AVG-Sanskrit

Today we will look at the form अध्यापयत् 3As-लँङ् from श्रीमद्भागवतम् Sb12.6.45

पुत्रानध्यापयत्तांस्तु ब्रह्मर्षीन्ब्रह्मकोविदान् ।
ते तु धर्मोपदेष्टारः स्वपुत्रेभ्यः समादिशन् ।। १२-६-४५ ।।

Gita Press translation “He then taught them to his (mind-born) sons (Marīci and others), who were (all) Brāhmaṇa sages and (accordingly) expert in reciting the Vedas (with proper intonation etc.). The latter in turn proved to be the promulgators of righteousness and taught the Vedas to their sons (Kaśyapa and others).”

अध्यापयत् is derived from the causative form of the verbal root √इ (इङ् अध्ययने – नित्यमधिपूर्वः २. ४१)

The ending ङकार: of “इङ्” is an इत् as per 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम् and takes लोप: by 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः। Note: This धातु: is always preceded by the उपसर्ग: “अधि”।

अधि इ + णिच् । By 3-1-26 हेतुमति च – The affix “णिच्” is used after a root, when the operation of a causer – such as the operation of directing – is to be expressed. “णिच्” gets आर्धधातुक-सञ्ज्ञा by 3-4-114 आर्धधातुकं शेषः।
= अधि इ + इ । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-7 चुटू, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।
= अधि ऐ + इ । 7-2-115 अचो ञ्णिति, a vowel ending अङ्गम् gets a वृद्धिः substitute, when followed by a प्रत्ययः that has ञकारः or a णकारः as an indicatory letter.
= अधि आ + इ । By 6-1-48 क्रीङ्जीनां णौ, when the “णि”-प्रत्यय: follows, there is a substitution of आकार: in the place of the एच् letter of the following verbal roots – (डुक्रीञ् द्रव्यविनिमये ९. १) ‘to buy’, (इङ् अध्ययने – नित्यमधिपूर्वः २. ४१) ‘to study’ and (जि जये १. ६४२) ‘to conquer.’
= अधि आ पुक् + इ । By 7-3-36 अर्त्तिह्रीव्लीरीक्नूयीक्ष्माय्यातां पुङ्णौ, the augment पुक् is added to the roots √ऋ (ऋ गतिप्रापणयोः १. १०८६, ऋ गतौ ३. १७), √ह्री (ह्री लज्जायाम् ३. ३), √व्ली (व्ली वरणे ९. ३७), √री (रीङ् श्रवणे ४. ३३, री गतिरेषणयोः ९. ३५), √क्नूय् (क्नूयीँ शब्द उन्दने च १. ५५८), √क्ष्माय् (क्ष्मायीँ विधूनने १. ५५९) and to a root ending in a आकार: when the causative affix “णि” follows. As per 1-1-46 आद्यन्तौ टकितौ, the “पुक्”-आगम: joins at the end of the अङ्गम् “आ”।
= अधि आप् + इ । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः। Note: The उकार: in “पुक्” is उच्चारणार्थ: (for pronunciation only.)
= अधि आपि

“आपि” gets the धातु-सञ्ज्ञा by 3-1-32 सनाद्यन्ता धातवः।

As per 1-3-74 णिचश्च, the verbal roots that end in the णिच्-प्रत्ययः shall take आत्मनेपद-प्रत्ययाः when the fruit of the action (क्रियाफलम्) accrues to the doer (कर्त्रभिप्रायम् = कर्तृ-अभिप्रायम्)। In the remaining case – when the fruit of the action does not accrue to the doer these verbal roots shall take परस्मैपद-प्रत्ययाः।
In reality though, this distinction of the fruit of the action accruing to the doer or not, is rarely honored in the language. So as a practical matter, a verbal root that ends in the णिच्-प्रत्ययः will take either आत्मनेपद-प्रत्ययाः or परस्मैपद-प्रत्ययाः regardless of whether the fruit of the action accrues to the doer or not. In short, it will be उभयपदी। Here it has taken a परस्मैपद-प्रत्ययः। (See advanced question.)

The विवक्षा is लँङ्, कर्तरि प्रयोगः (हेतुमति), प्रथम-पुरुषः, एकवचनम्, therefore the प्रत्यय: will be “तिप्”।

(1) अधि आपि + लँङ् । By 3-2-111 अनद्यतने लङ्, the affix लँङ् follows a धातुः when used in the sense of past not of today.

(2) अधि आपि + ल् । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत्, 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

(3) अधि आपि + तिप् । 3-4-78 तिप्तस्झिसिप्थस्थमिब्वस्मस्तातांझथासाथांध्वमिड्वहिमहिङ् mandates the प्रत्ययः “तिप्” as the substitute for the लकारः। “तिप्” gets the सार्वधातुक-सञ्ज्ञा by 3-4-113 तिङ्शित्सार्वधातुकम्।

(4) अधि आपि + ति । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

(5) अधि आपि + त् । By 3-4-100 इतश्‍च, the ending इकारः of a परस्मैपद-प्रत्ययः which came in the place of a ङित्-लकारः is elided.

(6) अधि आपि + शप् + त् । By 3-1-68 कर्तरि शप्‌, the शप्-प्रत्यय: is placed after a verbal root, when followed by a सार्वधातुक-प्रत्यय: that is used signifying the agent.

(7) अधि आपि + अ + त् । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-8 लशक्वतद्धिते , 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

(8) अधि आपे + अ + त् । By 7-3-84 सार्वधातुकार्धधातुकयोः, an अङ्गम् whose final letter is an इक् gets गुण-आदेशः, when a सार्वधातुक-प्रत्यय: or an आर्धधातुक-प्रत्यय: follows.

(9) अधि आपयत् । By 6-1-78 एचोऽयवायावः।

(10) अधि आट् आपयत् । By 6-4-72 आडजादीनाम् – When followed by लुँङ्, लँङ् or लृँङ्, an अङ्गम् which begins with an अच् gets आट् as an augment. 1-1-46 आद्यन्तौ टकितौ places the आट्-आगमः at the beginning of the अङ्गम् ।

(11) अधि आ आपयत् । अनुबन्ध-लोपः is done by 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम् and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

(12) अधि आपयत् । By 6-1-90 आटश्च, वृद्धिः letter is a single replacement when आट् is followed by a vowel.

(13) अध्यापयत् । By 6-1-77 इको यणचि।

Questions:

1. Where is the णिच्-प्रत्यय: used in a तिङन्तं पदम् for the first time in Chapter Eighteen of the गीता?

2. The अनुवृत्ति: of “आत्” (आकार: – ref. 1-1-70 तपरस्तत्कालस्य) comes in to the सूत्रम् 6-1-48 क्रीङ्जीनां णौ (used in this example) from a सूत्रम् which we have studied. Which सूत्रम् is it?

3. Can you spot a श-प्रत्यय: in the verse?

4. Where has 6-4-11 अप्तृन्तृच्स्वसृनप्तृनेष्टृत्वष्टृक्षत्तृहोतृपोतृप्रशास्तॄणाम् been used in the verse?

5. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“One should not teach the गीता to one who is devoid of austerity.” Use the adjective (compound) प्रातिपदिकम् “अतपस्क” for “one who is devoid of austerity.” Use द्वितीया विभक्ति: with both “गीता” and “अतपस्क”।

Advanced question:

1. There is actually a specific सूत्रम् (which we have not studied in the class) in the third पाद: of Chapter One of the अष्टाध्यायी, by which पाणिनि: mandates that only a परस्मैपद-प्रत्यय: can be used with a causative form of √इ (इङ् अध्ययने – नित्यमधिपूर्वः २. ४१). Can you try to find this सूत्रम्?

