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घातयति 3AS-लँट्

Today we will look at the form घातयति 3AS-लँट् from श्रीमद्भगवद्गीता 2-21

वेदाविनाशिनं नित्यं य एनमजमव्ययम्‌ |
कथं स पुरुषः पार्थ कं घातयति हन्ति कम्‌ || 2-21||

Gita Press translation “Arjuna, the man who knows this soul to be imperishable; eternal and free from birth and decay, how and whom will he cause to be killed, how and whom will he kill?”

घातयति is a causative form derived from the धातुः √हन् (हनँ हिंसागत्योः २. २)

The ending vowel of “हनँ” is an इत् as per 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत् and takes लोप: by 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः

हन् + णिच् । By 3-1-26 हेतुमति च – The affix “णिच्” is used after a root, when the operation of a causer – such as the operation of directing – is to be expressed. “णिच्” gets आर्धधातुक-सञ्ज्ञा by 3-4-114 आर्धधातुकं शेषः
= घन् + णिच् । By 7-3-54 हो हन्तेर्ञ्णिन्नेषु, the हकारः of √हन् gets replaced by a letter of the कवर्ग: when followed by an affix with ञकारः or णकारः as an इत् , or when followed (immediately) by a नकारः।
= घत् + णिच् । By 7-3-32 हनस्तोऽचिण्णलोः – The ending letter (नकार:) of the verbal root √हन् (हनँ हिंसागत्योः २. २) is replaced by a तकार:, when followed by a प्रत्यय: (other than “चिण्” or “णल्”) which is either ञित् or णित्।
= घात् + णिच् । By 7-2-116 अत उपधायाः – A penultimate (उपधा) अकार: of a अङ्गम् gets वृद्धिः as the substitute when followed by a प्रत्ययः which is either ञित् or णित्।
= घात् + इ । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-7 चुटू, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः
= घाति।

“घाति” gets धातु-सञ्ज्ञा by 3-1-32 सनाद्यन्ता धातवः

As per 1-3-74 णिचश्च, the verbal roots that end in the णिच्-प्रत्ययः shall take आत्मनेपद-प्रत्ययाः when the fruit of the action (क्रियाफलम्) accrues to the doer (कर्त्रभिप्रायम् = कर्तृ-अभिप्रायम्)। In the remaining case – when the fruit of the action does not accrue to the doer these verbal roots shall take परस्मैपद-प्रत्ययाः।
In reality though, this distinction of the fruit of the action accruing to the doer or not, is rarely honored in the language. So as a practical matter, a verbal root that ends in the णिच्-प्रत्ययः will take either आत्मनेपद-प्रत्ययाः or परस्मैपद-प्रत्ययाः regardless of whether the fruit of the action accrues to the doer or not. In short, it will be उभयपदी। Here it has taken a परस्मैपद-प्रत्ययः।

The विवक्षा is लँट्, कर्तरि प्रयोगः, हेतुमति, प्रथम-पुरुषः, एकवचनम्, therefore the प्रत्यय: will be “तिप्”।

(1) घाति + लँट् । By 3-2-123 वर्तमाने लट्, the affix लँट् comes after a धातुः when denoting an action in the present tense.

(2) घाति + ल् । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत्, 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः

(3) घाति + तिप् । 3-4-78 तिप्तस्झिसिप्थस्थमिब्वस्मस्तातांझथासाथांध्वमिड्वहिमहिङ् mandates the प्रत्ययः “तिप्” as the substitute for the लकारः। “तिप्” gets the सार्वधातुक-सञ्ज्ञा by 3-4-113 तिङ्शित्सार्वधातुकम्

(4) घाति + ति । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः

(5) घाति + शप् + तिप् । By 3-1-68 कर्तरि शप्‌, the शप्-प्रत्यय: is placed after a verbal root, when followed by a सार्वधातुक-प्रत्यय: that is used signifying the agent.

(6) घाति + अ + तिप् । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-8 लशक्वतद्धिते , 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः

(7) घाते + अ + ति । By 7-3-84 सार्वधातुकार्धधातुकयोः, an अङ्गम् whose final letter is an इक् gets गुण-आदेशः, when a सार्वधातुक-प्रत्यय: or an आर्धधातुक-प्रत्यय: follows.

(8) घातयति । By 6-1-78 एचोऽयवायावः

Questions:

1. In the last verse of which chapter of the गीता has √हन् (हनँ हिंसागत्योः २. २) been used in a तिङन्तं पदम्?

2. Can you spot a “णल्”-प्रत्यय: in the verse?

3. Where has 2-4-34 द्वितीयाटौस्स्वेनः been used in the verse?

4. In the verse, can you spot a word in which the शप्-प्रत्यय: has taken the लुक् elision?

5. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“O Lord! Destroy all my sins.” Use √हन् (हनँ हिंसागत्योः २. २) in the causative for “to destroy” (literally – “cause to be killed.”)

6. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“You should teach my son grammar.” Use √इ (इङ् अध्ययने | नित्यमधिपूर्वः २. ४१) in the causative with the उपसर्ग: “अधि” for “to teach” (literally – “cause to study.”) Use द्वितीया विभक्ति: with both “son” and “grammar.”

Easy questions:

1. Where has 6-1-69 एङ्ह्रस्वात्‌ सम्बुद्धेः been used in the verse?

2. Can you spot a place in the verse where the “सुँ”-प्रत्यय: has taken लोप:?


1 Comment

  1. Questions:
    1. In the last verse of which chapter of the गीता has √हन् (हनँ हिंसागत्योः २. २) been used in a तिङन्तं पदम्?
    Answer: √हन् (हनँ हिंसागत्योः २. २) has been used in a तिङन्तं पदम् in the form जहि in verse 43, Chapter Three.
    एवं बुद्धेः परं बुद्धवा संस्तभ्यात्मानमात्मना ।
    जहि शत्रुं महाबाहो कामरूपं दुरासदम् ॥ 3-43 ॥

    The विवक्षा in जहि is लोँट्, कर्तरि प्रयोग:, मध्यम-पुरुषः, एकवचनम्।
    हन् + लोँट् । By 3-3-162 लोट् च ।
    = हन् + ल् । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत्, 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।
    = हन् + सिप् । 3-4-78 तिप्तस्झिसिप्थस्थमिब्वस्मस्तातांझथासाथांध्वमिड्वहिमहिङ्।
    = हन् + सि। अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।
    = हन् + हि । By 3-4-87 सेर्ह्यपिच्च।
    = हन् + शप् + हि । By 3-1-68 कर्तरि शप् ।
    = हन् + हि । By 2-4-72 अदिप्रभृतिभ्यः शपः ।
    = जहि । By 6-4-36 हन्तेर्जः, when followed by the हि-प्रत्ययः, “हन्” gets “ज” as the replacement.
    Now by 6-4-105 अतो हेः, the हि-प्रत्ययः should have taken elision. Since both 6-4-36 and 6-4-105 belong to the अधिकारः of 6-4-22 असिद्धवदत्राभात्‌, the ज-आदेश: that was done by 6-4-36 is not seen by 6-4-105. Only हन् is seen by 6-4-105 and therefore there is no elision of the हि-प्रत्ययः here and the form remains as जहि।
    Note: Both 6-4-36 and 6-4-105 prescribe an operation that involves the हि-प्रत्यय:। Since they are both based on a common element, 6-4-22 असिद्धवदत्राभात्‌ comes into effect.

    2. Can you spot a “णल्”-प्रत्यय: in the verse?
    Answer: “णल्”-प्रत्यय: is seen in the form वेद derived from the धातुः √विद् (विदँ ज्ञाने, अदादि-गणः, धातु-पाठः २. ५९).
    The विवक्षा is लँट्, कर्तरि प्रयोग:, प्रथम-पुरुषः, एकवचनम्।
    विद्+ लँट् । By 3-2-123 वर्तमाने लट्।
    = विद्+ ल् । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत्, 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।
    = विद्+ तिप् । 3-4-78 तिप्तस्झिसिप्थस्थमिब्वस्मस्तातांझथासाथांध्वमिड्वहिमहिङ्।
    = विद्+ णल् । By 3-4-83 विदो लटो वा, the affixes (“तिप्”, “तस्” etc.) of लँट् following the verbal root √विद् (विदँ ज्ञाने २. ५९ ) optionally get the nine affixes “णल्”, “अतुस्” etc., as replacements respectively.
    Note: The nine परस्मैपद-प्रत्यया: [“तिप्”, “तस्”, “झि”, “सिप्”, “थस्”, “थ”, “मिप्”, “वस्”, “मस्”] of लँट् optionally get “णल्”, “अतुस्”, “उस्”, “थल्”, “अथुस्”, “अ”, “णल्”, “व”, “म” as replacements. As per 1-3-10 यथासंख्यमनुदेशः समानाम्, the substitutions are done respectively.
    = विद् + अ । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-7 चुटू, 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।
    = विद् + शप् + अ । By 3-1-68 कर्तरि शप्।
    = विद् + अ । By 2-4-72 अदिप्रभृतिभ्यः शपः।
    = वेद । By 7-3-86 पुगन्तलघूपधस्य च।

