Today we will look at the form निशायाम् fLs from श्रीमद्-वाल्मीकि-रामायणम् 1.35.1

उपास्य रात्रिशेषं तु शोणाकूले महर्षिभिः | निशायां सुप्रभातायां विश्वामित्रोऽभ्यभाषत || १-३५-१ ||
सुप्रभाता निशा राम पूर्वा सन्ध्या प्रवर्तते | उत्तिष्ठोत्तिष्ठ भद्रं ते गमनायाभिरोचय || १-३५-२ ||
तच्छ्रुत्वा वचनं तस्य कृतपूर्वाह्णिकक्रियः | गमनं रोचयामास वाक्यं चेदमुवाच ह || १-३५-३ ||
अयं शोणः शुभजलो गाधः पुलिनमण्डितः | कतरेण पथा ब्रह्मन्सन्तरिष्यामहे वयम् || १-३५-४ ||

Gita Press translation – Having reposed for the rest of the night on the bank of Ṣoṇa along with the great Ṛṣis (who accompanied him on the journey,) Viśwāmitra spoke (as follows) on the night having culminated in a beautiful sunrise: – (1) “The night has ended in a lovely dawn, O Rāma! The morning twilight has set in. Get up, arise and make yourself inclined to proceed (further.) May prosperity attend you!” (2) Hearing his instruction as aforesaid and having finished his morning duties (Sandhyā etc.,) Śrī Rāma made himself inclined to leave (for the journey) and spoke the following words: so the tradition goes: – (3) “The river Sona, whose waters are so holy, is fordable here and (as such) adorned with sandy banks. By which of the two fords (appearing before us) shall we wade through it, O holy sir?” (4)

नितरां श्यति (नाशयति व्यापारान्) इति निशा।

“निश” is a कृदन्त-प्रातिपदिकम् (participle form) derived from the verbal root √शो (शो तनूकरणे ४. ४०) along with the उपसर्गः “नि”।

(1) In the सूत्रम् 3-1-136 आतश्चोपसर्गे (to be used in the next step) the term उपसर्गे ends in the seventh (locative) case. Hence “नि” (which is a उपसर्ग: by 1-4-59 उपसर्गाः क्रियायोगे) gets the उपपद-सञ्ज्ञा here by 3-1-92 तत्रोपपदं सप्तमीस्थम्‌ – The designation उपपदम् is applied to a term which denotes a thing – like a pot etc. – which is present (as the thing to be expressed) in a word ending in the locative case in the सूत्रम्। (The affixes which are prescribed from this सूत्रम् onward only apply in the presence of the उपपदम् when applicable.) Note: This is a अधिकार-सूत्रम् which runs up to the end of Chapter Three of the अष्टाध्यायी। Note: The term उपपदम् is derived as follows: उप (= समीपे) उच्चारितं पदम् = उपपदम्।

(2) नि शा + क । By 3-1-136 आतश्चोपसर्गे – The affix “क” may be used after a verbal root ending in a आकार:, when in composition with a उपसर्गः (ref: 1-4-59 उपसर्गाः क्रियायोगे)। By 6-1-45 आदेच उपदेशेऽशिति – The ending एच् (“ए”, “ओ”, “ऐ”, “औ”) letter of a धातु: in the धातु-पाठ: is replaced by a आकार:, but not in the context where a शकार: which is a इत् follows. Hence the ending ओकार: of the verbal root “शो” is replaced by a आकार: here.

(3) नि शा + अ । अनुबन्ध-लोप: by 1-3-8 लशक्वतद्धिते and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

(4) नि श् + अ । By 6-4-64 आतो लोप इटि च – The ending आकार: of an अङ्गम् takes लोप: when followed by a vowel-beginning आर्धधातुक-प्रत्यय: that has either:
(i) a “इट्”-आगम: or
(ii) a ककार: or ङकार: as an इत्।

(5) निश । We form a compound between “नि” (which is the उपपदम्) and “श” by using the सूत्रम् 2-2-19 उपपदमतिङ् – A सुबन्तम् (term ending in a सुँप् affix) having the designation “उपपद” (in this case “नि”)  invariably compounds with a syntactically related term (in this case “श”) as long as the compound does not end in a तिङ् affix.