Easy questions:

1. Can you spot a अकारादेश: (letter “अ” used as a substitute) in the verse?

2. Where has 8-3-7 नश्छव्यप्रशान् been used in the verse?

Today we will look at the form अदूषयत् 3As-लँङ् from श्रीमद्भागवतम् Sb10.67.6.

आश्रमानृषिमुख्यानां कृत्वा भग्नवनस्पतीन् ।
अदूषयच्छकृन्मूत्रैरग्नीन्वैतानिकान्खलः ।। १०-६७-६ ।।

Gita Press translation “The villian used to knock down trees in the hermiatages of great sages and profaned their sacrificial fires with his excrement and urine.”

अदूषयत् is a causative form derived from the धातुः √दुष् (दुषँ वैकृत्ये ४. ८२)

The ending अकार: of “दुषँ” is an इत् as per 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत् and takes लोप: by 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

दुष् + णिच् । By 3-1-26 हेतुमति च – The affix “णिच्” is used after a root, when the operation of a causer – such as the operation of directing – is to be expressed. “णिच्” gets आर्धधातुक-सञ्ज्ञा by 3-4-114 आर्धधातुकं शेषः।
= दुष् + इ । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-7 चुटू, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।
= दोष् + इ । By 7-3-86 पुगन्‍तलघूपधस्‍य च, when a अङ्गम् is followed by a सार्वधातुक-प्रत्ययः or an आर्धधातुक-प्रत्ययः, then its इक्-letter takes गुण-आदेशः in the following two cases:
i) The अङ्गम् ends in a पुक्-आगमः or
ii) The penultimate letter of the अङ्गम् has the लघु-सञ्ज्ञा।
= दूषि । By 6-4-90 दोषो णौ, the penultimate letter (उपधा) of the verbal root √दुष् (दुषँ वैकृत्ये ४. ८२) takes the ऊकारादेश: when the “णि”-प्रत्यय: follows.

“दूषि” gets धातु-सञ्ज्ञा by 3-1-32 सनाद्यन्ता धातवः।

As per 1-3-74 णिचश्च, the verbal roots that end in the णिच्-प्रत्ययः shall take आत्मनेपद-प्रत्ययाः when the fruit of the action (क्रियाफलम्) accrues to the doer (कर्त्रभिप्रायम् = कर्तृ-अभिप्रायम्)। In the remaining case – when the fruit of the action does not accrue to the doer these verbal roots shall take परस्मैपद-प्रत्ययाः।
In reality though, this distinction of the fruit of the action accruing to the doer or not, is rarely honored in the language. So as a practical matter, a verbal root that ends in the णिच्-प्रत्ययः will take either आत्मनेपद-प्रत्ययाः or परस्मैपद-प्रत्ययाः regardless of whether the fruit of the action accrues to the doer or not. In short, it will be उभयपदी। Here it has taken a परस्मैपद-प्रत्ययः।

The विवक्षा is लँङ्, कर्तरि प्रयोगः (हेतुमति), प्रथम-पुरुषः, एकवचनम्, therefore the प्रत्यय: will be “तिप्”।

(1) दूषि + लँङ् । By 3-2-111 अनद्यतने लङ्, the affix लँङ् follows a धातुः when used in the sense of past not of today.

(2) दूषि + ल् । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत्, 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

(3) दूषि + तिप् । 3-4-78 तिप्तस्झिसिप्थस्थमिब्वस्मस्तातांझथासाथांध्वमिड्वहिमहिङ् mandates the प्रत्ययः “तिप्” as the substitute for the लकारः। “तिप्” gets the सार्वधातुक-सञ्ज्ञा by 3-4-113 तिङ्शित्सार्वधातुकम्।

(4) दूषि + ति । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

(5) दूषि + त् । By 3-4-100 इतश्‍च, the ending इकारः of a परस्मैपद-प्रत्ययः which came in the place of a ङित्-लकारः is elided.

(5) दूषि + शप् + त् । By 3-1-68 कर्तरि शप्‌, the शप्-प्रत्यय: is placed after a verbal root, when followed by a सार्वधातुक-प्रत्यय: that is used signifying the agent.

(6) दूषि + अ + त् । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-8 लशक्वतद्धिते , 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

(7) दूषे + अ + त् । By 7-3-84 सार्वधातुकार्धधातुकयोः, an अङ्गम् whose final letter is an इक् gets गुण-आदेशः, when a सार्वधातुक-प्रत्यय: or an आर्धधातुक-प्रत्यय: follows.

(8) दूषयत् । By 6-1-78 एचोऽयवायावः।

(9) अट् दूषयत् । by 6-4-71 लुङ्लङ्लृङ्क्ष्वडुदात्तः – When followed by लुँङ्, लँङ् or लृँङ्, an अङ्गम् gets the अट्-आगमः which is उदात्तः। 1-1-46 आद्यन्तौ टकितौ places the अट्-आगमः at the beginning of the अङ्गम् ।

(10) अदूषयत् । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम् and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

Questions:

1. Where has the णिच्-प्रत्यय: been used in a तिङन्तं पदम् in the first five verses of Chapter Seven of the गीता?

2. Commenting on the सूत्रम् “6-4-90 दोषो णौ”, the सिद्धान्तकौमुदी says – दुष इति सुवचम्। Please explain.

3. Commenting on the सूत्रम् 7-3-86 पुगन्‍तलघूपधस्‍य च, the काशिका gives the example: पुगन्तस्य – ह्रेपयति। Please derive the form ह्रेपयति।

4. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“Who spoiled my new book?” Use the adjective प्रातिपदिकम् “नूतन” for “new” and √दुष् (दुषँ वैकृत्ये ४. ८२) in the causative for “to spoil.”

5. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“Let the man who violated this girl be punished.” Use √दुष् (दुषँ वैकृत्ये ४. ८२) in the causative for “to violate” and use (in the passive) √दण्ड (दण्ड दण्डनिपाते १०. ४७२) for “to punish.” Use the feminine प्रातिपदिकम् “कन्या” for “girl.”

6. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“Make my sorrow go away.” Use √गम् (गमॢँ – गतौ १. ११३७) in the causative with the उपसर्ग: “अप” for “to make go away.”

Easy questions:

1. Where has 8-4-63 शश्छोऽटि been used in the verse?

2. Does “पति” have the घि-सञ्ज्ञा in the form भग्नवनस्पतीन्?

Today we will look at the form अनुकार्यते 3Ps-लँट् from श्रीमद्भागवतम् Sb4.29.17.

यथा यथा विक्रियते गुणाक्तो विकरोति वा ।
तथा तथोपद्रष्टाऽऽत्मा तद्वृत्तीरनुकार्यते ।। ४-२९-१७ ।।

Gita Press translation “According as the equilibrium of the intellect is disturbed (in the dreaming state) or it disturbs the senses in its turn (in the waking state), the Jīva (the embodied soul), that is affected by its qualities, is compelled to follow its changes, although (by its essential nature) the Jīva is a (mere) witness.”

