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निनदम् mAs

Today we will look at the form निनदम् mAs from श्रीमद्-वाल्मीकि-रामायणम् 4.15.2.

अथ तस्य निनादं तं सुग्रीवस्य महात्मनः । शुश्रावान्तःपुरगतो वाली भ्रातुरमर्षणः ।। ४-१५-१ ।।
श्रुत्वा तु तस्य निनदं सर्वभूतप्रकम्पनम् । मदश्चैकपदे नष्टः क्रोधश्चापादितो महान् ।। ४-१५-२ ।।
स तु रोषपरीताङ्गो वाली स कनकप्रभः । उपरक्त इवादित्यः सद्यो निष्प्रभतां गतः ।। ४-१५-३ ।।
वाली दंष्ट्राकरालस्तु क्रोधाद्दीप्ताग्निलोचनः । भात्युत्पतितपद्माभः समृणाल इव ह्रदः ।। ४-१५-४ ।।

Gita Press translation – Vālī, who was intolerant (by nature), and who happened to be in his gynaeceum (at the time), forthwith heard the aforesaid roar of the celebrated Sugrīva, who was noted for his extraordinary fortitude (1). On hearing his roar, which caused all created beings to tremble (with fear), Vālī’s vanity vanished all at once and a violent rage was aroused (in him) (2). The notorious Vālī, who possessed splendor of gold, thereupon lost his brilliance at once as the sun under eclipse, (all) his limbs seized with anger (3). Vālī, for his part, who looked fierce with his teeth and whose eyes shone like a blazing fire through anger, looked like a pond from which the splendor of lotuses has disappeared and in which the fibrous roots (alone) float (4).

निनदनं निनद:।

The प्रातिपदिकम् ‘निनद’ is derived from the verbal root √नद् (णदँ अव्यक्ते शब्दे १. ५६) preceded by the उपसर्ग: ‘नि’। The initial णकार: of ‘णदँ’ is replaced by a नकार: by 6-1-65 णो नः

(1) नि नद् + अप् । By the 3-3-64 नौ गदनदपठस्वनः – The affix अप् is optionally used following the verbal root √गद् (गदँ व्यक्तायां वाचि १.५४) or √नद् (णदँ अव्यक्ते शब्दे १. ५६) or √पठ् (पठँ व्यक्तायां वाचि १. ३८१) or √स्वन् (स्वनँ शब्दे १. ९६१) – provided any one of these verbal roots is preceded by the उपसर्ग: ‘नि’ – to denote either (i) the sense of the verbal root as having attained to a completed state or (ii) any कारक: except the agent of the action, provided the word so derived is a proper name.
Note: In the other case (where the affix अप् is not used) the affix घञ् is used as per 3-3-18 भावे and 3-3-19 अकर्तरि च कारके संज्ञायाम्

See question 2.

(2) नि नद् + अ । अनुबन्ध-लोप: by 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम् and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः

= निनद । ‘निनद’ gets प्रातिपदिक-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-2-46 कृत्तद्धितसमासाश्च – A word form that ends in a कृत्-प्रत्ययः or a तद्धित-प्रत्ययः and so also compounds gets the name प्रातिपदिकम्।

Note: घञबन्त: (लिङ्गानुशासनम् २.२) – A प्रातिपदिकम् ending in the affix ‘घञ्’ or ‘अप्’ is used in the masculine gender.

The विवक्षा is द्वितीया-एकवचनम्

(3) निनद + अम् । By 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टाभ्याम्भिस्ङेभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसिँभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसोसाम्ङ्योस्सुप्1-3-4 न विभक्तौ तुस्माः prevents the ending मकारः of ‘अम्’ from getting इत्-सञ्ज्ञा।

(4) निनदम् । By 6-1-107 अमि पूर्वः – In place of a preceding अक् letter and the following vowel (अच्) belonging to the affix ‘अम्’ there is a single substitute of that preceding अक् letter.

Questions:

1. In Chapter One of the गीता can you spot a प्रातिपदिकम् (used as part of a compound) formed using the affix घञ् with the verbal root √नद् (णदँ अव्यक्ते शब्दे १. ५६)?

2. What would be the alternate final form in the example? (Hint: This form has been used in the verses.)

3. Which सूत्रम् prevents the affix ‘क्त’ from taking the augment ‘इट्’ in the form नष्टः?

4. Which कृत् affix is used to form the प्रातिपदिकम् ‘दंष्ट्रा’ (used as part of the compound दंष्ट्राकरालः in the verses)?

