Today we will look at the form रामः mNs from श्रीमद्-वाल्मीकि-रामायणम् 1.1.48.
तेन तत्रैव वसता जनस्थाननिवासिनी । विरूपिता शूर्पणखा राक्षसी कामरूपिणी ।। १-१-४६ ।।
ततः शूर्पणखावाक्यादुद्युक्तान्सर्वराक्षसान् । खरं त्रिशिरसं चैव दूषणं चैव राक्षसं ।। १-१-४७ ।।
निजघान रणे रामस्तेषां चैव पदानुगान् । वने तस्मिन् निवसता जनस्थाननिवासिनाम् ।। १-१-४८ ।।
रक्षसां निहतान्यासन् सहस्राणि चतुर्दश ।
Gita Press translation – The ogress Śūrpaṇakhā (so-called because the monstress possessed nails as big as a winnowing fan), who dwelt in Janasthāna (a portion of the Daṇdaka forest) and was capable of assuming any form at will, was disfigured by Śrī Rāma (by having her nose and ears lopped off by Lakṣmaṇa) while living in that very forest (46). Śrī Rāma then killed on the field of battle all the ogres that came prepared (for an encounter) at the instigation of Śūrpaṇakhā, including (their leaders) Khara, Triśirā and the ogre Dūṣaṇa as also their followers. (No less than) fourteen thousand of ogres dwelling in Janasthāna were made short work of by Rāma while sojourning in that forest (47,48, first half of 49).
रमते लोकोऽस्मिन्निति राम:।
The पुंलिङ्ग-प्रातिपदिकम् ‘राम’ is derived from the verbal root √रम् (रमुँ क्रीडायाम् | रमँ इति माधवः १. ९८९).
(1) रम् + घञ् । By 3-3-121 हलश्च – To denote the instrument or the locus of the action, the affix घञ् is used following a verbal root ending in a consonant provided the word so derived is used in the masculine gender as a proper name.
Note: The affix ‘घञ्’ prescribed by this सूत्रम् is a अपवाद: (exception) to the affix ‘घ’ prescribed by 3-3-118 पुंसि संज्ञायां घः प्रायेण।
(2) रम् + अ । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-8 लशक्वतद्धिते, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।
(3) राम । By 7-2-116 अत उपधायाः – A penultimate (उपधा) अकार: of a अङ्गम् gets वृद्धिः as the substitute when followed by an affix which is a ञित् or a णित्।
‘राम’ gets प्रातिपदिक-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-2-46 कृत्तद्धितसमासाश्च – A word form that ends in a कृत्-प्रत्ययः or a तद्धित-प्रत्ययः and so also compounds gets the name प्रातिपदिकम्।
The विवक्षा is प्रथमा-एकवचनम्।
(4) राम + सुँ । By 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टाभ्याम्भिस्ङेभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसिँभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसोसाम्ङ्योस्सुप्।
(5) राम + स् । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत् and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।
(6) राम: । रुँत्व-विसर्गौ by 8-2-66 ससजुषो रुः and 8-3-15 खरवसानयोर्विसर्जनीयः।
Questions:
1. Where has राम: been used in Chapter Ten of the गीता?
2. Can you recall a सूत्रम् from Chapter Seven of the अष्टाध्यायी in which पाणिनि: specifically mentions the verbal root √रम् (रमुँ क्रीडायाम् | रमँ इति माधवः १. ९८९)?
3. Can you spot the affix ‘ल्यु’ in the verses?
4. Which कृत् affix is used to form the प्रातिपदिकम् ‘रण’?
5. Where has the सूत्रम् 6-4-37 अनुदात्तोपदेशवनतितनोत्यादीनामनुनासिकलोपो झलि क्ङिति been used in the verses?
6. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“O Rāma! (Please) uplift me.”
Easy questions:
1. Can you spot the augment आट् in the verses?
2. Which सूत्रम् prescribes the letter ‘घ्’ as a substitute in निजघान?
1. Where has राम: been used in Chapter Ten of the गीता?
Answer: The word राम: been used in the following verse of Chapter Ten of the गीता –
पवनः पवतामस्मि रामः शस्त्रभृतामहम् |
झषाणां मकरश्चास्मि स्रोतसामस्मि जाह्नवी || 10-31||
2. Can you recall a सूत्रम् from Chapter Seven of the अष्टाध्यायी in which पाणिनि: specifically mentions the verbal root √रम् (रमुँ क्रीडायाम् | रमँ इति माधवः १. ९८९)?