कार्यते is a causative passive form derived from the धातुः √कृ (डुकृञ् करणे ८. १०)

The “डु” at the beginning of this धातुः gets इत्-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-3-5 आदिर्ञिटुडवः। The ञकारः at the end gets इत्-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्। Both take लोप: by 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

कृ + णिच् । By 3-1-26 हेतुमति च – The affix “णिच्” is used after a root, when the operation of a causer – such as the operation of directing – is to be expressed. “णिच्” gets आर्धधातुक-सञ्ज्ञा by 3-4-114 आर्धधातुकं शेषः।
= कृ + इ । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-7 चुटू, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।
= कार् + इ । By 7-2-115 अचो ञ्णिति , a vowel ending अङ्गम् gets a वृद्धिः substitute, when followed by a प्रत्ययः that has ञकारः or a णकारः as an indicatory letter. By 1-1-51 उरण् रँपरः , in the place of ऋवर्ण: if an अण् letter (“अ”, “इ”, “उ”) comes as a substitute, it is always followed by a रँ (“र्”, “ल्”) letter.
= कारि

“कारि” gets धातु-सञ्ज्ञा by 3-1-32 सनाद्यन्ता धातवः।

Since this is a कर्मणि प्रयोग: (passive usage), a आत्मनेपद-प्रत्ययः is used as per 1-3-13 भावकर्मणोः।

The विवक्षा is लँट्, कर्मणि प्रयोगः (हेतुमति), प्रथम-पुरुषः, एकवचनम्, therefore the प्रत्यय: is “त”।

(1) कारि + लँट् । By 3-2-123 वर्तमाने लट्, the affix लँट् comes after a धातुः when denoting an action in the present tense.

(2) कारि + ल् । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत्, 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

(3) कारि + त । 3-4-78 तिप्तस्झिसिप्थस्थमिब्वस्मस्तातांझथासाथांध्वमिड्वहिमहिङ् mandates the प्रत्ययः “त” as the substitute for the लकारः। “त” gets the सार्वधातुक-सञ्ज्ञा by 3-4-113 तिङ्शित्सार्वधातुकम्।

(4) कारि + ते । By 3-4-79 टित आत्मनेपदानां टेरे, the टि-भागः of a आत्मनेपद-प्रत्ययः which substitutes a टित्-लकारः (a लकार: which has टकार: as a इत्), gets एकारः as the replacement.

(5) कारि + यक् + ते । By 3-1-67 सार्वधातुके यक्, the यक्-प्रत्ययः follows a धातुः when a सार्वधातुक-प्रत्ययः follows denoting the action of the verb (भावे) or the object of the verb (कर्मणि)।
Note: The प्रत्यय: “यक्” is a आर्धधातुक-प्रत्यय: but it does not begin with a letter of the वल्-प्रत्याहार:। Hence it cannot take an इट्-आगम: by 7-2-35 आर्धधातुकस्येड् वलादेः।

(6) कारि + य + ते । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

(7) कार्यते । By 6-4-51 णेरनिटि, the “णि”-प्रत्यय: is elided when followed by an आर्धधातुक-प्रत्यय: which does not have the augment इट्।

“अनु” is the उपसर्गः (ref. 1-4-59 उपसर्गाः क्रियायोगे।)
अनु + कार्यते = अनुकार्यते।

Questions:

1. Where is कार्यते used in the गीता?

2. Can you spot a “रिङ्”-आदेश: in the verse?

3. Can you spot a “उ”-प्रत्यय: in the verse?

4. In the absence of 6-4-51 णेरनिटि, which सूत्रम् would have applied in step 7 to give which (undesired) form?

5. Commenting on the सूत्रम् “7-2-35 आर्धधातुकस्येड् वलादेः”, the तत्त्वबोधिनी says – आर्धधातुकस्येति किम्? आस्ते। Please explain.

6. How would you say this Sanskrit?
“I’m compelled to follow my father’s command.” Use the masculine प्रातिपदिकम् “आदेश” for “command.”

Easy questions:

1. Can you spot a “अनँङ्”-आदेश: in the verse?

2. Which consonant (हल्) is not included in the “वल्”-प्रत्याहार: (used in the सूत्रम् 7-2-35 आर्धधातुकस्येड् वलादेः)?

Today we will look at the form जनयति 3As-लँट् from श्रीमद्भागवतम् Sb11.30.3.

प्रत्याक्रष्टुं नयनमबला यत्र लग्नं न शेकुः कर्णाविष्टं न सरति ततो यत्सतामात्मलग्नम् ।
यच्छ्रीर्वाचां जनयति रतिं किं नु मानं कवीनां दृष्ट्वा जिष्णोर्युधि रथगतं यच्च तत्साम्यमीयुः ।। ११-३०-३ ।।

Gita Press translation “From which ladies could not withdraw their eyes (once) riveted on it; which, having (once) entered the ears of the virtuous and (then) clung to their mind (through the passage of the ears), never departs from it; whose splendor (when glorified by poets) gives a delightful character to their speech and what goes without saying, brings honor to them, and looking on which, (when) seated in the car of (the all-victorious) Arjuna, warriors (who fell in battle) attained similarity to it.”

जनयति is a causative form derived from the धातुः √जन् (जनीँ प्रादुर्भावे ४. ४४)

The ending ईकार: of “जनीँ” is an इत् as per 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत् and takes लोप: by 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

जन् + णिच् । By 3-1-26 हेतुमति च – The affix “णिच्” is used after a root, when the operation of a causer – such as the operation of directing – is to be expressed. “णिच्” gets आर्धधातुक-सञ्ज्ञा by 3-4-114 आर्धधातुकं शेषः।
= जन् + इ । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-7 चुटू, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।
= जान् + इ । By 7-2-116 अत उपधायाः, a penultimate (उपधा) अकार: of a अङ्गम् gets वृद्धिः as the substitute when followed by a प्रत्ययः which is a ञित् or a णित्।

By the गणसूत्रम् जनीजॄष्क्नसुरञ्जोऽमन्ताश्च (in the धातुपाठ:, below the गणसूत्रम् “घटादयो मित:”) – The verbal roots √जन् (जनीँ प्रादुर्भावे ४. ४४), √जॄ (जॄष् वयोहानौ ४. २५), √क्नस् (क्नसुँ ह्वरणदीप्त्योः ४. ७), √रञ्ज् (रञ्जँ रागे १. ११५४) as well as any verbal root ending in “अम्” shall be considered to be “मित्” (having मकार: as an इत्)।

= जनि । By 6-4-92 मितां ह्रस्वः, a short vowel (ह्रस्व:) is substituted in place of the penultimate letter (vowel) of a verbal root which is मित् (has मकार: as an इत्) and is followed by the causative affix “णि”।

“जनि” gets धातु-सञ्ज्ञा by 3-1-32 सनाद्यन्ता धातवः।

As per 1-3-74 णिचश्च, the verbal roots that end in the णिच्-प्रत्ययः shall take आत्मनेपद-प्रत्ययाः when the fruit of the action (क्रियाफलम्) accrues to the doer (कर्त्रभिप्रायम् = कर्तृ-अभिप्रायम्)। In the remaining case – when the fruit of the action does not accrue to the doer these verbal roots shall take परस्मैपद-प्रत्ययाः।
In reality though, this distinction of the fruit of the action accruing to the doer or not, is rarely honored in the language. So as a practical matter, a verbal root that ends in the णिच्-प्रत्ययः will take either आत्मनेपद-प्रत्ययाः or परस्मैपद-प्रत्ययाः regardless of whether the fruit of the action accrues to the doer or not. In short, it will be उभयपदी। Here it has taken a परस्मैपद-प्रत्ययः।

The विवक्षा is लँट्, कर्तरि प्रयोगः (हेतुमति), प्रथम-पुरुषः, एकवचनम्, therefore the प्रत्यय: will be “तिप्”।

(1) जनि + लँट् । By 3-2-123 वर्तमाने लट्, the affix लँट् comes after a धातुः when denoting an action in the present tense.