5. Where has the सूत्रम् 6-4-24 अनिदितां हल उपधायाः क्ङिति been used in the verses?

6. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“The lion’s roar caused all the deer to tremble.” Use (a causative form) of the verbal root √कम्प् (कपिँ चलने १. ४३५) preceded by the उपसर्ग: ‘प्र’ for ‘to tremble.’

Easy questions:

1. In the verses can you spot a प्रातिपदिकम् ending in the letter ‘ऋ’?

2. Where has the सूत्रम् 6-4-13 सौ च been used in the verses?


1 Comment

  1. 1. In Chapter One of the गीता can you spot a प्रातिपदिकम् (used as part of a compound) formed using the affix घञ् with the verbal root √नद् (णदँ अव्यक्ते शब्दे १. ५६)?
    Answer: The प्रातिपदिकम् ‘नाद’ used in the compound सिंहनादम् is formed using the affix घञ् with the verbal root √नद् (णदँ अव्यक्ते शब्दे १. ५६).
    तस्य सञ्जनयन्हर्षं कुरुवृद्धः पितामहः |
    सिंहनादं विनद्योच्चैः शङ्खं दध्मौ प्रतापवान्‌ || 1-12||

    नद् + घञ् । By 3-3-18 भावे
    = नद् + अ । अनुबन्ध-लोप: by 1-3-8 लशक्वतद्धिते, 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम् and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।
    = नाद् + अ = नाद । By 7-2-116 अत उपधायाः।

    ‘नाद’ gets प्रातिपदिक-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-2-46 कृत्तद्धितसमासाश्च। Note: घञबन्त: (लिङ्गानुशासनम् २.२) – A प्रातिपदिकम् ending in the affix ‘घञ्’ or ‘अप्’ is used in the masculine gender.

    2. What would be the alternate final form in the example? (Hint: This form has been used in the verses.)
    Answer: The alternate final form in this example would be निनादम्।

    The प्रातिपदिकम् ‘निनाद’ is derived from the verbal root √नद् (णदँ अव्यक्ते शब्दे १. ५६) preceded by the उपसर्ग: ‘नि’ as follows:
    नि नद् + घञ् । By 3-3-18 भावे। Note: This is the case where the optional affix अप् prescribed by 3-3-64 नौ गदनदपठस्वनः is not used.
    = नि नद् + अ । अनुबन्ध-लोप: by 1-3-8 लशक्वतद्धिते, 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम् and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।
    = नि नाद् + अ = निनाद । By 7-2-116 अत उपधायाः।

    ‘निनाद’ gets प्रातिपदिक-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-2-46 कृत्तद्धितसमासाश्च। Note: घञबन्त: (लिङ्गानुशासनम् २.२) – A प्रातिपदिकम् ending in the affix ‘घञ्’ or ‘अप्’ is used in the masculine gender.

    3. Which सूत्रम् prevents the affix ‘क्त’ from taking the augment ‘इट्’ in the form नष्टः?
    Answer: In the form नष्टः (पुंलिङ्गे प्रथमा-एकवचनम्) the निष्ठा affix ‘त’ is prevented from taking the augment ‘इट्’ by the सूत्रम् 7-2-15 यस्य विभाषा – If a verbal root optionally allows an augment इट् in some case, then following that verbal root a निष्ठा affix (ref. 1-1-26) is prohibited from taking the augment इट्। Note: 7-2-15 applies here because as per 7-2-45 रधादिभ्यश्च – An आर्धधातुक-प्रत्यय: beginning with a letter of the वल्-प्रत्याहारः optionally gets the augment इट् when following the verbal root √रध् (रधँ हिंसासंराद्ध्योः ४. ९०) or √नश् (णशँ अदर्शने ४. ९१) or √तृप् (तृपँ प्रीणने ४. ९२) or √दृप् (दृपँ हर्षमोहनयोः ४. ९३) or √द्रुह् (द्रुहँ जिघांसायाम् ४. ९४) or √मुह् (मुहँ वैचित्त्ये ४. ९५) or √स्नुह् (ष्णुहँ उद्गिरणे ४. ९६) or √स्निह् (ष्णिहँ प्रीतौ ४. ९७).

