Today we will look at the form गतः mNs from श्रीमद्भागवतम् 7.5.5.

एकदासुरराट्पुत्रमङ्कमारोप्य पाण्डव । पप्रच्छ कथ्यतां वत्स मन्यते साधु यद्भवान् ।। ७-५-४ ।।
श्रीप्रह्लाद उवाच
तत्साधु मन्येऽसुरवर्य देहिनां सदा समुद्विग्नधियामसद्ग्रहात् । हित्वात्मपातं गृहमन्धकूपं वनं गतो यद्धरिमाश्रयेत ।। ७-५-५ ।।

श्रीधर-स्वामि-टीका –
हे असुरवर्य, असद्ग्रहादहंममेति मिथाभिनिवेशाद्धेतोः सम्यगुद्विग्ना विषण्णा धीर्येषां ते । वनं गतः सन्हरिमाश्रयेतेति यत्तदेवाहं साधु मन्ये । कथंभूतं गृहम् । आत्मपातमात्मनोऽधःपातनिमित्तम् । कुतः । अन्धकूपवन्मोहावहम् ।। ५ ।।

Gita Press translation – Placing his son (Prahrāda) on his lap, one day, Hiraṇyakaśipu (the ruler of the Asuras,) O Yudhiṣṭhira (son of Pāṇḍu,) addressed him :- “Tell me, my child, what you regard as good (for you.)” (4) Prahrāda replied : For (all) embodied souls whose mind is ever disturbed with the false ideas of ‘I’ and ‘mine’, I hold this to be good, O chief of demons, that having abandoned one’s home, which degrades one’s soul, and is just like well whose mouth is hidden, one should go to the woods and take refuge in Śrī Hari.

“गत” is a कृदन्त-प्रातिपदिकम् (participle form) derived from the verbal root √गम् (गमॢँ गतौ १. ११३७) .

(1) गम् + क्त । By 3-2-102 निष्ठा – The affix “निष्ठा” (ref.1-1-26 क्तक्तवतू निष्ठा) may be used following a verbal root when denoting an action in the past tense. Note: The affix ‘क्त’ has been used कर्तरि (to denote the agent) here as per 3-4-72 गत्यर्थाकर्मकश्लिषशीङ्स्थासवसजनरुहजीर्यतिभ्यश्च – When following one of the verbal roots listed below, the affix “क्त” may be used in the active voice (कर्तरि) as well as in the passive voice (भावकर्मणो:) –
(i) any verbal root used in the sense of motion (गत्यर्थ:)
(ii) any verbal root used intransitively (अकर्मक:)
(iii) the verbal roots √श्लिष् (श्लिषँ आलिङ्गने ४. ८३), √शी (शीङ् स्वप्ने २. २६), √स्था (ष्ठा गतिनिवृत्तौ १. १०७७), √आस् (आसँ उपवेशने २. ११), √वस् (वसँ निवासे १. ११६०), √जन् (जनीँ प्रादुर्भावे ४. ४४), √रुह् (रुहँ बीजजन्मनि प्रादुर्भावे च १. ९९५) and √जॄ (जॄष् वयोहानौ ४. २५)।
Note: The verbal roots listed in (iii) are intransitive. But when used with a उपसर्ग: they may become transitive. In that case they would not be covered by (ii). This is the reason for listing them separately in (iii).

(2) गम् + त । अनुबन्ध-लोप: by 1-3-8 लशक्वतद्धिते and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः। The affix “क्त” is a कित्। This allows 6-4-37 अनुदात्तोपदेशवनतितनोत्यादीनामनुनासिकलोपो झलि क्ङिति to apply in the next step. Note: 7-2-10 एकाच उपदेशेऽनुदात्तात्‌ prevents the affix from taking the augment ‘इट्’ which would have been done by 7-2-35 आर्धधातुकस्येड् वलादेः।

(3) ग + त । By 6-4-37 अनुदात्तोपदेशवनतितनोत्यादीनामनुनासिकलोपो झलि क्ङिति – There is an elision of the final nasal consonant of the verbal root √वन् (वनँ शब्दे १. ५३३, वनँ सम्भक्तौ १. ५३४, वनुँ च नोच्यते १. ९१५) and of the verbal roots* which have अनुदात्त-स्वरः in the धातु-पाठः as well as of the verbal roots belonging to the तनादि-गणः – when followed by a झलादि-प्रत्ययः which is a कित् or a ङित्।

Note: * सिद्धान्त-कौमुदी – “यमिरमिनमिगमिहनिमन्यतयोऽनुदात्तोपदेशाः।” The following six roots end in a nasal consonant and have a अनुदात्त-स्वरः in the धातु-पाठः।
√यम् (यमँ उपरमे १. ११३९), √रम् (रमुँ क्रीडायाम् | रमँ इति माधवः १. ९८९), √नम् (णमँ प्रह्वत्वे शब्दे च १. ११३६), √गम् (गमॢँ गतौ १. ११३७), √हन् (हनँ हिंसागत्योः २. २) and √मन् (मनँ ज्ञाने ४. ७३)।

“गत” gets प्रातिपदिक-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-2-46 कृत्तद्धितसमासाश्च – A word form that ends in a कृत्-प्रत्ययः or a तद्धित-प्रत्ययः and so also compounds gets the name प्रातिपदिकम्।

The विवक्षा is पुंलिङ्गे, प्रथमा-एकवचनम्।

(4) गत + सुँ । By 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टाभ्याम्भिस्ङेभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसिँभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसोसाम्ङ्योस्सुप्।

(5) गत + स् । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत् and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

(6) गतः । रुँत्व-विसर्गौ by 8-2-66 ससजुषो रुः and 8-3-15 खरवसानयोर्विसर्जनीयः।

Questions:

1. Where has the affix ‘क्त’ been used in the very first verse of the गीता?

2. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“Śrī Rama went to the forest.” Use the affix ‘क्त’ कर्तरि (in the in the sense of the agent.)

