Today we will look at the form प्रमादात् m-Ab-s from श्रीमद्-वाल्मीकि-रामायणम् 4.15.2.
प्रमादाच्चरितं किंचित् कच्चिन्नावरजस्य मे । लक्ष्मणस्यर्षिभिर्दृष्टं नानुरूपं महात्मनः ।। २-११६-६ ।।
कच्चिच्छुश्रूषमाणा वः शुश्रूषणपरा मयि । प्रमदाभ्युचितां वृत्तिं सीता युक्तां न वर्तते ।। २-११६-७ ।।
अथर्षिर्जरया वृद्धस्तपसा च जरां गतः । वेपमान इवोवाच रामं भूतदयापरम् ।। २-११६-८ ।।
कुतः कल्याणसत्त्वायाः कल्याणाभिरतेः सदा । चलनं तात वैदेह्यास्तपस्विषु विशेषतः ।। २-११६-९ ।।
त्वन्निमित्तमिदं तावत्तापसान्प्रति वर्तते । रक्षोभ्यस्तेन संविग्नाः कथयन्ति मिथः कथाः ।। २-११६-१० ।।
Gita Press translation – I hope no lapse, unbecoming of an exalted soul, on the part of my younger brother, Lakṣmaṇa, has been detected by the sages (6). While attending on you, Sītā, who remains solely devoted to my service, does not, I am afraid, follow the conduct wholly worthy of a young lady and showing due respect (to you)” (7). The Ṛṣi, who was not only worn out from age but had also attained ripeness through askesis, replied (as follows), as though quaking, to Śrī Rāma, who regarded compassion for created beings as the highest virtue: – (8) “How can there be any aberration, my darling, on the part of Sītā (a princess of the Videha kingdom), who has a benign disposition and is ever devoted to goodness, particularly (in her attitude) towards ascetics? (9) This peril from the Rākṣasas threatens the ascetics because of you (who are kindly disposed to the latter). Alarmed by it, they hold conversation among themselves (10).
Note: The translation ‘lapse’ is of the phrase प्रमादाच्चरितम् which literally means ‘performed due to carelessness/error.’
The प्रातिपदिकम् ‘प्रमाद’ (carelessness, error) is derived from the verbal root √मद् (मदीँ हर्षे ४. १०५) preceded by the उपसर्गः ‘प्र’।
(1) प्र मद् + घञ् । By 3-3-18 भावे – The affix घञ् may be used following a verbal root to denote the sense of the verbal root as having attained to a completed state.
Note: As per 3-3-68 प्रमदसम्मदौ हर्षे – The two ready-made forms ‘प्रमद’ and ‘सम्मद’ are prescribed in the meaning of हर्ष: (joy.) In the present example the desired meaning is not हर्ष: (joy) and hence 3-3-68 does not apply here.
(2) प्र मद् + अ । अनुबन्ध-लोप: by 1-3-8 लशक्वतद्धिते, 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम् and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।
(3) प्र माद् + अ । By 7-2-116 अत उपधायाः – A penultimate (उपधा) अकार: of a अङ्गम् gets वृद्धिः as the substitute when followed by a प्रत्ययः which is a ञित् or a णित्।
= प्रमाद ।
‘प्रमाद’ gets प्रातिपदिक-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-2-46 कृत्तद्धितसमासाश्च – A word form that ends in a कृत्-प्रत्ययः or a तद्धित-प्रत्ययः and so also compounds gets the name प्रातिपदिकम्।
Note: घञबन्त: (लिङ्गानुशासनम् २.२) – A प्रातिपदिकम् ending in the affix ‘घञ्’ or ‘अप्’ is used in the masculine gender.
The विवक्षा is पञ्चमी-एकवचनम्।
(4) प्रमाद + ङसिँ । By 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टाभ्याम्भिस्ङेभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसिभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसोसाम्ङ्योस्सुप्।
(5) प्रमाद + आत् । By 7-1-12 टाङसिङसामिनात्स्याः – Following a अङ्गम् ending in a अकार:, the affixes ‘टा’, ‘ङसिँ’ and ‘ङस्’ are replaced respectively by ‘इन’, ‘आत्’ and ‘स्य’। 1-3-4 न विभक्तौ तुस्माः prevents the ending तकार: of ‘आत्’ from getting the इत्-सञ्ज्ञा।
(6) प्रमादात् । By 6-1-101 अकः सवर्णे दीर्घः।
Questions:
1. Where has प्रमादात् been used in the गीता?
2. Commenting on the सूत्रम् 3-3-68 प्रमदसम्मदौ हर्षे (referred to in step 1) the तत्त्वबोधिनी says – ‘प्रसंभ्यां हर्षे’ इति तु नोक्म्। प्रसंमदः, संप्रमद इति हर्षे मा भूदिति। Please explain.
