Today we will look at the form क्षामाम् fAs from श्रीमद्भागवतम् 3.23.5.
कालेन भूयसा क्षामां कर्शितां व्रतचर्यया । प्रेमगद्गदया वाचा पीडितः कृपयाब्रवीत् ।। ३-२३-५ ।।
कर्दम उवाच
तुष्टोऽहमद्य तव मानवि मानदायाः शुश्रूषया परमया परया च भक्त्या । यो देहिनामयमतीव सुहृत्स्वदेहो नावेक्षितः समुचितः क्षपितुं मदर्थे ।। ३-२३-६ ।।
श्रीधर-स्वामि-टीका
व्रतचर्यया कर्शितां तत्रापि भूयसा कालेनातिक्षामामित्यर्थः ।। ५ ।। सुहृत्प्रियः । मदर्थे क्षपयितुं नावेक्षितो न गणितः । समुचितः श्लाघ्योऽपि मत्सेवासक्तयोपेक्षित इत्यर्थः ।। ६ ।।
Gita Press translation – Nay, having served him for a long time, she had grown weak and emaciated on account of her religious observances. Kardama (the foremost of celestial sages) was, therefore, oppressed with a feeling of commiseration for her and spoke to her in accents faltering with love (5). Kardama said: O daughter of Manu, you have shown great respect to me and I am pleased today with your most faithful service and supreme devotion. You ungrudgingly wasted your body for my sake (in my service) – body which is extremely dear to all living beings and deserves every attention (6).
The प्रातिपदिकम् “क्षाम” is derived from the verbal root √क्षै (क्षै क्षये १. १०६१).
(1) क्षा + क्त । By 6-1-45 आदेच उपदेशेऽशिति – The ending एच् (“ए”, “ओ”, “ऐ”, “औ”) letter of a धातु: in the धातु-पाठ: is replaced by a आकार:, but not in the context where a शकार: which is a इत् follows. By 3-2-102 निष्ठा – The affix “निष्ठा” (ref.1-1-26 क्तक्तवतू निष्ठा) may be used following a verbal root when denoting an action in the past tense. Note: The affix ‘क्त’ has been used कर्तरि (to denote the agent) here as per 3-4-72 गत्यर्थाकर्मकश्लिषशीङ्स्थासवसजनरुहजीर्यतिभ्यश्च – When following one of the verbal roots listed below, the affix “क्त” may be used in the active voice (कर्तरि) as well as in the passive voice (भावकर्मणो:) –
(i) any verbal root used in the sense of motion (गत्यर्थ:)
(ii) any verbal root used intransitively (अकर्मक:)
(iii) the verbal roots √श्लिष् (श्लिषँ आलिङ्गने ४. ८३), √शी (शीङ् स्वप्ने २. २६), √स्था (ष्ठा गतिनिवृत्तौ १. १०७७), √आस् (आसँ उपवेशने २. ११), √वस् (वसँ निवासे १. ११६०), √जन् (जनीँ प्रादुर्भावे ४. ४४), √रुह् (रुहँ बीजजन्मनि प्रादुर्भावे च १. ९९५) and √जॄ (जॄष् वयोहानौ ४. २५)।
Note: The verbal roots listed in (iii) are intransitive. But when used with a उपसर्ग: they may become transitive. In that case they would not be covered by (ii). This is the reason for listing them separately in (iii).
(2) क्षा + त । अनुबन्ध-लोप: by 1-3-8 लशक्वतद्धिते and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।Note: 7-2-10 एकाच उपदेशेऽनुदात्तात् prevents the affix ‘त’ from taking the augment ‘इट्’ which would have been done by 7-2-35 आर्धधातुकस्येड् वलादेः।
(3) क्षा + म । By 8-2-53 क्षायो मः – A मकार: is the replacement in place of a तकार: of a निष्ठा affix (ref. 1-1-26) which immediately follows the verbal root √क्षै (क्षै क्षये १. १०६१).
“क्षाम” gets प्रातिपदिक-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-2-46 कृत्तद्धितसमासाश्च – A word form that ends in a कृत्-प्रत्ययः or a तद्धित-प्रत्ययः and so also compounds gets the name प्रातिपदिकम्।
(4) क्षाम + टाप् । By 4-1-4 अजाद्यतष्टाप् – The प्रातिपदिकानि “अज” etc. and प्रातिपदिकानि ending in अकारः get the टाप् affix in the feminine gender.