3. Translate the same sentence (given in #2) – this time use the affix ‘क्त’ कर्मणि (in the sense of the object.) Paraphrase the sentence to “The forest was gone to by Śrī Rama.”

4. Translate the same sentence (given in #2) – this time use the affix ‘क्तवतुँ’।

5. Translate the same sentence (given in #2) – this time use लिँट्।

6. Translate the same sentence (given in #2) – this time use लँट् with ‘स्म’ (ref. 3-2-118 लट् स्मे)।

Easy questions:

1. Where has the सूत्रम् 8-4-62 झयो होऽन्यतरस्याम् been used in the verses?

2. Can you spot the affix ‘श्यन्’ in the verses?

Today we will look at the form आत्मजः mNs from श्रीमद्भागवतम् 9.23.33.

दशलक्षसहस्राणि पुत्राणां तास्वजीजनत् । तेषां तु षट्प्रधानानां पृथुश्रवस आत्मजः ।। ९-२३-३३ ।।
धर्मो नामोशना तस्य हयमेधशतस्य याट् । तत्सुतो रुचकस्तस्य पञ्चासन्नात्मजाः शृणु ।। ९-२३-३४ ।।

श्रीधर-स्वामि-टीका –
पृथुश्रवाः पृथुकीर्तिः पृथुयशा इत्यादयः षट् प्रधानाः श्रेष्ठा येषां तेषां मध्ये ।। ३३ ।। पञ्च आत्मजा आसंस्तान् शृणु ।। ३४ ।।

Gita Press translation – Through his ten thousand wives that exceedingly renowned emperor begot a thousand million sons (a lakh through each). Of those (thousand million) sons, of whom six (viz., Pṛthuśravā and others) were the foremost. The son of Pṛthuśravā was Dharma by name, whose son was Uśanā, who performed a hundred horse-sacrifices. His son was Rucaka, who had five sons. (Please) hear of them (33-34).

आत्मनो जातः = आत्मजः (पुत्रः)।

“ज” is a कृदन्त-प्रातिपदिकम् (participle form) derived from the verbal root √जन् (जनीँ प्रादुर्भावे ४. ४४).

The (compound) प्रातिपदिकम् “आत्मज” is derived as follows:

(1) आत्मन् + ङसिँ + जन् + ड । By the 3-2-98 पञ्चम्यामजातौ – When in composition with a पदम् which ends in the fifth (ablative) case, the verbal root √जन् (जनीँ प्रादुर्भावे ४. ४४) may take the the affix “ड” provided the verbal root is used to denote an action in the past tense and the उपपदम् does not denote a class/genus.
Note: In the सूत्रम् 3-2-98, the term पञ्चम्याम् ends in the seventh (locative) case. Hence “आत्मन् + ङसिँ” gets the उपपद-सञ्ज्ञा here by 3-1-92 तत्रोपपदं सप्तमीस्थम्‌।

(2) आत्मन् + ङसिँ + जन् + अ । अनुबन्ध-लोप: by 1-3-7 चुटू and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

(3) आत्मन् + ङसिँ + ज् + अ । By 6-4-143 टेः – When the अङ्गम् has the भ-सञ्ज्ञा, then its टि portion (ref: 1-1-64 अचोऽन्त्यादि टि) takes लोप: when followed by an affix that has the letter ‘ड्’ as an indicatory letter. Note: The अङ्गम् does not have the भ-सञ्ज्ञा here. But still टि-लोप: is done because otherwise no purpose would be served by having the letter ‘ड्’ as a इत् in the affix ‘ड’। डित्वसामर्थ्यादभस्यापि टेर्लोपः।

= आत्मन् + ङसिँ + ज ।

Now we form a compound between “आत्मन् + ङसिँ” (which is the उपपदम्) and “ज” by using the सूत्रम् 2-2-19 उपपदमतिङ् – A सुबन्तम् (term ending in a सुँप् affix) having the designation “उपपद” (in this case “आत्मन् + ङसिँ”) invariably compounds with a syntactically related term (in this case “ज”) as long as the compound does not end in a तिङ् affix.

In the compound, “आत्मन् + ङसिँ” is placed in the prior position as per 2-2-30 उपसर्जनं पूर्वम्‌ – In a compound a term which has the designation “उपसर्जन” should be placed in the prior position. Note: Here “आत्मन् + ङसिँ” is the उपपदम् and hence it gets the उपसर्जन-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-2-43 प्रथमानिर्दिष्टं समास उपसर्जनम् – A term denoted by a word (in this case “उपपदम्”) ending in a nominative case in a सूत्रम् (in this case 2-2-19 उपपदमतिङ्) which prescribes a compound gets the designation “उपसर्जन”।
“आत्मन् + ङसिँ + ज” gets प्रातिपदिक-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-2-46 कृत्तद्धितसमासाश्च – A word form that ends in a कृत्-प्रत्ययः or a तद्धित-प्रत्ययः and so also compounds get the name प्रातिपदिकम्।

(4) आत्मन् + ज । By 2-4-71 सुपो धातुप्रातिपदिकयोः – A सुँप् affix takes a लुक् elision when it is a part of a धातुः or a प्रातिपदिकम्। ‘आत्मन्’ now has the पद-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-4-14 सुप्तिङन्तं पदम् with the help of 1-1-62 प्रत्ययलोपे प्रत्ययलक्षणम्। This allows 8-2-7 नलोप: प्रातिपदिकान्तस्य to apply in the next step.

