is what is called as कृद्योगे षष्ठी)।

(5) पर + आम् + तापि + अ । अनुबन्ध-लोप: by 1-3-8 लशक्वतद्धिते, 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम् and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

(6) पर + आम् + तपि + अ । By 6-4-94 खचि ह्रस्वः – The penultimate letter (vowel) of a अङ्गम् is shortened when the अङ्गम् is followed by the affix “णि” which itself is followed by the affix खच्।

(7) पर + आम् + तप् + अ । By 6-4-51 णेरनिटि – The “णि”-प्रत्यय: is elided when followed by an आर्धधातुक-प्रत्यय: which does not have the augment इट्।

= पर + आम् + तप

We form a compound between “पर + आम्” (which is the उपपदम्) and “तप” by using the सूत्रम् 2-2-19 उपपदमतिङ् – A सुबन्तम् (term ending in a सुँप् affix) having the designation “उपपद” (in this case “पर + आम्”) invariably compounds with a syntactically related term (in this case “तप”) as long as the compound does not end in a तिङ् affix.

In the compound, “पर + आम्” is placed in the prior position as per 2-2-30 उपसर्जनं पूर्वम्‌ – In a compound a term which has the designation “उपसर्जन” should be placed in the prior position. Note: Here “पर + आम्” is the उपपदम् and hence it gets the उपसर्जन-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-2-43 प्रथमानिर्दिष्टं समास उपसर्जनम् – A term denoted by a word (in this case “उपपदम्”) ending in a nominative case in a सूत्रम् (in this case 2-2-19 उपपदमतिङ्) which prescribes a compound gets the designation “उपसर्जन”।
“पर + आम् + तप” gets प्रातिपदिक-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-2-46 कृत्तद्धितसमासाश्च – A word form that ends in a कृत्-प्रत्ययः or a तद्धित-प्रत्ययः and so also compounds gets the name प्रातिपदिकम्।

(8) पर + तप । By 2-4-71 सुपो धातुप्रातिपदिकयोः – A सुँप् affix takes a लुक् elision when it is a part of a धातुः or a प्रातिपदिकम्।

(9) पर मुँम् + तप । By 6-3-67 अरुर्द्विषदजन्तस्य मुम् – When followed by a उत्तरपदम् (latter member of a compound) which ends in a खित् (having खकार: as a इत्) affix, the पूर्वपदम् (prior member of a compound) takes the augment मुँम् provided the following two conditions are satisfied:
(i) the पूर्वपदम् is either “अरुस्”, “द्विषत्” or ends in a अच् (vowel)
(ii) the पूर्वपदम् is not a अव्ययम्
As per 1-1-47 मिदचोऽन्त्यात्परः, the मुँम् augment joins after the last vowel (अकार:) of “पर”।

(10) परम् + तप । अनुबन्ध-लोप: by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत्, 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम् and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

(11) परं तप । By 8-3-23 मोऽनुस्वारः।

(12) परन्तप/परंतप । By 8-4-59 वा पदान्तस्य।

The विवक्षा is पुंलिङ्गे, प्रथमा-एकवचनम्।

(13) परंतप + सुँ । By 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टाभ्याम्भिस्ङेभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसिँभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसोसाम्ङ्योस्सुप्।

(14) परंतप + स् । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत्, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

(15) परंतपः । रुँत्व-विसर्गौ by 8-2-66 ससजुषो रुः and 8-3-15 खरवसानयोर्विसर्जनीयः।

Questions:

1. Where has 3-2-39 द्विषत्परयोस्तापेः been used for the first time in the गीता?

2. In the verses can you spot a तिङन्तं पदम् which is a आर्ष-प्रयोग: (irregular grammatical usage)?

3. Where has the सूत्रम् 4-1-15 टिड्ढाणञ्द्वयसज्दघ्नञ्मात्रच्तयप्ठक्ठञ्कञ्क्वरपः been used in the verses?

4. Where has the affix यत् been used in the verses?

5. Which लकार: has been used in the form भक्षयिष्यामि?
i) लँट् ii) लिँट् iii) लुँट् iv) लृँट्

6. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“Arjuna became well-known as a scorcher of foes.” Use the adjective प्रातिपदिकम् “प्रसिद्ध” for “well-known.” Use the अव्ययम् “इति” to express the meaning of “as.”

Easy Questions:

1. Where has the सूत्रम् 7-3-78 पाघ्राध्मास्थाम्नादाण्दृश्यर्त्तिसर्त्तिशदसदां पिबजिघ्रधमतिष्ठमनयच्छपश्यर्च्छधौशीयसीदाः been used in the verses?

2. Can you spot an augment अट् in the verses?