(5) क्षाम + आ । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-7 चुटू, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।
(6) क्षामा । By 6-1-101 अकः सवर्णे दीर्घः।
The विवक्षा is स्त्रीलिङ्गे, द्वितीया-एकवचनम्।
(7) क्षामा + अम् । By 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टाभ्याम्भिस्ङेभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसिँभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसोसाम्ङ्योस्सुप्। 1-3-4 न विभक्तौ तुस्माः prevents the ending मकार: of “अम्” from getting the इत्-सञ्ज्ञा।
(8) क्षामाम् । By 6-1-107 अमि पूर्वः – In place of a preceding अक् letter and the following vowel (अच्) belonging to the affix “अम्” there is a single substitute of that preceding अक् letter.
Questions:
1. Where has the सूत्रम् 6-4-16 अज्झनगमां सनि been used in the verses?
2. Can you spot the affix ‘क’ in the verses?
3. Can you spot the affix ‘क’ in the commentary?
4. Which कृत्य-प्रत्यय: has been used in the commentary?
5. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“Śrī Hanumān saw Sītā who had grown weak on account of grief.” As in the verse, use तृतीया विभक्ति: to express the meaning of ‘on account of.’
6. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“The study of grammar was never neglected by me.” Use a प्रातिपदिकम् from the commentary for ‘to be neglected.’
Easy questions:
1. Can you spot the augment ‘अट्’ in the verses?
2. Which सूत्रम् is used for the ह्रस्वादेश: (short substitute in the place of a long vowel) in the form मानवि?
1. Where has the सूत्रम् 6-4-16 अज्झनगमां सनि been used in the verses?
Answer: The सूत्रम् 6-4-16 अज्झनगमां सनि has been used in the derivation of the सन्नन्त-धातुः ‘शुश्रूष’ used in the form शुश्रूषया।
Please see the following post for the derivation of the सन्नन्त-धातुः ‘शुश्रूष’
http://avg-sanskrit.org/2012/07/02/शुश्रूषध्वम्-2ap-लोँट्/
Now we form the feminine प्रातिपदिकम् “शुश्रूषा” from the सन्नन्त-धातुः “शुश्रूष”।
शुश्रूष + अ । By 3-3-102 अ प्रत्ययात्। Note: The affix “अ” gets आर्धधातक-सञ्ज्ञा by 3-4-114 आर्धधातुकं शेषः।
= शुश्रूष् + अ । By 6-4-48 अतो लोपः।
= शुश्रूष । Note: Since the affix “अ” has the कृत्-सञ्ज्ञा by 3-1-93 कृदतिङ्, “शुश्रूष” gets प्रातिपदिक-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-2-46 कृत्तद्धितसमासाश्च।
= शुश्रूष + टाप् । By 4-1-4 अजाद्यतष्टाप्।
= शुश्रूष + आ । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-7 चुटू, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।
= शुश्रूषा । By 6-1-101 अकः सवर्णे दीर्घः।
The विवक्षा is तृतीया-एकवचनम्।
शुश्रूषा + टा । By 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टाभ्याम्भिस्ङेभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसिँभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसोसाम्ङ्योस्सुप्।
= शुश्रूषा + आ । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-7 चुटू, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।
= शुश्रूषे + आ । By 7-3-105 आङि चापः।
= शुश्रूषया । By 6-1-78 एचोऽयवायावः।
2. Can you spot the affix ‘क’ in the verses?
Answer: The affix ‘क’ is used in the derivation of the प्रातिपदिकम् ‘मानदा’ used in the form मानदायाः।
मानं ददातीति मानदा।
The derivation of ‘मानद’ is similar to the derivation of the प्रातिपदिकम् ‘धनद’ as shown in the following post – http://avg-sanskrit.org/2012/10/08/धनदम्-mas/
The feminine प्रातिपदिकम् ‘मानदा’ is derived as follows –
मानद + टाप् । By 4-1-4 अजाद्यतष्टाप्।
= मानद + आ । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-7 चुटू, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।
= मानदा । By 6-1-101 अकः सवर्णे दीर्घः।
The विवक्षा is षष्ठी-एकवचनम्।
The derivation of मानदायाः is similar to इलायाः shown in answer to easy question 1 in the following comment – http://avg-sanskrit.org/2012/08/08/पुंस्त्वकाम्यया-fis/#comment-4161