Answer: पाणिनि: specifically mentions the verbal root √रम् (रमुँ क्रीडायाम् | रमँ इति माधवः १. ९८९) in the सूत्रम् 7-2-73 यमरमनमातां सक् च – When followed by a परस्मैपदम् affix, the affix ‘सिँच्’ takes the augment ‘इट्’ when it follows a अङ्गम् which either ends in the letter ‘आ’ or consists of the verbal root √यम् (यमँ उपरमे १. ११३९) or √रम् (रमुँ क्रीडायाम् | रमँ इति माधवः १. ९८९) or √नम् (णमँ प्रह्वत्वे शब्दे च १. ११३६)। Simultaneously the अङ्गम् takes the augment सक्।
3. Can you spot the affix ‘ल्यु’ in the verses?
Answer: The affix ‘ल्यु’ has been used in the form दूषणम् (प्रातिपदिकम् ‘दूषण’, पुंलिङ्गे द्वितीया-एकवचनम्)।
दूषयतीति दूषणः।
‘दूषण’ is a causative form derived from the verbal root √दुष् (दुषँ वैकृत्ये ४. ८२).
दुष् + णिच् । By 3-1-26 हेतुमति च – The affix ‘णिच्’ is used after a root, when the operation of a causer – such as the operation of directing – is to be expressed.
= दुष् + इ । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-7 चुटू, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।
= दोष् + इ । By 7-3-86 पुगन्तलघूपधस्य च।
= दूष् + इ । By 6-4-90 दोषो णौ।
‘दूषि’ gets धातु-सञ्ज्ञा by 3-1-32 सनाद्यन्ता धातवः।
The प्रातिपदिकम् ‘दूषण’ is derived as follows:
दूषि + ल्यु । By 3-1-134 नन्दिग्रहिपचादिभ्यो ल्युणिन्यचः – The affix ‘ल्यु’ may be used after a verbal root belonging to the group headed by ‘नन्दि’; the affix ‘णिनिँ’ may be used after a verbal root belonging to the group headed by ‘ग्रहि’; and the affix ‘अच्’ may be used after a verbal root belonging to the group headed by ‘पच्’। Note: The word दूषणः is listed in the नन्द्यादि-गण:।
= दूषि + यु । अनुबन्ध-लोप: by 1-3-8 लशक्वतद्धिते and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।
= दूषि + अन । By 7-1-1 युवोरनाकौ – The affixes ‘यु’ and ‘वु’ are substituted respectively by ‘अन’ and ‘अक’।
= दूष् + अन । By 6-4-51 णेरनिटि – The ‘णि’ affix is elided when followed by a आर्धधातुकम् affix which does not have the augment इट्।
= दूषण । By 8-4-2 अट्कुप्वाङ्नुम्व्यवायेऽपि।
4. Which कृत् affix is used to form the प्रातिपदिकम् ‘रण’?
Answer: The कृत् affix ‘अप्’ is used to form the प्रातिपदिकम् ‘रण’।
Please see answer to question 1 in the following comment for derivation of the प्रातिपदिकम् ‘रण’ – http://avg-sanskrit.org/2013/04/15/परिघम्-mas/#comment-19827
5. Where has the सूत्रम् 6-4-37 अनुदात्तोपदेशवनतितनोत्यादीनामनुनासिकलोपो झलि क्ङिति been used in the verses?
Answer: The सूत्रम् 6-4-37 अनुदात्तोपदेशवनतितनोत्यादीनामनुनासिकलोपो झलि क्ङिति has been used in the form निहतानि (प्रातिपदिकम् ‘निहत’, नपुंसकलिङ्गे प्रथमा-बहुवचनम्)।
The प्रातिपदिकम् ‘निहत’ is derived from the verbal root √हन् (हनँ हिंसागत्योः २. २) preceded by the उपसर्गः ‘नि’।
Please see answer to question 3 in the following comment for derivation of the प्रातिपदिकम् ‘हत’ – http://avg-sanskrit.org/2012/12/07/शुष्कैः-nip/#comment-10041
6. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“O Rāma! (Please) uplift me.”
Answer: भोः राम माम् उद्धर = भो राम मामुद्धर ।
Easy questions:
1. Can you spot the augment आट् in the verses?
Answer: The augment ‘आट्’ has been used in the form आसन्।
Please see answer to question 2 in the following comment for derivation of the form आसन् – http://avg-sanskrit.org/2012/07/24/जुगुप्सया-fis/#comment-4076
2. Which सूत्रम् prescribes the letter ‘घ्’ as a substitute in निजघान?
Answer: The सूत्रम् 7-3-54 हो हन्तेर्ञ्णिन्नेषु prescribes the letter ‘घ्’ as a substitute in the form निजघान – derived from √हन् (हनँ हिंसागत्योः २. २) preceded by the उपसर्गः ‘नि’।
The derivation of जघान is shown in answer to question 5 in the following comment –
http://avg-sanskrit.org/2012/04/18/अद्राक्षीत्-3as-लुँङ्/#comment-3649