In the compound, “नि” is placed in the prior position as per 2-2-30 उपसर्जनं पूर्वम्‌ – In a compound a term which has the designation “उपसर्जन” should be placed in the prior position. Note: Here “नि” is the उपपदम् and hence it gets the उपसर्जन-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-2-43 प्रथमानिर्दिष्टं समास उपसर्जनम् – A term denoted by a word (in this case “उपपदम्”) ending in a nominative case in a सूत्रम् (in this case 2-2-19 उपपदमतिङ्) which prescribes a compound gets the designation “उपसर्जन”।

“निश” gets प्रातिपदिक-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-2-46 कृत्तद्धितसमासाश्च।

The feminine प्रातिपदिकम् “निशा” is derived as follows:

(6) निश + टाप् । By 4-1-4 अजाद्यतष्टाप्‌ – The प्रातिपदिकानि “अज” etc. and प्रातिपदिकानि ending in अकारः get the टाप् affix in the feminine gender.

(7) निश + आ । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-7 चुटू, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

(8) निशा । By 6-1-101 अकः सवर्णे दीर्घः।

The विवक्षा is स्त्रीलिङ्गे, सप्तमी-एकवचनम्।

(9) निशा + ङि । By 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टाभ्याम्भिस्ङेभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसिभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसोसाम्ङ्योस्सुप्‌।

(10) निशा + आम् । By 7-3-116 ङेराम्नद्याम्नीभ्यः – The affix “ङि”, following a base ending in “नदी” or “आप्” or following the term “नी”, gets “आम्” as the substitute. The entire प्रत्ययः is replaced as per the परिभाषा-सूत्रम् 1-1-55 अनेकाल्शित्सर्वस्य। 1-3-4 न विभक्तौ तुस्माः prevents the ending मकार: of “आम्” from getting the इत्-सञ्ज्ञा।

(11) निशा + याट् आम् । By 7-3-113 याडापः – The ङित् affixes following a base ending in an “आप्” affix get the augment “याट्”। As per 1-1-46 आद्यन्तौ टकितौ, the “याट्”-आगम: joins at the beginning of the प्रत्ययः “आम्”।

(12) निशा + या आम् । अनुबन्ध-लोप: by 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम् and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

(13) निशायाम् । By 6-1-101 अकः सवर्णे दीर्घः।

Questions:

1. Where has the प्रातिपदिकम् “निशा” been used in Chapter Two of the गीता?

2. Commenting on the सूत्रम्  2-2-19 उपपदमतिङ् (used in step 5), the सिद्धान्त-कौमुदी says – अतिङ् किम्? मा भवान् भूत्। ‘3-3-175 माङि लुङ्’  इति सप्तमीनिर्देशान्माङुपपदम्। Please explain.

3. Which सूत्रम् is used for the ककारादेश: in the word वाक्यम्?

4. What would be an alternate form for सन्तरिष्यामहे?

5. Can you spot the affix णिच् in a तिङन्तं पदम् in the verses?

6. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
Śrī Hanumān thought – “I should enter Laṅkā at night.”

Easy Questions:

1. Can you spot an augment अट् in the verses?

2. From which प्रातिपदिकम् is the word पथा derived? Can you recall a सूत्रम् (which we have studied) in which पाणिनि: specifically mentions this प्रातिपदिकम्?

Today we will look at the form प्रियः mNs from श्रीमद्भागवतम् 1.10.17

प्रासादशिखरारूढाः कुरुनार्यो दिदृक्षया । ववृषुः कुसुमैः कृष्णं प्रेमव्रीडास्मितेक्षणाः ।। १-१०-१६ ।।
सितातपत्रं जग्राह मुक्तादामविभूषितम् । रत्नदण्डं गुडाकेशः प्रियः प्रियतमस्य ह ।। १-१०-१७ ।।
उद्धवः सात्यकिश्चैव व्यजने परमाद्भुते । विकीर्यमाणः कुसुमै रेजे मधुपतिः पथि ।। १-१०-१८ ।।

श्रीधर-स्वामि-टीका –
प्रेमव्रीडास्मितपूर्वकमीक्षणं यासां ताः ।। १६ ।। गुडाका निद्रा तस्या ईशो जितनिद्रोऽर्जुनः ।। १७ ।। व्यजने चामरे जगृहतुः । मधुपतिः श्रीकृष्णः ।। १८ ।।