3. Can you spot the affix ‘क’ in the commentary?
Answer: The affix ‘क’ by 3-1-135 इगुपधज्ञाप्रीकिरः कः has been used in the derivation of the प्रातिपदिकम् ‘प्रिय’ in the form प्रियः।
Please see the following post for the derivation – http://avg-sanskrit.org/2012/10/02/प्रियः-mns/
4. Which कृत्य-प्रत्यय: has been used in the commentary?
Answer: The कृत्य-प्रत्ययः ‘ण्यत्’ has been used in the derivation of the प्रातिपदिकम् ‘श्लाघ्य’ used in the form श्लाघ्यः (पुंलिङ्गे प्रथमा-एकवचनम्।)
The कृदन्त-प्रातिपदिकम् ‘श्लाघ्य’ is derived from the verbal root √श्लाघ् (श्लाघृँ कत्थने १. १२२) as follows:
श्लाघ् + ण्यत् । By 3-1-124 ऋहलोर्ण्यत् – The affix ण्यत् may be used following any verbal root which either ends in a ऋ-वर्णः (ऋकारः or ॠकारः) or in a consonant.
= श्लाघ् + य । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-7 चुटू, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।
‘श्लाघ्य’ gets प्रातिपदिक-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-2-46 कृत्तद्धितसमासाश्च।
The विवक्षा is पुंलिङ्गे, प्रथमा-एकवचनम्।
श्लाघ्य + सुँ । By 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टाभ्याम्भिस्ङेभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसिँभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसोसाम्ङ्योस्सुप्।
= श्लाघ्य + स् । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत्, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।
= श्लाघ्यः । रुँत्व-विसर्गौ by 8-2-66 ससजुषो रुः and 8-3-15 खरवसानयोर्विसर्जनीयः।
5. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“Śrī Hanumān saw Sītā who had grown weak on account of grief.” As in the verse, use तृतीया विभक्ति: to express the meaning of ‘on account of.’
Answer: श्रीहनुमान् शोकेन क्षामाम् सीताम् ददर्श = श्रीहनुमाञ्छोकेन क्षामां सीतां ददर्श।
6. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“The study of grammar was never neglected by me.” Use a प्रातिपदिकम् from the commentary for ‘to be neglected.’
Answer: मया व्याकरणस्य अध्ययनम् न कदा अपि उपेक्षितम् = मया व्याकरणस्याध्ययनं न कदाप्युपेक्षितम्।
Easy questions:
1. Can you spot the augment ‘अट्’ in the verses?
Answer: The augment ‘अट्’ is seen in the form अब्रवीत् derived from √ब्रू (ब्रूञ् व्यक्तायां वाचि २. ३९).
Please see answer to question 1 in the following comment for the derivation – http://avg-sanskrit.org/2012/05/02/व्यवोचत्-3as-लुँङ्/#comment-3687
2. Which सूत्रम् is used for the ह्रस्वादेश: (short substitute in the place of a long vowel) in the form मानवि?
Answer: The सूत्रम् 7-3-107 अम्बार्थनद्योर्ह्रस्व: is used for the ह्रस्वादेश: in the form मानवि (प्रातिपदिकम् ‘मानवी’, सम्बुद्धिः)।
(हे) मानवी + सुँ । By 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्… । Here “सुँ” has सम्बुद्धि-सञ्ज्ञा by 2-3-49 एकवचनं सम्बुद्धिः। “मानवी” has the नदी-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-4-3 यू स्त्र्याख्यौ नदी।
= (हे) मानवी + स् । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत्, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।
= (हे) मानवि + स् । By 7-3-107 अम्बाऽर्थनद्योर्ह्रस्वः – An अङ्गम् that has the meaning of अम्बा (mother) or ends in a term having the नदी-सञ्ज्ञा, gets substituted by a short vowel if सम्बुद्धि: (vocative singular affix) follows.।
= (हे) मानवि । By 6-1-69 एङ्ह्रस्वात् सम्बुद्धे:।