(5) आत्मज । By 8-2-7 नलोप: प्रातिपदिकान्तस्य – The ending नकार: of a पदम् is dropped when the पदम् also has the designation प्रातिपदिकम्।

The विवक्षा is पुंलिङ्गे, प्रथमा-एकवचनम्।

(6) आत्मज + सुँ । By 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टाभ्याम्भिस्ङेभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसिँभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसोसाम्ङ्योस्सुप्।

(7) आत्मज + स् । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत् and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

(8) आत्मजः । रुँत्व-विसर्गौ by 8-2-66 ससजुषो रुः and 8-3-15 खरवसानयोर्विसर्जनीयः।

Questions:

1. In Chapter Four of the गीता can you spot a उपपद-समास: in which 3-2-98 पञ्चम्यामजातौ as well as 8-2-7 नलोप: प्रातिपदिकान्तस्य has been used (as in this example)?

2. Commenting on the सूत्रम् 3-2-98 पञ्चम्यामजातौ, the काशिका says अजाताविति किम्? हस्तिनो जातः। Please explain.

3. Which सूत्रम् is used for the substitution ‘शृ’ in the form शृणु?

4. Can you spot an affix चङ् in the verses?

5. In which word in the verses has लँङ् been used?

6. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“There were many mind-born sons of (Lord) Brahmā.” Use a उपपद-समास: for ‘mind-born’ (मनसो जात:) as well as ‘son.’

Easy questions:

1. Where has the सूत्रम् 7-1-52 आमि सर्वनाम्नः सुट् been used in the verses?

2. From which प्रातिपदिकम् is उशना (प्रथमा-एकवचनम्) derived?
(i) ‘उशना’ (ii) ‘उशन’ (iii) ‘उशनस्’ (iv) ‘उशनन्’

Today we will look at the form अब्जम् nAs from श्रीमद्भागवतम् 10.23.22.

यमुनोपवनेऽशोकनवपल्लवमण्डिते । विचरन्तं वृतं गोपैः साग्रजं ददृशुः स्त्रियः ।। १०-२३-२१ ।।
श्यामं हिरण्यपरिधिं वनमाल्यबर्हधातुप्रवालनटवेषमनुव्रतांसे । विन्यस्तहस्तमितरेण धुनानमब्जं कर्णोत्पलालककपोलमुखाब्जहासम् ।। १०-२३-२२ ।।

श्रीधर-स्वामि-टीका –
तथागताः सत्यो ददृशुः ।। २१ ।। हिरण्यवत्परिधिः परिधानं यस्य तं पीताम्बरमित्यर्थः । वनमाल्यैर्बर्हैर्धातुभिः प्रवालैश्च नटवद्वेषो यस्य तम् । अनुव्रतस्य सख्युरंसे विन्यस्तो निहितो हस्तो येन तम् । इतरेण हस्तेन लीलयाऽब्जं धुनानं भ्रामयन्तम् । कर्णयोरुत्पले यस्य, अलकाः कपोलयोर्यस्य मुखाब्जे हासो यस्य तं च तं च तं च ।। २२ ।।

Gita Press translation – The ladies (presently) beheld Śrī Kṛṣṇa sauntering in a grove on the bank of the Yamunā – beautified by fresh leaves of Aśoka trees – surrounded by (other) cowherd boys and accompanied by His elder brother (21). Dark-brown of hue He had about his loins a golden piece of silk; adorned with a garland of sylvan flowers, peacock feathers and tender leaves and painted with minerals, He presented the appearance of an actor (on the stage); He rested one hand on the shoulder of a devoted companion and was swinging a lotus with the other; He wore a pair of water-lilies on His ears and a smile on His lotus-face, His curly locks hanging on His cheeks (22).

अप्सु जातमिति अब्जम् ।

“ज” is a कृदन्त-प्रातिपदिकम् (participle form) derived from the verbal root √जन् (जनीँ प्रादुर्भावे ४. ४४).

The (compound) प्रातिपदिकम् “अब्ज” is derived as follows:

(1) अप् + सुप् + जन् + ड । By the 3-2-97 सप्तम्यां जनेर्डः – When in composition with a पदम् which ends in the seventh (locative) case, the verbal root √जन् (जनीँ प्रादुर्भावे ४. ४४) may take the the affix “ड” provided the verbal root is used to denote an action in the past tense.
Note: In the सूत्रम् 3-2-97, the term सप्तम्याम् ends in the seventh (locative) case. Hence “अप् + सुप्” gets the उपपद-सञ्ज्ञा here by 3-1-92 तत्रोपपदं सप्तमीस्थम्‌।

(2) अप् + सुप् + जन् + अ । अनुबन्ध-लोप: by 1-3-7 चुटू and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