    Please refer to the following post for the derivation of the प्रातिपदिकम् ‘नष्ट’ – http://avg-sanskrit.org/2012/12/03/नष्टाः-mnp/

    4. Which कृत् affix is used to form the प्रातिपदिकम् ‘दंष्ट्रा’ (used as part of the compound दंष्ट्राकरालः in the verses)?
    Answer: The कृत् affix ष्‍ट्रन् prescribed by the सूत्रम् 3-2-182 दाम्नीशसयुयुजस्तुतुदसिसिचमिहपतदशनहः करणे is used to form the प्रातिपदिकम् ‘दंष्ट्रा’।

    Please refer to the following for the derivation of the प्रातिपदिकम् ‘दंष्ट्रा’ – http://avg-sanskrit.org/2013/02/01/दंष्ट्रया-fis/

    5. Where has the सूत्रम् 6-4-24 अनिदितां हल उपधायाः क्ङिति been used in the verses?
    Answer: The सूत्रम् 6-4-24 अनिदितां हल उपधायाः क्ङिति has been used in the form उपरक्तः (प्रातिपदिकम् ‘उपरक्त’, पुंलिङ्गे प्रथमा-एकवचनम्)।

    The प्रातिपदिकम् ‘उपरक्त’ is derived from the verbal root √रन्ज् (रन्जँ रागे १. ११५४, ४. ६३) preceded by the उपसर्ग: ‘उप’।
    उप रन्ज् + क्त । By 3-2-102 निष्ठा। Note: Note: Since the verbal root √रन्ज् is used intransitively (अकर्मक:) here the affix ‘क्त’ denotes the agent (कर्तरि) as per 3-4-72 गत्यर्थाकर्मकश्लिषशीङ्स्थासवसजनरुहजीर्यतिभ्यश्च।
    = उप रन्ज् + त । अनुबन्ध-लोप: by 1-3-8 लशक्वतद्धिते and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।
    Note: 7-2-10 एकाच उपदेशेऽनुदात्तात्‌ prevents the affix ‘त’ is prevented from taking the augment इट् which would have been brought in by 7-2-35 आर्धधातुकस्येड् वलादेः।
    = उप रज् + त । नकार-लोप: by 6-4-24 अनिदितां हल उपधायाः क्ङिति – The penultimate letter ‘न्’ of bases that end in a consonant and that do not have the letter ‘इ’ as a marker, takes लोपः when followed by an affix that has the letter ‘क्’ or the letter ‘ङ्’ as a marker. Note: The affix ‘क्त’ is a कित्। This allows 6-4-24 to apply.
    = उप रग् + त । By 8-2-30 चोः कुः।
    = उपरक्त । By 8-4-55 खरि च।
    ‘उपरक्त’ gets the प्रातिपदिक-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-2-46 कृत्तद्धितसमासाश्च।

    The विवक्षा in उपरक्तः is पुंलिङ्गे, प्रथमा-एकवचनम्।
    उपरक्त + सुँ । By 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टाभ्याम्भिस्ङेभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसिँभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसोसाम्ङ्योस्सुप्।
    = उपरक्त + स् । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत् and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।
    = उपरक्तः । रुँत्व-विसर्गौ by 8-2-66 ससजुषो रुः and 8-3-15 खरवसानयोर्विसर्जनीयः।

    6. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
    “The lion’s roar caused all the deer to tremble.” Use (a causative form) of the verbal root √कम्प् (कपिँ चलने १. ४३५) preceded by the उपसर्ग: ‘प्र’ for ‘to tremble.’
    Answer: सिंहस्य निनादः/निनदः सर्वान् मृगान् प्राकम्पयत्।

    Easy questions:

    1. In the verses can you spot a प्रातिपदिकम् ending in the letter ‘ऋ’?
    Answer: The प्रातिपदिकम् ‘भ्रातृ’ used in the form भ्रातु: (षष्ठी-एकवचनम्) ends in the letter ‘ऋ’।

    भ्रातृ + ङस् । By 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टा…।
    = भ्रातृ + अस् । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-8 लशक्वतद्धिते, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः। 1-3-4 न विभक्तौ तुस्माः prevents the ending letter ‘स्’ of ‘ङस्’ from getting इत्-सञ्ज्ञा।
    = भ्रातुर् स् । By 6-1-111 ऋत उत्‌, 1-1-51 उरण् रपरः।
    = भ्रातुर् । By 8-2-23 संयोगान्तस्य लोपः along with 8-2-24 रात् सस्य।
    = भ्रातु: । By 8-3-15 खरवसानयोर्विसर्जनीयः।

    2. Where has the सूत्रम् 6-4-13 सौ च been used in the verses?
    Answer: The सूत्रम् 6-4-13 सौ च has been used in the form वाली (प्रातिपदिकम् ‘वालिन्’, पुंलिङ्गे प्रथमा-एकवचनम्)।

    Please refer to answer to question 2 in the following comment for the derivation of the form वाली – http://avg-sanskrit.org/2011/06/13/क्रामति-3as-लँट्/#comment-1041

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