Gita Press translation – Going up to the top of their mansions in order to have a look at Śrī Kṛṣṇa, the ladies of the Kuru race rained flowers on Him, greeting Him with smiling through mingled feelings of affection and bashfulness (16). The thick-haired Arjuna, the favorite of Śrī Kṛṣṇa, held over his most beloved friend His white umbrella which was bordered with strings of pearls and a handle of precious stones; while Uddhava and Sātyaki held a pair of most wonderful chowries. Greeted with showers of flowers on the way, Śrī Kṛṣṇa (the Lord of the Madhus) shone brilliantly (17-18).

प्रीणातीति प्रियः।

“प्रिय” is a कृदन्त-प्रातिपदिकम् (participle form) derived from the verbal root √प्री (प्रीञ् तर्पणे कान्तौ च ९. २).

The प्रातिपदिकम् “प्रिय” is derived as follows:

(1) प्री + क । By 3-1-135 इगुपधज्ञाप्रीकिरः कः – The affix “क” may be used following
i) a verbal root which has a penultimate इक् letter
ii) the verbal root √ज्ञा (ज्ञा अवबोधने ९. ४३), √प्री (प्रीञ् तर्पणे कान्तौ च ९. २) or √कॄ (कॄ विक्षेपे (निक्षेपे) ६. १४५)

(2) प्री + अ । अनुबन्ध-लोप: by 1-3-8 लशक्वतद्धिते and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः। Note: The affix “क” is a कित्। Therefore 1-1-5 क्क्ङिति च stops the गुणादेशः which would have been done by 7-3-84 सार्वधातुकार्धधातुकयोः।

(3) प्र् इयँङ् + अ । By 6-4-77 अचि श्नुधातुभ्रुवां य्वोरियङुवङौ – If a प्रत्यय: beginning with an अच् (vowel) follows, then the (ending letter of the) अङ्गम् is replaced by इयँङ्/उवँङ् in the following three cases – (1) If the अङ्गम् ends in the प्रत्यय: “श्नु” or (2) If the अङ्गम् ends in the इवर्ण: or उवर्ण: of a धातु: or (3) If the अङ्गम् is the word “भ्रू”। As per 1-1-53 ङिच्च, only the ending ईकार: is replaced by “इयँङ्”।

(4) प्रिय । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत्, 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

“प्रिय” gets प्रातिपदिक-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-2-46 कृत्तद्धितसमासाश्च।

The विवक्षा is पुंलिङ्गे, प्रथमा-एकवचनम्।

(4) प्रिय + सुँ । By 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टाभ्याम्भिस्ङेभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसिँभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसोसाम्ङ्योस्सुप्।

(5) प्रिय + स् । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत्, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

(6) प्रियः । रुँत्व-विसर्गौ by 8-2-66 ससजुषो रुः and 8-3-15 खरवसानयोर्विसर्जनीयः।

Questions:

1. In which chapter of the गीता has the प्रातिपदिकम् “प्रिय” been used in the last word of the chapter?

2. The form ववृषुः is derived from the verbal root √वृष् (वृषुँ सेचने हिंसासङ्क्लेशनयोश्च १. ८०३). Can you recall a सूत्रम् (which we have studied) in which पाणिनि: specifically mentions this verbal root?

3. Why does 6-1-16 ग्रहिज्यावयिव्यधिवष्टिविचतिवृश्चतिपृच्छतिभृज्जतीनां ङिति च apply in the word जगृहतुः (used in the commentary) but not in the word जग्राह (used in the verses)? Both are derived from √ग्रह् (ग्रहँ उपादाने ९.७१).

4. Can you spot an affix सन् in the verses?

5. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“The Self is dear to (of) everyone.” Use षष्ठी विभक्ति: with “everyone.”

Advanced question:

1. Does the सूत्रम् 6-4-120 अत एकहल्मध्येऽनादेशादेर्लिटि work for  the एकारादेश: in the from रेजे?  If not, can you find a सूत्रम् for performing this operation?

