Today we will look at the form कुर्याम् 1As-विधिलिँङ् from श्रीमद्भागवतम् Sb10.57.12

नाहमीश्वरयोः कुर्यां हेलनं रामकृष्णयोः ।
को नु क्षेमाय कल्पेत तयोर्वृजिनमाचरन् ।। १०-५७-१२ ।।

Gita Press translation “I dare not cross the two almighty Brothers. Having given offense to Them, who can as a matter of fact hope to live in peace?”

कुर्याम् is derived from the धातुः √कृ (तनादि-गणः, डुकृञ् करणे, धातु-पाठः # ८. १०)

The “डु” at the beginning of this धातुः gets इत्-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-3-5 आदिर्ञिटुडवः। The ञकारः at the end gets इत्-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्। Both take लोप: by 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

Since the √कृ-धातुः has ञकारः as इत् in the धातु-पाठः by 1-3-72 स्वरितञितः कर्त्रभिप्राये क्रियाफले, the √कृ-धातुः will take आत्मनेपद-प्रत्ययाः when the fruit of the action (क्रियाफलम्) accrues to the doer (कर्त्रभिप्रायम् = कर्तृ-अभिप्रायम्)। In the remaining case – when the fruit of the action does not accrue to the doer – by 1-3-78 शेषात् कर्तरि परस्मैपदम् – the √कृ-धातुः will take परस्मैपद-प्रत्ययाः।

In reality though, this distinction of the fruit of the action accruing to the doer or not, is rarely honored in the language. So as a practical matter, a verbal root such as “√कृ” will take either आत्मनेपद-प्रत्ययाः or परस्मैपद-प्रत्ययाः regardless of whether the fruit of the action accrues to the doer or not. In short, √कृ-धातुः will be उभयपदी। In this verse, it has taken a परस्मैपद-प्रत्यय:।

The विवक्षा is विधिलिँङ्, कर्तरि प्रयोग:, उत्तम-पुरुष-एकवचनम्।

(1) कृ + लिँङ् । By 3-3-161 विधिनिमन्त्रणामन्त्रणाधीष्टसंप्रश्नप्रार्थनेषु लिङ्, the affix लिङ् is prescribed after a धातुः when used in the sense of command, direction, invitation, request, inquiry and entreaty.

(2) कृ + ल् । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत्, 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

(3) कृ + मिप् । By 3-4-78 तिप्तस्झिसिप्थस्थमिब्वस्मस्तातांझथासाथांध्वमिड्वहिमहिङ्, 1-3-78 शेषात् कर्तरि परस्मैपदम्। ‘मिप्’ gets the सार्वधातुक-सञ्ज्ञा by 3-4-113 तिङ्शित्सार्वधातुकम् – The affixes of the तिङ्-प्रत्याहारः and the affixes that have the letter ‘श्’ as an इत् get the designation of सार्वधातुकम् if they are prescribed in the ‘धातो:’ अधिकार:।

(4) कृ + अम् । By 3-4-101 तस्थस्थमिपां तांतंतामः – The तिङ् affixes ‘तस्’, ‘थस्’, ‘थ’ and ‘मिप्’ of a लकारः which is a ङित्, are replaced by ‘ताम्’, ‘तम्’, ‘त’ and ‘अम्’ respectively (ref: 1-3-10 यथासंख्यमनुदेशः समानाम्)। As per 1-1-55 अनेकाल्शित्सर्वस्य, the entire term ‘मिप्’ is replaced by ‘अम्’। 1-3-4 न विभक्तौ तुस्माः prevents ending letter ‘म्’ of ‘अम्’ from getting the इत्-सञ्ज्ञा।

(5) कृ + यासुट् अम् । By 3-4-103 यासुट् परस्मैपदेषूदात्तो ङिच्च, the परस्मैपदम् affixes of लिँङ् get यासुट् as an augment, and this augment is उदात्तः and a ङित्। 1-1-46 आद्यन्तौ टकितौ places the यासुट्-आगमः before the प्रत्यय:।

(6) कृ + यास् अम् । The letter ‘उ’ in यासुट् is for pronunciation only (उच्चारणार्थम्)। The letter ‘ट्’ is an इत् by 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम् and takes लोप: by 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

(7) कृ + या अम् । By 7-2-79 लिङः सलोपोऽनन्‍त्‍यस्‍य, the letter ‘स्’ of a सार्वधातुक-लिङ् affix is elided, provided it is not the final letter of the affix.