(2) जनि + ल् । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत्, 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

(3) जनि + तिप् । 3-4-78 तिप्तस्झिसिप्थस्थमिब्वस्मस्तातांझथासाथांध्वमिड्वहिमहिङ् mandates the प्रत्ययः “तिप्” as the substitute for the लकारः। “तिप्” gets the सार्वधातुक-सञ्ज्ञा by 3-4-113 तिङ्शित्सार्वधातुकम्।

(4) जनि + ति । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

(5) जनि + शप् + तिप् । By 3-1-68 कर्तरि शप्‌, the शप्-प्रत्यय: is placed after a verbal root, when followed by a सार्वधातुक-प्रत्यय: that is used signifying the agent.

(6) जनि + अ + तिप् । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-8 लशक्वतद्धिते , 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

(7) जने + अ + ति । By 7-3-84 सार्वधातुकार्धधातुकयोः, an अङ्गम् whose final letter is an इक् gets गुण-आदेशः, when a सार्वधातुक-प्रत्यय: or an आर्धधातुक-प्रत्यय: follows.

(8) जनयति । By 6-1-78 एचोऽयवायावः।

Questions:

1. Where has 6-4-92 मितां ह्रस्वः been used in a तिङन्तं पदम् in Chapter Two of the गीता? Where in Chapter Three?

2. Where else (besides in जनयति) has the शप्-प्रत्यय: been used in a तिङन्तं पदम् in the verse?

3. The अनुवृत्ति: of “णौ” (meaning – when followed by the affix “णि”) comes in to 6-4-92 मितां ह्रस्वः from a सूत्रम् which we have studied. Which सूत्रम् is it?

4. In which of the following forms is the गणसूत्रम् “जनीजॄष्क्नसुरञ्जोऽमन्ताश्च” required?
i. कथयति
ii. गणयति
iii. गमयति
iv. घटते

5. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“Your bad behavior annoys me.” Use the neuter प्रातिपदिकम् “दुराचरण” for “bad behavior” and use √व्यथ् (व्यथँ भयसञ्चलनयोः १. ८६८) in the causative for “to annoy.”

6. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“Let us not cause confusion.” Use the feminine प्रातिपदिकम् “भ्रान्ति” for “confusion” and √जन् (जनीँ प्रादुर्भावे ४. ४४) in the causative for “to cause.”

Easy questions:

1. Where has the सूत्रम् 6-4-3 नामि been used in the verse?

2. The term “रति” (used in the verse in the form रतिम्) has which सञ्ज्ञा?
i. घु-सञ्ज्ञा
ii. घि-सञ्ज्ञा
iii. नदी-सञ्ज्ञा
iv. टि-सञ्ज्ञा

Today we will look at the form विग्लापयति 3AS-लँट् from श्रीमद्भागवतम् Sb3.2.22.

तत्तस्य कैङ्कर्यमलं भृतान्नो विग्लापयत्यङ्ग यदुग्रसेनम् ।
तिष्ठन्निषण्णं परमेष्ठिधिष्ण्ये न्यबोधयद्देव निधारयेति ।। ३-२-२२ ।।

Gita Press translation “Standing before Ugrasena, who sat on his royal throne, He submitted, “My lord, listen (to my prayer)!” That He should thus behave like a servant confounds us, His slaves, to the utmost degree, dear Vidura.”

ग्लापयति is a causative form derived from the धातुः √ग्लै (ग्लै हर्षक्षये १. १०५१)

This धातुः has no इत letters. The ending ऐकार: of “ग्लै” is replaced by an आकार: by 6-1-45 आदेच उपदेशेऽशिति – The ending एच् (“ए”, “ओ”, “ऐ”, “औ”) letter of a धातु: in the धातु-पाठ: is replaced by a आकार:, but not in the context where a शकार: which is a इत् follows.

ग्ला + णिच् । By 3-1-26 हेतुमति च – The affix “णिच्” is used after a root, when the operation of a causer – such as the operation of directing – is to be expressed. “णिच्” gets आर्धधातुक-सञ्ज्ञा by 3-4-114 आर्धधातुकं शेषः।
= ग्ला + इ । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-7 चुटू, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।
= ग्ला पुक् + इ By 7-3-36 अर्त्तिह्रीव्लीरीक्नूयीक्ष्माय्यातां पुङ्णौ, the augment पुक् is added to the roots √ऋ (ऋ गतिप्रापणयोः १. १०८६, ऋ गतौ ३. १७), √ह्री (ह्री लज्जायाम् ३. ३), √व्ली (व्ली वरणे ९. ३७), √री (रीङ् श्रवणे ४. ३३, री गतिरेषणयोः ९. ३५), √क्नूय् (क्नूयीँ शब्द उन्दने च १. ५५८), √क्ष्माय् (क्ष्मायीँ विधूनने १. ५५९) and to a root ending in a आकार: when the causative affix “णि” follows. As per 1-1-46 आद्यन्तौ टकितौ, the “पुक्”-आगम: joins at the end of the अङ्गम् “ग्ला”।
= ग्लाप् + इ । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः। Note: The उकार: in “पुक्” is उच्चारणार्थ: (for pronunciation only.)
= ग्लापि

“ग्लापि” gets धातु-सञ्ज्ञा by 3-1-32 सनाद्यन्ता धातवः।

As per 1-3-74 णिचश्च, the verbal roots that end in the णिच्-प्रत्ययः shall take आत्मनेपद-प्रत्ययाः when the fruit of the action (क्रियाफलम्) accrues to the doer (कर्त्रभिप्रायम् = कर्तृ-अभिप्रायम्)। In the remaining case – when the fruit of the action does not accrue to the doer these verbal roots shall take परस्मैपद-प्रत्ययाः।
In reality though, this distinction of the fruit of the action accruing to the doer or not, is rarely honored in the language. So as a practical matter, a verbal root that ends in the णिच्-प्रत्ययः will take either आत्मनेपद-प्रत्ययाः or परस्मैपद-प्रत्ययाः regardless of whether the fruit of the action accrues to the doer or not. In short, it will be उभयपदी। Here it has taken a परस्मैपद-प्रत्ययः।

The विवक्षा is लँट्, कर्तरि प्रयोगः, हेतुमति, प्रथम-पुरुषः, एकवचनम्, therefore the प्रत्यय: will be “तिप्”।

(1) ग्लापि + लँट् । By 3-2-123 वर्तमाने लट्, the affix लँट् comes after a धातुः when denoting an action in the present tense.

(2) ग्लापि + ल् । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत्, 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

(3) ग्लापि + तिप् । 3-4-78 तिप्तस्झिसिप्थस्थमिब्वस्मस्तातांझथासाथांध्वमिड्वहिमहिङ् mandates the प्रत्ययः “तिप्” as the substitute for the लकारः। “तिप्” gets the सार्वधातुक-सञ्ज्ञा by 3-4-113 तिङ्शित्सार्वधातुकम्।

(4) ग्लापि + ति । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

(5) ग्लापि + शप् + तिप् । By 3-1-68 कर्तरि शप्‌, the शप्-प्रत्यय: is placed after a verbal root, when followed by a सार्वधातुक-प्रत्यय: that is used signifying the agent.

(6) ग्लापि + अ + तिप् । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-8 लशक्वतद्धिते , 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

(7) ग्लापे + अ + ति । By 7-3-84 सार्वधातुकार्धधातुकयोः, an अङ्गम् whose final letter is an इक् gets गुण-आदेशः, when a सार्वधातुक-प्रत्यय: or an आर्धधातुक-प्रत्यय: follows.