3. Which सूत्रम् prescribes the नकारादेश: in the प्रातिपदिकम् ‘विग्न’ (used as part of the compound संविग्नाः in the verses)?
4. Where has the सूत्रम् 1-3-57 ज्ञाश्रुस्मृदृशां सनः been used in the verses?
5. Why doesn’t the सूत्रम् 6-1-58 सृजिदृशोर्झल्यमकिति apply in the form दृष्टम्? (Which condition is not satisfied?)
6. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“Even the wise make an error occasionally.” Paraphrase “Even of the wise an error takes place occasionally.” Use the adjective प्रातिपदिकम् ‘धीमत्’ for ‘wise’ and the अव्ययम् ‘क्वचित्’ for ‘occasionally.’ Use the verbal root √जन् (जनीँ प्रादुर्भावे ४. ४४) for ‘to take place.’
Easy questions:
1. Can you spot the affix ‘णिच्’ in the verses?
2. Which सूत्रम् prescribes the elision of the letter ‘न्’ in the form तपस्विषु (प्रातिपदिकम् ‘तपस्विन्’, पुंलिङ्गे सप्तमी-बहुवचनम्)?
1. Where has प्रमादात् been used in the गीता?
Answer: प्रमादात् has been used in the following verse in the गीता –
सखेति मत्वा प्रसभं यदुक्तं हे कृष्ण हे यादव हे सखेति |
अजानता महिमानं तवेदं मया प्रमादात्प्रणयेन वापि || 11-41||
2. Commenting on the सूत्रम् 3-3-68 प्रमदसम्मदौ हर्षे (referred to in step 1) the तत्त्वबोधिनी says – ‘प्रसंभ्यां हर्षे’ इति तु नोक्म्। प्रसंमदः, संप्रमद इति हर्षे मा भूदिति। Please explain.
Answer: Instead of composing the सूत्रम् 3-3-68 as प्रमदसम्मदौ हर्षे why didn’t पाणिनि: compose a more compact सूत्रम् as प्रसम्भ्यां हर्षे? The reason is that if the सूत्रम् had been प्रसम्भ्यां हर्षे it would have allowed the forms प्रसम्मदः and सम्प्रमदः in the sense of हर्षे। In order to avoid this undesirable consequence पाणिनि: composed the सूत्रम् 3-3-68 as प्रमदसम्मदौ हर्षे and not प्रसम्भ्यां हर्षे।
3. Which सूत्रम् prescribes the नकारादेश: in the प्रातिपदिकम् ‘विग्न’ (used as part of the compound संविग्नाः in the verses)?
Answer: The नकारादेश: (the letter ‘न्’ as a substitute) in the प्रातिपदिकम् ‘विग्न’ (derived from the verbal root √विज् (ओँविजीँ भयचलनयोः ६. ९, ओँविजीँ भयचलनयोः ७. २३)) is prescribed by the सूत्रम् 8-2-45 ओदितश्च – The letter ‘न्’ is the replacement in place of the letter ‘त्’ of a निष्ठा affix (ref. 1-1-26) which immediately follows a verbal root which has the letter ‘ओ’ as a इत्।
Please see answer to question 1 in the following comment for derivation of the प्रातिपदिकम् ‘विग्न’ – http://avg-sanskrit.org/2012/11/29/कृत्तः-mns/#comment-9470
4. Where has the सूत्रम् 1-3-57 ज्ञाश्रुस्मृदृशां सनः been used in the verses?
Answer: The सूत्रम् 1-3-57 ज्ञाश्रुस्मृदृशां सनः has been used in the derivation of the form शुश्रूषमाणा (प्रातिपदिकम् ‘शुश्रूषमाणा’, स्त्रीलिङ्गे प्रथमा-एकवचनम्)।
Please see answer to question 4 in the following comment for derivation of the प्रातिपदिकम् ‘शुश्रूषमाणा’ – http://avg-sanskrit.org/2013/03/15/संयावम्-mas/#comment-18952