(3) अप् + सुप् + ज् + अ । By 6-4-143 टेः – When the अङ्गम् has the भ-सञ्ज्ञा, then its टि portion takes लोप: when followed by an affix that has डकारः as an indicatory letter. Note: The अङ्गम् does not have the भ-सञ्ज्ञा here. But still टि-लोप: is done because otherwise no purpose would be served by having डकार: as a इत् in “ड”। डित्वसामर्थ्यादभस्यापि टेर्लोपः।

= अप् + सुप् + ज ।

Now we form a compound between “अप् + सुप्” (which is the उपपदम्) and “ज” by using the सूत्रम् 2-2-19 उपपदमतिङ् – A सुबन्तम् (term ending in a सुँप् affix) having the designation “उपपद” (in this case “अप् + सुप्”) invariably compounds with a syntactically related term (in this case “ज”) as long as the compound does not end in a तिङ् affix.

In the compound, “अप् + सुप्” is placed in the prior position as per 2-2-30 उपसर्जनं पूर्वम्‌ – In a compound a term which has the designation “उपसर्जन” should be placed in the prior position. Note: Here “अप् + सुप्” is the उपपदम् and hence it gets the उपसर्जन-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-2-43 प्रथमानिर्दिष्टं समास उपसर्जनम् – A term denoted by a word (in this case “उपपदम्”) ending in a nominative case in a सूत्रम् (in this case 2-2-19 उपपदमतिङ्) which prescribes a compound gets the designation “उपसर्जन”।
“अप् + सुप् + ज” gets प्रातिपदिक-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-2-46 कृत्तद्धितसमासाश्च – A word form that ends in a कृत्-प्रत्ययः or a तद्धित-प्रत्ययः and so also compounds gets the name प्रातिपदिकम्।

(4) अप् + ज । By 2-4-71 सुपो धातुप्रातिपदिकयोः – A सुँप् affix takes a लुक् elision when it is a part of a धातुः or a प्रातिपदिकम्। ‘अप्’ now has the पद-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-4-14 सुप्तिङन्तं पदम् with the help of 1-1-62 प्रत्ययलोपे प्रत्ययलक्षणम्। This allows 8-2-39 झलां जशोऽन्ते to apply in the next step.

(5) अब्ज । By 8-2-39 झलां जशोऽन्ते – When a झल् letter occurs at the end of a पदम् it is replaced by a जश् letter.

The विवक्षा is नपुंसकलिङ्गे, द्वितीया-एकवचनम्।

(6) अब्ज + अम् । By 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टाभ्याम्भिस्ङेभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसिँभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसोसाम्ङ्योस्सुप्।

(7) अब्ज + अम् । By 7-1-24 अतोऽम् – The affixes “सुँ” and “अम्” that follow a neuter अङ्गम् ending in the short vowel “अ” take “अम्” as their replacement. 1-3-4 न विभक्तौ तुस्माः prevents the ending मकारः of “अम्” from getting इत्-सञ्ज्ञा । Note: 7-1-24 अतोऽम् is required here to prevent 7-1-23 स्वमोर्नपुंसकात्‌ from applying.

(8) अब्जम् । By 6-1-107 अमि पूर्वः – In place of a preceding अक् letter and the following vowel (अच्) belonging to the affix “अम्” there is a single substitute of that preceding अक् letter.

Questions:

1. In which verse has the affix ‘ड’ been used with the verbal root √जन् (जनीँ प्रादुर्भावे ४. ४४) for the last time in the गीता?

2. In which other प्रातिपदिकम् (used as part of a compound) in the verses has the सूत्रम् 3-2-97 सप्तम्यां जनेर्डः been used?

3. Can you spot an affix ‘क’ in the verses?

4. Which सूत्रम् is used for the ‘उस्’ substitution in the word ददृशुः?

5. Can you recall a गण-सूत्रम् (which we have studied) which specifically mentions the verbal root √जन् (जनीँ प्रादुर्भावे ४. ४४)?

6. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“My elder brother has three sons.” Use a उपपद-समास: for ‘elder brother’ (अग्रे जात:) as well as for ‘son’ (आत्मनो जात:)।

Easy questions:

1. Which सूत्रम् is used for the ‘इयँङ्’ substitution in the word स्त्रियः?

2. Where has the सूत्रम् 6-1-112 ख्यत्यात्‌ परस्य been used in the commentary?

Today we will look at the form बालघातिनी fNs from श्रीमद्भागवतम् 10.6.2

कंसेन प्रहिता घोरा पूतना बालघातिनी । शिशूंश्चचार निघ्नन्ती पुरग्रामव्रजादिषु ।। १०-६-२ ।।
न यत्र श्रवणादीनि रक्षोघ्नानि स्वकर्मसु । कुर्वन्ति सात्वतां भर्तुर्यातुधान्यश्च तत्र हि ।। १०-६-३ ।।

श्रीधर-स्वामि-टीका –
कृष्णविषये शङ्कमानं राजानं प्रत्यविषये प्रवृत्ता सैव मरिष्यतीति सूचयन्नाह – न यत्रेति । यत्र श्रीकृष्णस्य श्रवणादीनि न सन्ति तत्रैव तासां शक्तिः, साक्षात्तस्मिन्नेव सति का शङ्केति भावः ।। ३ ।।

Gita Press translation – Despatched by Kaṁsa, the terrible demoness Pūtanā, who was given to (the practice of) killing infants, moved about in towns, villages, cowherdstations etc., killing infants (wherever she went) (2). Ogresses and others find their way only there where people, though devoted to their duties, do not practice the hearing etc., of the names and stories of Lord Viṣṇu (the Protector of devotees,) capable of exterminating the ogres (3).