(8) ग्लापयति । By 6-1-78 एचोऽयवायावः।

“वि” is the उपसर्गः (ref. 1-4-59 उपसर्गाः क्रियायोगे।)
वि + ग्लापयति = विग्लापयति।

Questions:

1. Where has 7-3-36 अर्त्तिह्रीव्लीरीक्नूयीक्ष्माय्यातां पुङ्णौ been used in a तिङन्तं पदम् in Chapter One of the गीता?

2. Can you spot a “अट्”-आगम: in the verse?

3. Commenting on the सूत्रम् 6-1-45 आदेच उपदेशेऽशिति, the काशिका says – “अशिति” इति किम्? ग्लायति। Please explain.

4. Commenting on the सूत्रम् 6-1-45 आदेच उपदेशेऽशिति, the तत्त्वबोधिनी says – धातोः किम्? गोभ्याम्। Please explain.

5. Which अव्ययम् used in the verse has been translated as “to the utmost degree”?

6. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“Park your car here.” Use the neuter प्रातिपदिकम् “वाहन” for “car” and √स्था (ष्ठा गतिनिवृत्तौ १. १०७७) in the causative for “to park.”

Easy questions:

1. Which सूत्रम् is used for निर्धारय + इति = निधारयेति?

2. Which word used in the verse is an alternate (short) form for अस्मान् (प्रातिपदिकम् “अस्मद्”, द्वितीया-बहुवचनम्)?

Today we will look at the form पाययत 2Ap-लोँट् from श्रीमद्भागवतम् Sb10.29.22

तद्यात मा चिरं गोष्ठं शुश्रूषध्वं पतीन्सतीः ।
क्रन्दन्ति वत्सा बालाश्च तान्पाययत दुह्यत ।। १०-२९-२२ ।।

Gita Press translation “(Therefore) return without delay to Vraja and serve your husbands, O virtuous ladies! The calves as well as the children are crying (due to hunger); nourish them with milk and milk the cows.”

पाययत is a causative form derived from the धातुः √पा (पा पाने १. १०७४)

√पा-धातुः has no इत् letters.

पा + णिच् । By 3-1-26 हेतुमति च – The affix “णिच्” is used after a root, when the operation of a causer – such as the operation of directing – is to be expressed. “णिच्” gets आर्धधातुक-सञ्ज्ञा by 3-4-114 आर्धधातुकं शेषः।
= पा + इ । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-7 चुटू, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।
= पा युक् + इ । By 7-3-37 शाच्छासाह्वाव्यावेपां युक्, the verbal roots √शो (शो तनूकरणे ४. ४०), √छो (छो छेदने ४. ४१), √सो (षो अन्तकर्मणि ४. ४२), √ह्वे (ह्वेञ् स्पर्धायां शब्दे च १. ११६३), √व्ये (व्येञ् संवरणे १. ११६२), √वे (वेञ् तन्तुसन्ताने १. ११६१) and √पा (पा पाने १. १०७४) take the “युक्”-आगम: when the “णि”-प्रत्यय: follows. As per 1-1-46 आद्यन्तौ टकितौ “युक्”-आगमः attaches itself to the end of the अङगम् “पा”।
= पा य् + इ । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः। Note: The उकारः in “युक्” is उच्चारणार्थः (pronunciation only).
= पायि

“पायि” gets धातु-सञ्ज्ञा by 3-1-32 सनाद्यन्ता धातवः।

As per 1-3-74 णिचश्च, the verbal roots that end in the णिच्-प्रत्ययः shall take आत्मनेपद-प्रत्ययाः when the fruit of the action (क्रियाफलम्) accrues to the doer (कर्त्रभिप्रायम् = कर्तृ-अभिप्रायम्)। In the remaining case – when the fruit of the action does not accrue to the doer these verbal roots shall take परस्मैपद-प्रत्ययाः।
In reality though, this distinction of the fruit of the action accruing to the doer or not, is rarely honored in the language. So as a practical matter, a verbal root that ends in the णिच्-प्रत्ययः will take either आत्मनेपद-प्रत्ययाः or परस्मैपद-प्रत्ययाः regardless of whether the fruit of the action accrues to the doer or not. In short, it will be उभयपदी। Here it has taken a परस्मैपद-प्रत्ययः।

The विवक्षा is लोँट्, कर्तरि प्रयोगः (हेतुमति), मध्यम-पुरुषः, बहुवचनम्, therefore the प्रत्यय: will be “थ”।

(1) पायि + लोँट् । By 3-3-162 लोट् च, the affix लोँट् comes after a धातुः when used in the sense of command/request.

(2) पायि + ल् । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत्, 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

(3) पायि + थ । 3-4-78 तिप्तस्झिसिप्थस्थमिब्वस्मस्तातांझथासाथांध्वमिड्वहिमहिङ् mandates “थ” as the substitute for the लकारः। “थ” gets the सार्वधातुक-सञ्ज्ञा by 3-4-113 तिङ्शित्सार्वधातुकम्।

(4) पायि + त । By 3-4-85 लोटो लङ्वत्‌, लोँट् is treated like लँङ्। लँङ् is a ङित्-लकार: (it has ङकार: as an इत्)। The तिङ्-प्रत्ययाः “तस्”, “थस्”, “थ” and “मिप्” of a लकारः which is a ङित्, are replaced by “ताम्”, “तम्”, “त” and “अम्” respectively by 3-4-101 तस्थस्थमिपां तांतंतामः । Since लोँट् is treated like लँङ्, the थ-प्रत्ययः of लोँट् also is replaced by “त”। “त” gets the सार्वधातुक-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-1-56 स्थानिवदादेशोऽनल्विधौ।

(5) पायि + शप् + त । By 3-1-68 कर्तरि शप्‌, the शप्-प्रत्यय: is placed after a verbal root, when followed by a सार्वधातुक-प्रत्यय: that is used signifying the agent.

(6) पायि + अ + त । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-8 लशक्वतद्धिते , 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

(7) पाये + अ + त । By 7-3-84 सार्वधातुकार्धधातुकयोः, an अङ्गम् whose final letter is an इक् gets गुण-आदेशः, when a सार्वधातुक-प्रत्यय: or an आर्धधातुक-प्रत्यय: follows.

(8) पाययत। By 6-1-78 एचोऽयवायावः।

Questions:

1. Can you spot a word in Chapter Three of the गीता where the विवक्षा (as in this example) is लोँट्, कर्तरि प्रयोगः (हेतुमति), मध्यम-पुरुषः, बहुवचनम्?

2. Commenting on this verse, the commentator says that the form (हे) सती: is आर्ष: (archaic – not according to the rules of grammar.) What should have been the form according to the rules of grammar?

3. On the form दुह्यत, the commentator says श्यन्नार्ष:। What does this mean? What should have been the from according to the rules of grammar?

4. Can you spot a word in the verse where the शप्-प्रत्यय: has taken the लुक् elision?

5. Where has the झि-प्रत्यय: been used in the verse?

6. Use some words from the verse to construct the following sentence in Sanskrit:
“All of you go home without delay.”

Easy questions:

1. Which सूत्रम् is used for the नकारादेश: in the forms पतीन् and तान्?

2. Where has 8-3-22 हलि सर्वेषाम् been used in the verse?

Today we will look at the form सन्दीपयत 2Ap-लोँट् from श्रीमद्भागवतम् Sb7.2.12

यत्र यत्र द्विजा गावो वेदा वर्णाश्रमाः क्रियाः।
तं तं जनपदं यात सन्दीपयत वृश्चत ।। ७-२-१२ ।।

Translation “Repair to each such territory where there are Brāhmaṇas (lit., the twice-born), cows, the Vedas, the (four) Varṇas (grades of society) and (four) Āśramas (stages in life) and rituals. Set fire to them and cut them (their trees etc.) to pieces.”