    वेद + अविनाशिनम् = वेदाविनाशिनम् by 6-1-101 अकः सवर्णे दीर्घः।

    3. Where has 2-4-34 द्वितीयाटौस्स्वेनः been used in the verse?
    Answer: 2-4-34 द्वितीयाटौस्स्वेनः has been used in the verse in the form एनम् (प्रातिपदिकम् “इदम्” or “एतद्”, पुंलिङ्गे द्वितीया-एकवचनम्)।
    इदम्/एतद् + अम् । By 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टा………..।
    = एन + अम् । By 2-4-34 द्वितीयाटौस्स्वेनः, “इदम्” as well as “एतद्” gets ‘एन’ as the replacement when followed by the affixes of the second case or the affix ‘टा’ or ‘ओस्’, when used in अन्वादेश:। Note: अन्वादेश: (अनु + आदेश:) (re-employment or after-statement) means a second reference to one and the same item already referred to by an earlier word.
    = एनम् । By 6-1-107 अमि पूर्वः, in place of a preceding अक् letter and the following vowel (अच्) belonging to the affix अम् there is a single substitute of that preceding अक् letter. In this case, in place of the ending अकार: of “एन” and the following अकार: of “अम्” there is a single substitute which is the prior अकार:।

    4. In the verse, can you spot a word in which the शप्-प्रत्यय: has taken the लुक् elision?
    Answer: The शप्-प्रत्यय: has taken the लुक् elision using the सूत्रम् 2-4-72 अदिप्रभृतिभ्यः शपः in the forms वेद (question #2) and हन्ति derived from the धातुः √हन् (हनँ हिंसागत्योः २. २).
    हन् + लँट् । By 3-2-123 वर्तमाने लट्।
    = हन् + ल् । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत्, 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।
    = हन् + तिप् । 3-4-78 तिप्तस्झिसिप्थस्थमिब्वस्मस्तातांझथासाथांध्वमिड्वहिमहिङ्।
    = हन् + ति । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।
    = हन् + शप् + ति । By 3-1-68 कर्तरि शप्।
    = हन्ति । By 2-4-72 अदिप्रभृतिभ्यः शपः – The शप्-प्रत्ययः takes the लुक् elision when following a verbal root belonging to अदादि-गणः

    5. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
    “O Lord! Destroy all my sins.” Use √हन् (हनँ हिंसागत्योः २. २) in the causative for “to destroy” (literally – “cause to be killed.”)
    Answer: (हे) ईश्वर/भगवन् मम सर्वाणि पापानि घातय।

    6. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
    “You should teach my son grammar.” Use √इ (इङ् अध्ययने | नित्यमधिपूर्वः २. ४१) in the causative with the उपसर्ग: “अधि” for “to teach” (literally – “cause to study.”) Use द्वितीया विभक्ति: with both “son” and “grammar.”
    Answer: मम पुत्रम् व्याकरणम् अध्यापयेः = मम पुत्रं व्याकरणमध्यापयेः ।

    Easy questions:
    1. Where has 6-1-69 एङ्ह्रस्वात् सम्बुद्धेः been used in the verse?
    Answer: 6-1-69 एङ्ह्रस्वात् सम्बुद्धेः has been used in the verse in the form (हे) पार्थ (पुंलिङ्ग-प्रातिपदिकम् “पार्थ”, सम्बुद्धि:) ।
    (हे) पार्थ + सुँ (4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्…। “सुँ” gets the सम्बुद्धि-सञ्ज्ञा by 2-3-49 एकवचनं संबुद्धिः)
    = (हे) पार्थ + स् (1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत्, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः)
    = (हे) पार्थ (6-1-69 एङ्ह्रस्वात् सम्बुद्धेः – Following an अङ्गम् ending in एङ् (“ए” or “ओ”) or a short vowel, a consonant is dropped if it belongs to a सम्बुद्धि: affix.)

    2. Can you spot a place in the verse where the “सुँ”-प्रत्यय: has taken लोप:?
    Answer: The “सुँ”-प्रत्यय: has taken लोप: in the सन्धि-कार्यम् between सः and पुरुषः ।
    सस् + पुरुषः।
    = स पुरुषः । 6-1-132 एतत्तदोः सुलोपोऽकोरनञ्समासे हलि, The affix “सुँ” (nominative singular case ending) applied to the प्रातिपदिकम् (nominal base) “तद्” or “एतद्” is dropped when any consonant (हल्) follows.
    (Note: “सस्” is the masculine nominative singular form of the प्रातिपदिकम् (nominal base) “तद्”)।

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