Today we will look at the form प्रियंवद mVs from श्रीमद्-वाल्मीकि-रामायणम् 3.16.4.

स कदाचित् प्रभातायां शर्वर्यां रघुनन्दनः । प्रययावभिषेकार्थं रम्यां गोदावरीं नदीम् ।। ३-१६-२ ।।
प्रह्वः कलशहस्तस्तु सीतया सह वीर्यवान् । पृष्ठतोऽनुव्रजन्भ्राता सौमित्रिरिदमब्रवीत् ।। ३-१६-३ ।।
अयं स कालः सम्प्राप्तः प्रियो यस्ते प्रियंवद । अलङ्कृत इवाभाति येन संवत्सरः शुभः ।। ३-१६-४ ।।
नीहारपरुषो लोकः पृथिवी सस्यमालिनी । जलान्यनुपभोग्यानि सुभगो हव्यवाहनः ।। ३-१६-५ ।।

Gita Press translation – Once that delight of the Raghus, at break of day, went to the beautiful Godāvarī river for the sake of a bath (2). Following at the heels of Śrī Rāma with a vessel for water in his hand together with Sītā, his brave brother, the son of Sumitrā, spoke as follows :- (3) “Now has arrived that season which is dear to you, O polite brother, with which the blessed year appears as though ornamented (4). The people feel dry with cold, the earth is rich with crops; the waters are unenjoyable, the fire is agreeable” (5).

प्रियं वदतीति प्रियंवद:।

“वद” is a कृदन्त-प्रातिपदिकम् (participle form) derived from the verbal root √वद् (वदँ व्यक्तायां वाचि, # १. ११६४).

The (compound) प्रातिपदिकम् “प्रियंवद” is derived as follows:

(1) प्रिय + ङस् + वद् + खच् । By 3-2-38 प्रियवशे वदः खच् – The affix “खच्” may be used after the verbal root √वद् (वदँ व्यक्तायां वाचि, # १. ११६४) when in composition with a कर्म-पदम् (a पदम् which denotes the object of the action) which is either “प्रिय” or “वश”।

Note: In the सूत्रम् 3-2-38, the term प्रियवशे ends in the seventh (locative) case. Hence “प्रिय ङस्” (which is the object (कर्म-पदम्) of वदति) gets the उपपद-सञ्ज्ञा here by 3-1-92 तत्रोपपदं सप्तमीस्थम्‌ – The designation उपपदम् is applied to a term which denotes a thing – like a pot etc. – which is present (as the thing to be expressed) in a word ending in the locative case in the सूत्रम्।
Note: The affix “ङस्” is used here as per 2-3-65 कर्तृकर्मणोः कृति – To express the agent or the object (of an action), a nominal stem takes a sixth case affix when the nominal stem is used in conjunction with a term which ends in a कृत् affix. (This is what is called as कृद्योगे षष्ठी)।

(2) प्रिय + ङस् + वद् + अ । अनुबन्ध-लोप: by 1-3-8 लशक्वतद्धिते, 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम् and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

= प्रिय + ङस् + वद

We form a compound between “प्रिय + ङस्” (which is the उपपदम्) and “वद” by using the सूत्रम् 2-2-19 उपपदमतिङ् – A सुबन्तम् (term ending in a सुँप् affix) having the designation “उपपद” (in this case “प्रिय + ङस्”) invariably compounds with a syntactically related term (in this case “वद”) as long as the compound does not end in a तिङ् affix.

In the compound, “प्रिय + ङस्” is placed in the prior position as per 2-2-30 उपसर्जनं पूर्वम्‌ – In a compound a term which has the designation “उपसर्जन” should be placed in the prior position. Note: Here “प्रिय + ङस्” is the उपपदम् and hence it gets the उपसर्जन-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-2-43 प्रथमानिर्दिष्टं समास उपसर्जनम् – A term denoted by a word (in this case “उपपदम्”) ending in a nominative case in a सूत्रम् (in this case 2-2-19 उपपदमतिङ्) which prescribes a compound gets the designation “उपसर्जन”।
“प्रिय + ङस् + वद” gets प्रातिपदिक-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-2-46 कृत्तद्धितसमासाश्च – A word form that ends in a कृत्-प्रत्ययः or a तद्धित-प्रत्ययः and so also compounds gets the name प्रातिपदिकम्।

(3) प्रिय + वद । By 2-4-71 सुपो धातुप्रातिपदिकयोः – A सुँप् affix takes a लुक् elision when it is a part of a धातुः or a प्रातिपदिकम्।

(4) प्रिय मुँम् + वद । By 6-3-67 अरुर्द्विषदजन्तस्य मुम् – When followed by a उत्तरपदम् (latter member of a compound) which ends in a खित् (having खकार: as a इत्) affix, the पूर्वपदम् (prior member of a compound) takes the augment मुँम् provided the following two conditions are satisfied:
(i) the पूर्वपदम् is either “अरुस्”, “द्विषत्” or ends in a अच् (vowel)
(ii) the पूर्वपदम् is not a अव्ययम्
As per 1-1-47 मिदचोऽन्त्यात्परः, the मुँम् augment joins after the last vowel (in this case अकार:) of “प्रिय”।

(5) प्रियम् + वद । अनुबन्ध-लोप: by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत्, 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम् and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः। प्रियम् has the पद-सञ्ज्ञा here by 1-4-14 सुप्तिङन्तं पदम् with the help of 1-1-62 प्रत्ययलोपे प्रत्ययलक्षणम्। This allows 8-3-23 मोऽनुस्वारः to apply in the next step

(6) प्रियंवद । By 8-3-23 मोऽनुस्वारः।

The विवक्षा is पुंलिङ्गे सम्बुद्धिः।

(7) (हे) प्रियंवद + सुँ (सम्बुद्धिः) । By 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टा…। The affix “सुँ” has the सम्बुद्धि-सञ्ज्ञा here by 2-3-49 एकवचनं संबुद्धिः।

(8) (हे) प्रियंवद + स् । अनुबन्ध-लोप: by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत् and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः। The सकार: which is an एकाल् (single letter) प्रत्यय: gets the अपृक्त-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-2-41 अपृक्त एकाल् प्रत्ययः।

(9) (हे) प्रियंवद । By 6-1-69 एङ्ह्रस्वात्‌ सम्बुद्धेः।

Questions:

1. Commenting on the affix खच् prescribed by the सूत्रम् 3-2-38 प्रियवशे वदः खच् (used in step 1), the काशिका says – चकारः ‘6-4-94 खचि ह्रस्वः’ इति विशेषणार्थः। Please explain.

2. Commenting on the comment (shown in question 1) made in the काशिका, the तत्त्वबोधिनी says – ‘एकानुबन्धग्रहणे द्व्यनुबन्धस्य न ग्रहणम्’ इति खशि न भविष्यतीत्यादिना वृत्तिग्रन्थस्यायुक्तत्वमाहुः। Please explain.

3. Can you spot an affix यत् in the verses?

4. Which affix is used to derive the form ‘प्रिय’?

5. Which सूत्रम् prescribes the affix ङीप् in the form ‘नदी’?

6. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“No one likes a person who does not speak kindly.” Paraphrase to “A person who does not speak kindly is not pleasing unto anyone.” Use √रुच् (रुचँ दीप्तावभिप्रीतौ च १. ८४७) for “to please.” To express the meaning of “unto” use चतुर्थी विभक्ति: with “anyone.” Use a उपपद-समास: for “one who speaks kindly.”

Easy Questions:

1. Where has 7-3-105 आङि चापः been used in the verses?

2. In which word in the verses has लँट् been used?