बालान् हन्ति तच्छीला = बालघातिनी।

“घातिन्” is a कृदन्त-प्रातिपदिकम् (participle form) derived from the verbal root √हन् (हनँ हिंसागत्योः, अदादि-गणः, धातु-पाठः #२. २).

The (compound) प्रातिपदिकम् “बालघातिनी” is derived as follows:

(1) बाल + आम् + हन् + णिनिँ । By the 3-2-78 सुप्यजातौ णिनिस्ताच्छील्ये – When in composition with a सुबन्तं पदम् (a पदम् which ends in a सुँप् affix) which does not denote a class/genus, a verbal root may take the affix “णिनिँ” to express the meaning of a habitual/natural action.

Note: In the सूत्रम् 3-2-78, the term सुपि ends in the seventh (locative) case. Hence “बाल + आम्” gets the उपपद-सञ्ज्ञा here by 3-1-92 तत्रोपपदं सप्तमीस्थम्‌।

Note: The affix “आम्” is used here as per 2-3-65 कर्तृकर्मणोः कृति – To express the agent or the object (of an action), a nominal stem takes a sixth case affix when the nominal stem is used in conjunction with a term which ends in a कृत् affix. (This is what is called as कृद्योगे षष्ठी)।

(2) बाल + आम् + हन् + इन् । अनुबन्ध-लोप: by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत्, 1-3-7 चुटू and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

(3) बाल + आम् + घन् + इन् । By 7-3-54 हो हन्तेर्ञ्णिन्नेषु – The हकारः of √हन् (हनँ हिंसागत्योः २. २) gets replaced by a letter of the कवर्ग: when followed by an affix with ञकारः or णकारः as an इत् , or when followed (immediately) by a नकारः।

(4) बाल + आम् + घत् + इन् । By 7-3-32 हनस्तोऽचिण्णलोः – The ending letter (नकार:) of the verbal root √हन् (हनँ हिंसागत्योः २. २) is replaced by a तकार:, when followed by a प्रत्यय: (other than “चिण्” or “णल्”) which is either ञित् or णित्।

(5) बाल + आम् + घात् + इन् । By 7-2-116 अत उपधायाः – A penultimate (उपधा) अकार: of a अङ्गम् gets वृद्धिः as the substitute when followed by a प्रत्ययः which is either ञित् or णित्।

We form a compound between “बाल आम्” (which is the उपपदम्) and “घातिन्” by using the सूत्रम् 2-2-19 उपपदमतिङ् – A सुबन्तम् (term ending in a सुँप् affix) having the designation “उपपद” (in this case “बाल आम्”) invariably compounds with a syntactically related term (in this case “घातिन्”) as long as the compound does not end in a तिङ् affix.

In the compound, “बाल आम्” is placed in the prior position as per 2-2-30 उपसर्जनं पूर्वम्‌ – In a compound a term which has the designation “उपसर्जन” should be placed in the prior position. Note: Here “बाल आम्” is the उपपदम् and hence it gets the उपसर्जन-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-2-43 प्रथमानिर्दिष्टं समास उपसर्जनम् – A term denoted by a word (in this case “उपपदम्”) ending in a nominative case in a सूत्रम् (in this case 2-2-19 उपपदमतिङ्) which prescribes a compound gets the designation “उपसर्जन”।

“बाल आम् + घातिन्” gets प्रातिपदिक-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-2-46 कृत्तद्धितसमासाश्च – A word form that ends in a कृत्-प्रत्ययः or a तद्धित-प्रत्ययः and so also compounds gets the name प्रातिपदिकम्।

(6) बाल + घातिन् । By 2-4-71 सुपो धातुप्रातिपदिकयोः – A सुँप् affix takes a लुक् elision when it is a part of a धातुः or a प्रातिपदिकम्।

= बालघातिन् ।

Now we form the feminine प्रातिपदिकम् “बालघातिनी”।

(7) बालघातिन् + ङीप् । By 4-1-5 ऋन्नेभ्यो ङीप्‌ – The प्रातिपदिकानि that end in a ऋकारः or नकारः get the ङीप् affix in the feminine gender.

(8) बालघातिनी । अनुबन्ध-लोप: by 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-8 लशक्वतद्धिते and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

The विवक्षा is स्त्रीलिङ्गे, प्रथमा-एकवचनम्।

(9) बालघातिनी + सुँ । By 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टाभ्याम्भिस्ङेभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसिँभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसोसाम्ङ्योस्सुप्।

(10) बालघातिनी + स् । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत्, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

(11) बालघातिनी । By 6-1-68 हल्ङ्याब्भ्यो दीर्घात्‌ सुतिस्यपृक्तं हल् – A single letter affix “सुँ”, “ति” or “सि” is dropped following a base ending in a consonant or in the long feminine affix “ङी” or “आप्”।

Questions:

1. In the गीता can you find a तिङन्तं पदम् in which the following three सूत्राणि have been used – 7-3-54 हो हन्तेर्ञ्णिन्नेषु (used in step 3), 7-3-32 हनस्तोऽचिण्णलोः (used in step 4) and 7-2-116 अत उपधायाः (used in step 5)?