5. Why doesn’t the सूत्रम् 6-1-58 सृजिदृशोर्झल्यमकिति apply in the form दृष्टम्? (Which condition is not satisfied?)
Answer: The प्रातिपदिकम् ‘दृष्ट’ in the form दृष्टम् (नपुंसकलिङ्गे प्रथमा-एकवचनम्) is derived from the verbal root √दृश् (दृशिँर् प्रेक्षणे १. ११४३) as follows:
दृश् + क्त । By 3-2-102 निष्ठा।
= दृश् + त । अनुबन्ध-लोप: by 1-3-8 लशक्वतद्धिते and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः। The निष्ठा affix ‘त’ is prevented from taking the augment ‘इट्’ here by 7-2-10 एकाच उपदेशेऽनुदात्तात्।
= दृष् + त । By 8-2-36 व्रश्चभ्रस्जसृजमृजयजराजभ्राजच्छशां षः, 1-1-52 अलोऽन्त्यस्य।
= दृष् + ट । By 8-4-41 ष्टुना ष्टुः।
‘दृष्ट’ gets प्रातिपदिक-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-2-46 कृत्तद्धितसमासाश्च।
As per 6-1-58 सृजिदृशोर्झल्यमकिति – When followed by a अकित् (does not have the letter ‘क्’ as a इत्) affix which begins with a झल् letter, the verbal root √सृज् (सृजँ विसर्गे ४. ७५, ६. १५०) as well as √दृश् (दृशिँर् प्रेक्षणे १. ११४३) gets the augment अम्। In the present example we have the निष्ठा affix ‘क्त’ which is a कित् (has the letter ‘क्’ as a इत्), therefore 6-1-58 does not apply.
6. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“Even the wise make an error occasionally.” Paraphrase “Even of the wise an error takes place occasionally.” Use the adjective प्रातिपदिकम् ‘धीमत्’ for ‘wise’ and the अव्ययम् ‘क्वचित्’ for ‘occasionally.’ Use the verbal root √जन् (जनीँ प्रादुर्भावे ४. ४४) for ‘to take place.’
Answer: धीमताम् अपि प्रमादः जायते क्वचित् = धीमतामपि प्रमादो जायते क्वचित्।
Easy questions:
1. Can you spot the affix ‘णिच्’ in the verses?
Answer: The affix ‘णिच्’ is used in the form कथयन्ति derived from the verbal root √कथ (कथ वाक्यप्रबन्धे १०. ३८९).
The विवक्षा is लँट्, कर्तरि प्रयोग:, प्रथम-पुरुषः, बहुवचनम्।
कथ + णिच् । By 3-1-25 सत्यापपाशरूपवीणातूलश्लोकसेनालोमत्वचवर्मवर्णचूर्णचुरादिभ्यो णिच्। The affix ‘णिच्’ gets the आर्धधातुक-सञ्ज्ञा by 3-4-114 आर्धधातुकं शेषः। This allows the application of the सूत्रम् 6-4-48 अतो लोपः in the next step.
= कथ् + णिच् । By 6-4-48 अतो लोपः। Note: As per 7-2-116 अत उपधायाः, the affix ‘णिच्’ would do a वृद्धि: substitution in place of the letter ‘अ’ of the अङ्गम् ‘कथ्’। But this does not happen because as per 1-1-57 अचः परस्मिन् पूर्वविधौ, the लोप: done by 6-4-48 has स्थानिवद्-भाव: (it behaves like the item it replaced – the letter ‘अ’) when it comes to an operation (वृद्धि:) that would be performed to the left of it. Hence as far as 7-2-116 is concerned, the उपधा of the अङ्गम् is the letter ‘थ्’ and hence it cannot apply.
= कथ् + इ । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-7 चुटू, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।
= कथि। ‘कथि’ gets the धातु-सञ्ज्ञा by 3-1-32 सनाद्यन्ता धातवः।
कथि + लँट् । By 3-2-123 वर्तमाने लट्।
= कथि + ल् । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत्, 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।
= कथि + झि । By 3-4-78 तिप्तस्झिसिप्थस्थमिब्वस्मस्तातांझथासाथांध्वमिड्वहिमहिङ्, 1-3-78 शेषात् कर्तरि परस्मैपदम्।
= कथि + शप् + झि । By 3-1-68 कर्तरि शप् ।
= कथि + अ + झि । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-8 लशक्वतद्धिते, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।
= कथे + अ + झि । By 7-3-84 सार्वधातुकार्धधातुकयोः।
= कथय + झि । By 6-1-78 एचोऽयवायावः।
= कथय + अन्ति । By 7-1-3 झोऽन्तः।
= कथयन्ति । By 6-1-97 अतो गुणे।
2. Which सूत्रम् prescribes the elision of the letter ‘न्’ in the form तपस्विषु (प्रातिपदिकम् ‘तपस्विन्’, पुंलिङ्गे सप्तमी-बहुवचनम्)?
Answer: The सूत्रम् 8-2-7 नलोपः प्रातिपदिकान्तस्य prescribes the elision of the letter ‘न्’ in the form तपस्विषु।
तपस्विन् + सुप् । By 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टाभ्याम्भिस्ङेभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसिभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसोसाम्ङ्योस्सुप्। ‘तपस्विन्’ gets the पद-सञ्ज्ञा here by 1-4-17 स्वादिष्वसर्वनामस्थाने।
= तपस्विन् + सु । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।
= तपस्वि + सु । By 8-2-7 नलोपः प्रातिपदिकान्तस्य – The ending letter ‘न्’ of a पदम् is dropped when the पदम् also has the designation प्रातिपदिकम्।
= तपस्विषु । By 8-3-59 आदेशप्रत्यययोः।