Easy Questions:

1. Where has the सूत्रम् 8-3-14 रो रि been used in the verses?

2. Which सूत्रम् is used for the टि-लोप: in the form पथि?

 

Today we will look at the form बुधः mNS from श्रीमद्भागवतम् 10.60.48

व्यूढायाश्चापि पुंश्चल्या मनोऽभ्येति नवं नवम् । बुधोऽसतीं न बिभृयात्तां बिभ्रदुभयच्युतः ।। १०-६०-४८ ।।
श्रीभगवानुवाच
साध्व्येतच्छ्रोतुकामैस्त्वं राजपुत्रि प्रलम्भिता । मयोदितं यदन्वात्थ सर्वं तत्सत्यमेव हि ।। १०-६०-४९ ।।

श्रीधर-स्वामि-टीका –
व्यूढायाः परिणीताया अपीति, उभयस्मादिहपरलोकद्वयाच्च्युतो भ्रष्ट इति ।। ४८ ।। प्रलम्भिता उपहसिता । अन्वात्थ अन्वाख्यातवती ।। ४९ ।।

Gita Press translation – The mind of a woman of easy virtue, though married, is always attracted towards a new person. A wise man should not (therefore) maintain such an unchaste woman; for by doing so he falls both here and hereafter (48). The glorious Lord replied: O virtuous lady! It was with intent to hear you speak in this strain, O princess, that you were subject to a joke by Me. In fact, the interpretation you have put on My words is wholly and literally true (49).

बोधति बुध्यत इति वा बुधः।

“बुध” is a कृदन्त-प्रातिपदिकम् (participle form) derived from the verbal root √बुध् (बुधँ अवगमने १. ९९४, बुधँ अवगमने ४. ६८).

The प्रातिपदिकम् ‘बुध’ is derived as follows:

(1) बुध् + क । By 3-1-135 इगुपधज्ञाप्रीकिरः कः – The affix ‘क’ may be used following
i) a verbal root which has a penultimate इक् letter
ii) the verbal root √ज्ञा (ज्ञा अवबोधने ९. ४३), √प्री (प्रीञ् तर्पणे कान्तौ च ९. २) or √कॄ (कॄ विक्षेपे (निक्षेपे) ६. १४५)
Note: The सूत्रम् 3-1-135 applies in the present example because the penultimate letter of the verbal root √बुध् is ‘उ’ which belongs to the प्रत्याहारः ‘इक्’।

(2) बुध् + अ । अनुबन्ध-लोप: by 1-3-8 लशक्वतद्धिते and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः। Note: The affix ‘क’ is a कित् (has the letter ‘क्’ as a इत्।) Therefore 1-1-5 क्क्ङिति च stops the गुणादेशः which would have been done by 7-3-86 पुगन्तलघूपधस्य च।

‘बुध’ gets प्रातिपदिक-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-2-46 कृत्तद्धितसमासाश्च।

The विवक्षा is पुंलिङ्गे, प्रथमा-एकवचनम्।

(4) बुध + सुँ । By 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टाभ्याम्भिस्ङेभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसिँभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसोसाम्ङ्योस्सुप्।

(5) बुध + स् । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत्, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

(6) बुधः । रुँत्व-विसर्गौ by 8-2-66 ससजुषो रुः and 8-3-15 खरवसानयोर्विसर्जनीयः।

Questions:

1. Where has the word बुधः been used in Chapter Five of the गीता?

2. Commenting on the सूत्रम् 3-1-135 इगुपधज्ञाप्रीकिरः कः, the सिद्धान्तकौमुदी says वासरूपविधिना ण्वुल्तृचावपि । क्षेपक: । क्षेप्ता । Please explain.

3. Commenting on the सूत्रम् 3-1-135 इगुपधज्ञाप्रीकिरः कः, the काशिका says देवसेवमेषादय: पचादौ पठितव्या:। Please explain.

4. Which सूत्रम् is used for the इकारादेश: in the form बिभृयात्?

5. Where has the सूत्रम् 8-2-35 आहस्थः been used in the verses?

6. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“A wise man should not behave in this manner.” Use the अव्ययम् ‘इत्थम्’ for ‘in this manner.’

Easy questions:

1. In the verses, where has the verbal root √इ (इण् गतौ २. ४०) been used in a तिङन्तं पदम्?

2. Where has the सूत्रम् 7-3-107 अम्बार्थनद्योर्ह्रस्वः been used in the verses?