दीपयत is a causative form derived from the धातुः √दीप् (दीपीँ दीप्तौ ४. ४५)

The ending ईकार: of “दीपीँ” is an इत् as per 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत् and takes लोप: by 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

दीप् + णिच् । By 3-1-26 हेतुमति च – The affix “णिच्” is used after a root, when the operation of a causer – such as the operation of directing – is to be expressed. “णिच्” gets आर्धधातुक-सञ्ज्ञा by 3-4-114 आर्धधातुकं शेषः।
= दीप् + इ । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-7 चुटू, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।
= दीपि

“दीपि” gets धातु-सञ्ज्ञा by 3-1-32 सनाद्यन्ता धातवः।

As per 1-3-74 णिचश्च, the verbal roots that end in the णिच्-प्रत्ययः shall take आत्मनेपद-प्रत्ययाः when the fruit of the action (क्रियाफलम्) accrues to the doer (कर्त्रभिप्रायम् = कर्तृ-अभिप्रायम्)। In the remaining case – when the fruit of the action does not accrue to the doer these verbal roots shall take परस्मैपद-प्रत्ययाः।
In reality though, this distinction of the fruit of the action accruing to the doer or not, is rarely honored in the language. So as a practical matter, a verbal root that ends in the णिच्-प्रत्ययः will take either आत्मनेपद-प्रत्ययाः or परस्मैपद-प्रत्ययाः regardless of whether the fruit of the action accrues to the doer or not. In short, it will be उभयपदी। Here it has taken a परस्मैपद-प्रत्ययः।

The विवक्षा is लोँट्, कर्तरि प्रयोगः (हेतुमति), मध्यम-पुरुषः, बहुवचनम्, therefore the प्रत्यय: will be “थ”।

(1) दीपि + लोँट् । By 3-3-162 लोट् च, the affix लोँट् comes after a धातुः when used in the sense of command/request.

(2) दीपि + ल् । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत्, 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

(3) दीपि + थ । 3-4-78 तिप्तस्झिसिप्थस्थमिब्वस्मस्तातांझथासाथांध्वमिड्वहिमहिङ् mandates the प्रत्ययः “थ” as the substitute for the लकारः। “थ” gets the सार्वधातुक-सञ्ज्ञा by 3-4-113 तिङ्शित्सार्वधातुकम्।

(4) दीपि + त । By 3-4-101 तस्थस्थमिपां तांतंतामः, the तिङ्-प्रत्ययाः “तस्”, “थस्”, “थ” and “मिप्” of a लकारः which is a ङित्, are replaced by “ताम्”, “तम्”, “त” and “अम्” respectively.

(5) दीपि + शप् + त । By 3-1-68 कर्तरि शप्‌, the शप्-प्रत्यय: is placed after a verbal root, when followed by a सार्वधातुक-प्रत्यय: that is used signifying the agent.

(6) दीपि + अ + त । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-8 लशक्वतद्धिते , 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

(7) दीपे + अ + त । By 7-3-84 सार्वधातुकार्धधातुकयोः, an अङ्गम् whose final letter is an इक् gets गुण-आदेशः, when a सार्वधातुक-प्रत्यय: or an आर्धधातुक-प्रत्यय: follows.

(8) दीपयत । By 6-1-78 एचोऽयवायावः।

“सम्” is the उपसर्गः (ref. 1-4-59 उपसर्गाः क्रियायोगे।)
सम् + दीपयत = संदीपयत । 8-3-23 मोऽनुस्वारः।
= सन्दीपयत/संदीपयत । 8-4-59 वा पदान्तस्य।

Questions:

1. Where has the “णिच्”-प्रत्यय: been used in a तिङन्तं पदम् in the last five verses of Chapter One of the गीता?

2. Which सूत्रम् is used for the सम्प्रसारणम् in the form वृश्चत?

3. Can you spot a place in the verse where the “शप्”-प्रत्यय: has taken the लुक् elision?

4. Where has 7-1-90 गोतो णित्‌ been used in the verse?

5. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“This house was set on fire by the terrorists.” Use (in the masculine) the adjective प्रातिपदिकम् “आततायिन्” for “terrorist” and use (in the passive) √दीप् (दीपीँ दीप्तौ ४. ४५) in the causative for “to set on fire.”

6. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“Many students are confused by this सूत्रम्।” Use (in the passive) √मुह् (मुहँ वैचित्त्ये ४. ९५) in the causative for “to confuse.”

Easy questions:

1. Consider the form क्रिया: (used in the verse.) It is प्रथमा-बहुवचनम् of the स्त्रीलिङ्ग-प्रातिपदिकम् “क्रिया”। Steps are as follows:
क्रिया + जस् | By 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टा…।
= क्रिया + अस् | By 1-3-7 चुटू, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः। 1-3-4 न विभक्तौ तुस्माः prevents the ending सकार: of “जस्” from getting the इत्-सञ्ज्ञा।
= क्रियास् | By ?
= क्रिया: | Applying रुँत्व-विसर्गौ – 8-2-66 ससजुषो रुः, 8-3-15 खरवसानयोर्विसर्जनीयः।

Which सूत्रम् is used in the second last step – 6-1-101 अकः सवर्णे दीर्घः or 6-1-102 प्रथमयोः पूर्वसवर्णः?

2. Can you spot two places in the verse where 8-3-22 हलि सर्वेषाम् has been used?

Today we will look at the form अनुकीर्तय 2AS-लोँट् from श्रीमद्भागवतम् Sb3.25.3

यद्यद्विधत्ते भगवान्स्वच्छन्दात्माऽऽत्ममायया ।
तानि मे श्रद्दधानस्य कीर्तन्यान्यनुकीर्तय ।। ३-२५-३ ।।

Gita Press translation “Having assumed by His own Māyā a personality conforming to the will of His devotees, whatever the Lord does is all worth singing. Therefore, kindly narrate all those doings to me, full of reverence as I am.”

कीर्तय is derived from the धातुः √कॄत् (कॄतँ संशब्दने १०. १५५)

The ending अकार: of “कॄतँ” is an इत् as per 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत् and takes लोप: by 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

कॄत् + णिच् । By 3-1-25 सत्यापपाशरूपवीणातूलश्लोकसेनालोमत्वचवर्मवर्णचूर्णचुरादिभ्यो णिच् – The affix णिच् is used after these words – “सत्य” ‘truth’ (which then takes the form of “सत्याप्” as exhibited in the सूत्रम्), “पाश” ‘fetter’, “रूप” ‘form’, “वीणा” ‘lute’, “तूल” ‘cotton’, “श्लोक” ‘celebration’, “सेना” ‘army’, “लोमन्” ‘hair of the body’, “त्वच” ‘skin’, “वर्मन्” ‘mail’, “वर्ण” ‘color’, “चूर्ण” ‘powder’ and the verbal roots belonging to the चुरादि-गणः। “णिच्” gets आर्धधातुक-सञ्ज्ञा by 3-4-114 आर्धधातुकं शेषः।
= कॄत् + इ । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-7 चुटू, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।
= किर् त् + इ । By 7-1-101 उपधायाश्च, a ॠकार:, when it is the penultimate (उपधा) letter of a धातु:, takes the इकारादेश:। As per 1-1-51 उरण् रपरः, the रेफ: is added to the इकार:।
= कीर्ति । By 8-2-78 उपधायां च, a इक् letter is elongated if it is followed by a रेफ: or वकार:, provided the रेफ: or वकार: is the penultimate letter (उपधा) of a verbal root and is followed by a consonant.