2. In which word in the verses, would the वार्तिकम् (under 3-2-5 तुन्दशोकयोः परिमृजापनुदोः) मूलविभुजादिभ्यः कः find application?

3. Which सूत्रम् is used to justify the use of a परस्मैपदम् affix in the form मरिष्यति (used in the commentary)?

4. Where has the सूत्रम् 6-4-110 अत उत्‌ सार्वधातुके been used in the verses?

5. Can you spot the affix तृच् in the verses?

6. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“I hope that you are a vegetarian.” Paraphrase ‘vegetarian’ to ‘one who eats vegetables habitually’ (शाकानाहरति तच्छील:)। Use the अव्ययम् “कच्चित्” to express the meaning “I hope that.”

Easy questions:

1. Where has the सूत्रम् 6-1-111 ऋत उत्‌ been used in the verses?

2. What is the पदच्छेद: of शिशूंश्चचार?

Today we will look at the form प्रजाः fAp from श्रीमद्भागवतम् 10.90.43

देवासुराहवहता दैतेया ये सुदारुणाः । ते चोत्पन्ना मनुष्येषु प्रजा दृप्ता बबाधिरे ।। १०-९०-४३ ।।
तन्निग्रहाय हरिणा प्रोक्ता देवा यदोः कुले । अवतीर्णाः कुलशतं तेषामेकाधिकं नृप ।। १०-९०-४४ ।।

श्रीधर-स्वामि-टीका –
ते चोत्पन्ना इति । प्रत्येकं बहुभी रूपैरिति ज्ञेयम् ।। ४३ ।। एवमेव यदुकुलेऽपि देवा इति । तथा चोक्तम् – ‘सहस्रशः समुद्भूता देवा यदुकुले पृथक्’ इति ।। ४४ ।।

Gita Press translation – (Parīkṣit, in days of yore) many a terrible Asura was slain in the encounter between the gods and the Asuras; they were reborn among men. These proud and arrogant Asuras (reborn as human beings) began to molest the people (43). In order to chastise and subdue them the gods under the direction of the Supreme Lord were born in the race of Yadu, O King! This race was divided into one hundred and one families (44).

प्रजातेति (प्रजाता इति)  प्रजा। (ref. अमरकोश: – “प्रजा स्यात् सन्ततौ जने”)।

The (compound) प्रातिपदिकम् “प्रजा” is derived as follows:

(1) प्र + जन् + ड । By 3-2-99 उपसर्गे च संज्ञायाम् – When in composition with a पदम् which is a उपसर्ग: (ref. 1-4-59), the verbal root √जन् (जनीँ प्रादुर्भावे ४. ४४) may take the the affix “ड” provided the verbal root is used to denote an action in the past tense and the derived word denotes a proper name.

Note: In the सूत्रम् 3-2-99, the term उपसर्गे ends in the seventh (locative) case. Hence “प्र” gets the उपपद-सञ्ज्ञा here by 3-1-92 तत्रोपपदं सप्तमीस्थम्‌।

(2) प्र + जन् + अ । अनुबन्ध-लोप: by 1-3-7 चुटू and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

(3) प्र + ज् + अ । By 6-4-143 टेः – When the अङ्गम् has the भ-सञ्ज्ञा, then its टि portion takes लोप: when followed by an affix that has डकारः as an indicatory letter.

Note: The अङ्गम् does not have the भ-सञ्ज्ञा here. But still टि-लोप: is done because otherwise no purpose would be served by having डकार: as a इत् in “ड”। डित्वसामर्थ्यादभस्यापि टेर्लोपः।

Now we form the compound between “प्र” (which is the उपपदम्) and “ज” using the सूत्रम् 2-2-19 उपपदमतिङ् – A सुबन्तम् (term ending in a सुँप् affix) having the designation “उपपद” (in this case “प्र”) invariably compounds with a syntactically related term (in this case “ज”) as long as the compound does not end in a तिङ् affix.

Note: Here “प्र” is the उपपदम् and hence it gets the उपसर्जन-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-2-43 प्रथमानिर्दिष्टं समास उपसर्जनम् because in the सूत्रम् 2-2-19 उपपदमतिङ् (which prescribes the compounding) the term उपपदम् ends in the nominative case.
In the compound, “प्र” is placed in the prior position as per 2-2-30 उपसर्जनं पूर्वम्‌ – In a compound a term which has the designation “उपसर्जन” should be placed in the prior position.

“प्र + ज” gets प्रातिपदिक-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-2-46 कृत्तद्धितसमासाश्च – A word form that ends in a कृत्-प्रत्ययः or a तद्धित-प्रत्ययः and so also compounds get the name प्रातिपदिकम्।

The feminine प्रातिपदिकम् “प्रजा” is derived as follows:

(4) प्रज + टाप् । By 4-1-4 अजाद्यतष्टाप्‌ – The प्रातिपदिकानि “अज” etc. and प्रातिपदिकानि ending in अकारः get the टाप् affix in the feminine gender.