(8) कृ + याम् । By 6-1-101 अकः सवर्णे दीर्घः।

(9) कृ + उ + याम् । By 3-1-79 तनादिकृञ्भ्य उः, when a सार्वधातुक-प्रत्ययः signifying the agent follows, the affix ‘उ’ is placed after the verbal root √कृ (डुकृञ् करणे ८. १०) and also after a verbal root belonging to the तनादि-गणः। ‘उ’ gets आर्धधातुक-सञ्ज्ञा by 3-4-114 आर्द्धधातुकं शेषः।

(10) कर् + उ + याम् । By 7-3-84 सार्वधातुकार्धधातुकयोः, an अङ्गम् whose final letter is an इक् gets गुण-आदेशः, when a सार्वधातुकम् affix or an आर्धधातुकम् affix follows. By 1-1-51 उरण् रपरः, in the place of ऋवर्ण: if an अण् letter (‘अ’, ‘इ’, ‘उ’) comes as a substitute, it is always followed by a रँ (‘र्’, ‘ल्’) letter.
Note: Since यासुट् is a ङित् (by 3-4-103 यासुट् परस्मैपदेषूदात्तो ङिच्च), 1-1-5 क्क्ङिति च prevents the गुणादेश: for the letter ‘उ’ which would have taken place by 7-3-84 सार्वधातुकार्धधातुकयोः।

(11) कुर् + उ + याम् । By 6-4-110 अत उत्‌ सार्वधातुके, when √कृ (डुकृञ् करणे ८. १०) ends in the affix ‘उ’ and is followed by a सार्वधातुकम् affix which is a कित् or a ङित्, then there is a substitution of letter ‘उ’ in place of the letter ‘अ’ (which is a result of गुणादेशः) of √कृ।

(12) कुर्याम् । By 6-4-109 ये च, the letter ‘उ’ of an affix following the verbal root √कृ (डुकृञ् करणे, # ८. १०) takes लोप: (elision), when followed by an affix beginning with the letter ‘य्’।

Note: 8-2-79 न भकुर्छुराम् prevents the दीर्घादेशः (elongation) of the उपधा (letter ‘उ’) of the अङ्गम् ‘कुर्’ that would have been done by 8-2-77 हलि च।

Questions:

1. Where is कुर्याम् used in the गीता?

2. Can you spot a ‘सीयुट्’-आगम: in the verse?

3. Can you spot a एकारादेश: (letter ‘ए’ as a substitute) in the verse?

4. How would one say this in Sanskrit?
“Knowledge is conducive to happiness.” Use चतुर्थी विभक्ति: with the neuter प्रातिपदिकम् “सुख” (happiness.) Use a धातु: from the verse for “to be conducive to.”

5. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“One should never eat meat.” Use the neuter प्रातिपदिकम् “मांस” for “meat” and √भुज् (भुजँ पालनाभ्यवहारयोः, धातु-पाठः # ७. १७) for “to eat.”

6. Use some words from the verse to construct the following sentence in Sanskrit:
“I dare not insult the teacher.”

Easy questions:

1. Why didn’t the ending नकार: of आचरन् (प्रातिपदिकम् “आचरत्”, पुंलिङ्गे प्रथमा-एकवचनम्) take लोप: by 8-2-7 नलोपः प्रातिपदिकान्तस्य?

2. Where has 7-3-102 सुपि च been used in the verse?