“कीर्ति” gets धातु-सञ्ज्ञा by 3-1-32 सनाद्यन्ता धातवः।

As per 1-3-74 णिचश्च, the verbal roots that end in the णिच्-प्रत्ययः shall take आत्मनेपद-प्रत्ययाः when the fruit of the action (क्रियाफलम्) accrues to the doer (कर्त्रभिप्रायम् = कर्तृ-अभिप्रायम्)। In the remaining case – when the fruit of the action does not accrue to the doer these verbal roots shall take परस्मैपद-प्रत्ययाः।
In reality though, this distinction of the fruit of the action accruing to the doer or not, is rarely honored in the language. So as a practical matter, a verbal root that ends in the णिच्-प्रत्ययः will take either आत्मनेपद-प्रत्ययाः or परस्मैपद-प्रत्ययाः regardless of whether the fruit of the action accrues to the doer or not. In short, it will be उभयपदी। Here it has taken a परस्मैपद-प्रत्ययः।

The विवक्षा is लोँट्, कर्तरि प्रयोगः, मध्यम-पुरुषः, एकवचनम्, therefore the प्रत्यय: will be “सिप्”।

(1) कीर्ति + लोँट् । By 3-3-162 लोट् च, the affix लोँट् comes after a धातुः when used in the sense of command/request.

(2) कीर्ति + ल् । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत्, 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

(3) कीर्ति + सिप् । 3-4-78 तिप्तस्झिसिप्थस्थमिब्वस्मस्तातांझथासाथांध्वमिड्वहिमहिङ् mandates the प्रत्ययः “सिप्” as the substitute for the लकारः। “सिप्” gets the सार्वधातुक-सञ्ज्ञा by 3-4-113 तिङ्शित्सार्वधातुकम्।

(4) कीर्ति + सि । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

(5) कीर्ति + हि । By 3-4-87 सेर्ह्यपिच्च, “सि” of लोँट् is substituted by “हि” and it is an अपित्।

(6) कीर्ति + शप् + हि । By 3-1-68 कर्तरि शप्‌, the शप्-प्रत्यय: is placed after a verbal root, when followed by a सार्वधातुक-प्रत्यय: that is used signifying the agent.

(7) कीर्ति + अ + हि । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-8 लशक्वतद्धिते , 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

(8) कीर्ते + अ + हि । By 7-3-84 सार्वधातुकार्धधातुकयोः, an अङ्गम् whose final letter is an इक् gets गुण-आदेशः, when a सार्वधातुक-प्रत्यय: or an आर्धधातुक-प्रत्यय: follows.

(9) कीर्तय + हि । By 6-1-78 एचोऽयवायावः।

(10) कीर्तय । By 6-4-105 अतो हेः, there is an elision of the affix “हि” when it follows an अङ्गम् ending in a अकार:।

“अनु” is the उपसर्गः (ref. 1-4-59 उपसर्गाः क्रियायोगे।)
अनु + कीर्तय = अनुकीर्तय।

Questions:

1. Where has the “णिच्”-प्रत्यय: been used in a तिङन्तं पदम् in the first five verses of Chapter 11 of the गीता?

2. Where has 8-2-38 दधस्तथोश्च been used in the verse?

3. Commenting on the सूत्रम् 8-2-78 उपधायां च (used in this example), the तत्त्वबोधिनी says – रेफवकारयोः किम्? (पुष्पँ विकसने ४. १६) पुष्प्यति। Please explain.

4. Commenting further on the same सूत्रम् 8-2-78, the तत्त्वबोधिनी says – हल्परयोः किम्? (चिरि हिंसायाम् ५. ३४) चिरिणोति। Please explain.

5. Commenting further on the same सूत्रम् 8-2-78, the तत्त्वबोधिनी says – इकः किम्? (नर्दँ शब्दे १. ५८) नर्दति। Please explain.

6. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“Let us not mention the defects of others.” Use the masculine प्रातिपदिकम् “दोष” for “defect” and √कॄत् (कॄतँ संशब्दने १०. १५५) for “to mention.”

Easy questions:

1. A short (alternate) form for मह्यम् (प्रातिपदिकम् “अस्मद्”, चतुर्थी-एकवचनम्) has been used in the verse. Can you spot which one it is?

2. Can you spot two places in the verse where 7-1-72 नपुंसकस्य झलचः has been used?

Today we will look at the form घातयति 3AS-लँट् from श्रीमद्भगवद्गीता 2-21

वेदाविनाशिनं नित्यं य एनमजमव्ययम्‌ |
कथं स पुरुषः पार्थ कं घातयति हन्ति कम्‌ || 2-21||

Gita Press translation “Arjuna, the man who knows this soul to be imperishable; eternal and free from birth and decay, how and whom will he cause to be killed, how and whom will he kill?”

घातयति is a causative form derived from the धातुः √हन् (हनँ हिंसागत्योः २. २)

The ending vowel of “हनँ” is an इत् as per 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत् and takes लोप: by 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

हन् + णिच् । By 3-1-26 हेतुमति च – The affix “णिच्” is used after a root, when the operation of a causer – such as the operation of directing – is to be expressed. “णिच्” gets आर्धधातुक-सञ्ज्ञा by 3-4-114 आर्धधातुकं शेषः।
= घन् + णिच् । By 7-3-54 हो हन्तेर्ञ्णिन्नेषु, the हकारः of √हन् gets replaced by a letter of the कवर्ग: when followed by an affix with ञकारः or णकारः as an इत् , or when followed (immediately) by a नकारः।
= घत् + णिच् । By 7-3-32 हनस्तोऽचिण्णलोः – The ending letter (नकार:) of the verbal root √हन् (हनँ हिंसागत्योः २. २) is replaced by a तकार:, when followed by a प्रत्यय: (other than “चिण्” or “णल्”) which is either ञित् or णित्।
= घात् + णिच् । By 7-2-116 अत उपधायाः – A penultimate (उपधा) अकार: of a अङ्गम् gets वृद्धिः as the substitute when followed by a प्रत्ययः which is either ञित् or णित्।
= घात् + इ । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-7 चुटू, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।
= घाति।

“घाति” gets धातु-सञ्ज्ञा by 3-1-32 सनाद्यन्ता धातवः।

As per 1-3-74 णिचश्च, the verbal roots that end in the णिच्-प्रत्ययः shall take आत्मनेपद-प्रत्ययाः when the fruit of the action (क्रियाफलम्) accrues to the doer (कर्त्रभिप्रायम् = कर्तृ-अभिप्रायम्)। In the remaining case – when the fruit of the action does not accrue to the doer these verbal roots shall take परस्मैपद-प्रत्ययाः।
In reality though, this distinction of the fruit of the action accruing to the doer or not, is rarely honored in the language. So as a practical matter, a verbal root that ends in the णिच्-प्रत्ययः will take either आत्मनेपद-प्रत्ययाः or परस्मैपद-प्रत्ययाः regardless of whether the fruit of the action accrues to the doer or not. In short, it will be उभयपदी। Here it has taken a परस्मैपद-प्रत्ययः।

The विवक्षा is लँट्, कर्तरि प्रयोगः, हेतुमति, प्रथम-पुरुषः, एकवचनम्, therefore the प्रत्यय: will be “तिप्”।

(1) घाति + लँट् । By 3-2-123 वर्तमाने लट्, the affix लँट् comes after a धातुः when denoting an action in the present tense.