(5) प्रज + आ । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-7 चुटू, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

(6) प्रजा । By 6-1-101 अकः सवर्णे दीर्घः।

The विवक्षा is स्त्रीलिङ्गे, द्वितीया-बहुवचनम्।

(7) प्रजा + शस् । By 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टाभ्याम्भिस्ङेभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसिभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसोसाम्ङ्योस्सुप्‌।

(8) प्रजा + अस् । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-8 लशक्वतद्धिते and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः। 1-3-4 न विभक्तौ तुस्माः prevents the ending सकारः of “शस्” from getting इत्-सञ्ज्ञा ।

(9) प्रजास् । By 6-1-102 प्रथमयो: पूर्वसवर्ण: – When an अक् letter is followed by a vowel (अच्) of the first (nominative) or second (accusative) case then for the two of them (अक् + अच्) there is a single substitute which is the elongated form of the first member (the अक् letter.)

(10) प्रजाः । रुँत्व-विसर्गौ by 8-2-66 ससजुषो रुः and 8-3-15 खरवसानयोर्विसर्जनीयः।

Questions:

1. Where has the प्रातिपदिकम् ‘प्रजा’ been used in Chapter Ten of the गीता?

2. Which कृत्-प्रत्यय: is used to derive the प्रातिपदिकम् ‘नृप’?

3. Which सूत्रम् is used for the substitution ‘इरे’ in the form बबाधिरे?

4. Can you spot a कृत्य-प्रत्यय: in the commentary?

5. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“Protection of the people should be the first duty of a king.”

6. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“My maternal uncle has no progeny.” Use the masculine प्रातिपदिकम् ‘मातुल’ for ‘maternal uncle.’

Easy questions:

1. Which सूत्रम् is used for the substitution ‘ना’ in the form हरिणा?

2. Where has the सूत्रम् 8-3-14 रो रि been used in the commentary?

Today we will look at the form वार्मुचाम् mGp from श्रीमद्भागवतम् 10.24.9

तं तात वयमन्ये च वार्मुचां पतिमीश्वरम् । द्रव्यैस्तद्रेतसा सिद्धैर्यजन्ते क्रतुभिर्नराः ।। १०-२४-९ ।।
तच्छेषेणोपजीवन्ति त्रिवर्गफलहेतवे । पुंसां पुरुषकाराणां पर्जन्यः फलभावनः ।। १०-२४-१० ।।

श्रीधर-स्वामि-टीका –
ततः किमित्यत आह – तमिति । तमिन्द्रं वार्मुचां मेघानां पतिं स्वामिनमीश्वरं नियन्तारम् । तद्रेतसा तद्वृष्टिपयसा ।। ९ ।। उपजीवन्त्युपजीविकां कल्पयन्ति । धर्मार्थकामसिद्धये । ननु कृष्यादिभिर्जीवन्ति, किमिन्द्रेण तत्राह – पुंसामिति । फलभावनः फलसाधकः । पर्जन्यं विना कृष्यादिवैफल्यादित्यर्थः ।। १० ।।

Gita Press translation – We and other men, O darling, worship the aforesaid almighty ruler of the clouds through sacrificial performances conducted by means of substances produced with the water discharged by him, and subsist on the remains of such sacrifices for the attainment of the threefold reward in the shape of religious merit, enjoyment and worldly possessions. (In this way) it is Indra who yields the fruit (in the shape of a bumper crop) of men’s efforts (in the form of agriculture) (9-10).

वारि मुञ्चतीति वार्मुक् । Note: वारि is the द्वितीया-बहुवचनम् of the neuter प्रातिपदिकम् “वार्”।

“मुच्” is a कृदन्त-प्रातिपदिकम् (participle form) derived from the verbal root √मुच् (तुदादि-गणः, मुचॢँ मोक्षणे (मोचने), धातु-पाठः # ६. १६६)

The (compound) प्रातिपदिकम् “वार्मुच्” is derived as follows:

(1) वार् + आम् + मुच् + क्विँप् । By the 3-2-76 क्विप् च – (In addition to the affixes mentioned in the सूत्रम् 3-2-74) the affix “क्विँप्” may also be used (following any verbal root with or without the presence of a उपपदम्।)

Note: The term सुपि (which comes as अनुवृत्ति: in to the सूत्रम् 3-2-76 क्विप् च from the सूत्रम् 3-2-4 सुपि स्थः) ends in the seventh (locative) case. Hence “वार् + आम्” gets the उपपद-सञ्ज्ञा here by 3-1-92 तत्रोपपदं सप्तमीस्थम्‌।

Note: The affix “आम्” is used here as per 2-3-65 कर्तृकर्मणोः कृति – To express the agent or the object (of an action), a nominal stem takes a sixth case affix when the nominal stem is used in conjunction with a term which ends in a कृत् affix. (This is what is called as कृद्योगे षष्ठी)।

(2) वार् + आम् + मुच् + व् । अनुबन्ध-लोप: by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत्, 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-8 लशक्वतद्धिते and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

(3) वार् + आम् + मुच् । By 6-1-67 वेरपृक्तस्य – The वकारः which is अपृक्तः (a single letter प्रत्ययः), takes लोपः। As per 1-2-41 अपृक्त एकाल् प्रत्यय:, here the वकारः has अपृक्त-सञ्ज्ञा। Note: The affix क्विँप् is a कित्। This enables 1-1-5 क्क्ङिति च to stop 7-3-86 पुगन्तलघूपधस्य च।

We form a compound between “वार् आम्” (which is the उपपदम्) and “मुच्” by using the सूत्रम् 2-2-19 उपपदमतिङ् – A सुबन्तम् (term ending in a सुँप् affix) having the designation “उपपद” (in this case “वार् आम्”) invariably compounds with a syntactically related term (in this case “मुच्”) as long as the compound does not end in a तिङ् affix.