(2) घाति + ल् । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत्, 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

(3) घाति + तिप् । 3-4-78 तिप्तस्झिसिप्थस्थमिब्वस्मस्तातांझथासाथांध्वमिड्वहिमहिङ् mandates the प्रत्ययः “तिप्” as the substitute for the लकारः। “तिप्” gets the सार्वधातुक-सञ्ज्ञा by 3-4-113 तिङ्शित्सार्वधातुकम्।

(4) घाति + ति । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

(5) घाति + शप् + तिप् । By 3-1-68 कर्तरि शप्‌, the शप्-प्रत्यय: is placed after a verbal root, when followed by a सार्वधातुक-प्रत्यय: that is used signifying the agent.

(6) घाति + अ + तिप् । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-8 लशक्वतद्धिते , 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

(7) घाते + अ + ति । By 7-3-84 सार्वधातुकार्धधातुकयोः, an अङ्गम् whose final letter is an इक् gets गुण-आदेशः, when a सार्वधातुक-प्रत्यय: or an आर्धधातुक-प्रत्यय: follows.

(8) घातयति । By 6-1-78 एचोऽयवायावः।

Questions:

1. In the last verse of which chapter of the गीता has √हन् (हनँ हिंसागत्योः २. २) been used in a तिङन्तं पदम्?

2. Can you spot a “णल्”-प्रत्यय: in the verse?

3. Where has 2-4-34 द्वितीयाटौस्स्वेनः been used in the verse?

4. In the verse, can you spot a word in which the शप्-प्रत्यय: has taken the लुक् elision?

5. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“O Lord! Destroy all my sins.” Use √हन् (हनँ हिंसागत्योः २. २) in the causative for “to destroy” (literally – “cause to be killed.”)

6. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“You should teach my son grammar.” Use √इ (इङ् अध्ययने | नित्यमधिपूर्वः २. ४१) in the causative with the उपसर्ग: “अधि” for “to teach” (literally – “cause to study.”) Use द्वितीया विभक्ति: with both “son” and “grammar.”

Easy questions:

1. Where has 6-1-69 एङ्ह्रस्वात्‌ सम्बुद्धेः been used in the verse?

2. Can you spot a place in the verse where the “सुँ”-प्रत्यय: has taken लोप:?

Today we will look at the form बध्नन्ति 3Ap-लँट् from श्रीमद्भागवतम् Sb11.23.37

तर्जयन्त्यपरे वाग्भिः स्तेनोऽयमिति वादिनः ।
बध्नन्ति रज्ज्वा तं केचिद्बध्यतां बध्यतामिति ।। ११-२३-३७ ।।

Gita Press translation – Calling him a thief, others threatened him with words; while others tied him with a rope, exclaiming “Let him be bound, let him be bound!”

बध्नन्ति is derived from the धातुः √बन्ध् (क्रयादि-गणः, बन्धँ बन्धने, धातु-पाठः # ९. ४४)

The अकारः at the end of “बन्धँ” gets इत्-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत् and takes लोप: by 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः। This इत् letter has उदात्त-स्वरः। Thus √बन्ध् is devoid of any indications for bringing in आत्मनेपद-प्रत्यया:। (Neither 1-3-12 अनुदात्तङित आत्मनेपदम् nor 1-3-72 स्वरितञितः कर्त्रभिप्राये क्रियाफले applies.) Therefore, as per 1-3-78 शेषात् कर्तरि परस्मैपदम्, √बन्ध् takes परस्मैपद-प्रत्यया: by default in कर्तरि प्रयोग:।

The विवक्षा is लँट्, कर्तरि प्रयोगः, प्रथम-पुरुषः, बहुवचनम्, therefore the प्रत्यय: will be “झि”।

(1) बन्ध् + लँट् । By 3-2-123 वर्तमाने लट्, the affix लँट् comes after a धातुः when denoting an action in the present tense.

(2) बन्ध् + ल् । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत्, 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

(3) बन्ध् + झि । 3-4-78 तिप्तस्झिसिप्थस्थमिब्वस्मस्तातांझथासाथांध्वमिड्वहिमहिङ् mandates the प्रत्ययः “झि” as the substitute for the लकारः। “झि” gets the सार्वधातुक-सञ्ज्ञा by 3-4-113 तिङ्शित्सार्वधातुकम्।

(4) बन्ध् + श्ना + झि । By 3-1-81 क्र्यादिभ्यः श्ना, the श्ना-प्रत्यय: is placed after the verbal roots belonging to the क्र्यादि-गणः, when followed by a सार्वधातुक-प्रत्ययः that is used signifying the agent. This सूत्रम् is a अपवाद: (exception) to 3-1-68 कर्तरि शप्‌। “श्ना” which is a शित्, gets सार्वधातुक-सञ्ज्ञा by 3-4-113 तिङ्शित्सार्वधातुकम्।

(5) बन्ध् + ना + झि । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-8 लशक्वतद्धिते, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

(6) बध् + ना + झि । By 6-4-24 अनिदितां हल उपधायाः क्ङिति, the penultimate नकारः of bases that end in a consonant and that do not have इकारः as a marker, takes लोपः when followed by an affix that has ककारः or ङकारः as a marker.
(Note: Since the सार्वधातुक-प्रत्यय: “श्ना” is अपित्, by 1-2-4 सार्वधातुकमपित् it behaves ङिद्वत् – as if it has ङकार: as a इत्। This allows 6-4-24 to apply.)

(7) बध् + ना + अन्ति । By 7-1-3 झोऽन्तः, “अन्त्” comes in as a replacement for the झकारः of a प्रत्यय:।

(8) बध्नन्ति । By 6-4-112 श्नाभ्यस्तयोरातः, when followed by a सार्वधातुक-प्रत्ययः which is a कित् or a ङित्, the आकारः of the श्ना-प्रत्ययः or of a reduplicated root (अभ्यस्तम्) is elided.
(Note: Since the सार्वधातुक-प्रत्यय: “अन्ति” is अपित्, by 1-2-4 सार्वधातुकमपित् it behaves ङिद्वत् – as if it has ङकार: as a इत्। This allows 6-4-112 to apply.)

Questions:

1. Where has √बन्ध् (क्रयादि-गणः, बन्धँ बन्धने, धातु-पाठः # ९. ४४) been used in a तिङन्तं पदम् in a कर्मणि प्रयोग: in the first twenty verses of Chapter Eighteen of the गीता?

2. Can you spot a “णिच्”-प्रत्यय: in the verse?

3. Can you spot a “यक्”-प्रत्यय: in the verse?

4. The अव्ययम् “इति” normally ends a quotation. Based on the context we have to find out where the quotation begins. “इति” has been used twice in the verse. In each case, from where does the quotation begin?

5. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“This bridge was built by my grandfather.” Use the masculine प्रातिपदिकम् “सेतु” for “bridge” and the use the masculine प्रातिपदिकम् “पितामह” for “grandfather (father’s father.)” Use (in the passive) √बन्ध् (क्रयादि-गणः, बन्धँ बन्धने, धातु-पाठः # ९. ४४) for “to build.”

6. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“(You) maintain silence.” Use the neuter प्रातिपदिकम् “मौन” for “silence” and √बन्ध् (क्रयादि-गणः, बन्धँ बन्धने, धातु-पाठः # ९. ४४) for “to maintain.”

Easy questions:

1. Derive the form वाग्भि: (तृतीया-बहुवचनम्) from the स्त्रीलिङ्ग-प्रातिपदिकम् “वाच्”।

2. Can you spot a “टा”-प्रत्यय: in the verse?