In the compound, “वार् आम्” is placed in the prior position as per 2-2-30 उपसर्जनं पूर्वम्‌ – In a compound a term which has the designation “उपसर्जन” should be placed in the prior position. Note: Here “वार् आम्” is the उपपदम् and hence it gets the उपसर्जन-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-2-43 प्रथमानिर्दिष्टं समास उपसर्जनम् – A term denoted by a word (in this case “उपपदम्”) ending in a nominative case in a सूत्रम् (in this case 2-2-19 उपपदमतिङ्) which prescribes a compound gets the designation “उपसर्जन”।
“वार् आम् + मुच्” gets प्रातिपदिक-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-2-46 कृत्तद्धितसमासाश्च – A word form that ends in a कृत्-प्रत्ययः or a तद्धित-प्रत्ययः and so also compounds gets the name प्रातिपदिकम्।

(4) वार् + मुच् । By 2-4-71 सुपो धातुप्रातिपदिकयोः – A सुँप् affix takes a लुक् elision when it is a part of a धातुः or a प्रातिपदिकम्।

= वार्मुच् ।

The विवक्षा is पुंलिङ्गे षष्ठी-बहुवचनम्।

(5) वार्मुच् + आम् । By 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टाभ्याम्भिस्ङेभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसिँभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसोसाम्ङ्योस्सुप्। 1-3-4 न विभक्तौ तुस्माः prevents the ending मकारः of “आम्” from getting इत्-सञ्ज्ञा।

= वार्मुचाम्

Questions:

1. Where has the सूत्रम् 3-2-76 क्विप् च (used in step 1) been used in the last fifteen verses of Chapter Four of the गीता?

2. Which कृत्-प्रत्यय: is used to derive the प्रातिपदिकम् “साधक” (used in the commentary)?

3. Where has the सूत्रम् 3-1-26 हेतुमति च been used in the commentary?

4. Can you spot the affix “तृच्” in the commentary?

5. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“All the clouds were dispersed by the powerful wind.” Use a causative form of the verbal root √द्रु (द्रु गतौ १. १०९५) with the उपसर्ग: “वि” for “disperse.” Use the adjective प्रातिपदिकम् “प्रबल” for “powerful.”

6. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“One who knows the Self knows everything.” Use a उपपद-समास: for “one who knows the Self” (आत्मानं वेत्ति) and for “one who knows everything” (सर्वं वेत्ति)।

Easy questions:

1. Where has the सूत्रम् 7-1-17 जसः शी been used in the verses?

2. In which two words in the verses has लँट् been used?

Today we will look at the form सुस्थिरंमन्यः mNs from शिशुपालवधम् 2.32.

संपदा सुस्थिरंमन्यो भवति स्वल्पयापि यः ।
कृतकृत्यो विधिर्मन्ये न वर्धयति तस्य ताम् ।। २-३२ ।।

मल्लिनाथ-टीका –
यः स्वल्पयापि संपदा सुस्थिरमात्मानं मन्यत इति सुस्थिरंमन्यः स्वस्थमानी भवति । “आत्ममाने खश्च” इति खश्प्रत्यये मुमागमः । तस्याल्पसंतुष्टस्य तां स्वल्पसंपदं कृतकृत्यस्तावतैव कृतार्थो विधिर्दैवमपि न वर्धयति अहमिति मन्ये । पौरुषहीनाद्दैवमपि जुगुप्सते, तत्प्रवृत्तेः परमर्द्धिप्राप्तिरिति भावः ।।

Translation – I feel that ‘For one who considers himself very stable with even a small amount of wealth, fate – having satisfied its object – does not increase that wealth of his.’

सुस्थिरमात्मानं मन्यते = सुस्थिरंमन्यः।

“मन्य” is a कृदन्त-प्रातिपदिकम् (participle form) derived from the verbal root √मन् (मनँ ज्ञाने ४. ७३).

The (compound) प्रातिपदिकम् “सुस्थिरंमन्य” is derived as follows:

(1) सुस्थिर + ङस् + मन् + खश् । By the 3-2-83 आत्ममाने खश्च – When in composition with a सुबन्तं पदम् (a पदम् which ends in a सुँप् affix), the verbal root √मन् (मनँ ज्ञाने ४. ७३) may take the the affix “खश्” – as well as the affix “णिनिँ” – provided the agent of the verbal root is also its object.

Note: In the सूत्रम् 3-2-83, the term सुपि (which comes as अनुवृत्ति: in to the सूत्रम् 3-2-83 from the सूत्रम् 3-2-78 सुप्यजातौ णिनिस्ताच्छील्ये) ends in the seventh (locative) case. Hence “सुस्थिर + ङस्” gets the उपपद-सञ्ज्ञा here by 3-1-92 तत्रोपपदं सप्तमीस्थम्‌।

Note: The affix “ङस्” is used here as per 2-3-65 कर्तृकर्मणोः कृति – To express the agent or the object (of an action), a nominal stem takes a sixth case affix when the nominal stem is used in conjunction with a term which ends in a कृत् affix. (This is what is called as कृद्योगे षष्ठी)।

(2) सुस्थिर + ङस् + मन् + अ । अनुबन्ध-लोप: by 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-8 लशक्वतद्धिते and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः। Note: The affix खश् has सार्वधातुक-सञ्ज्ञा by 3-4-113 तिङ्शित्सार्वधातुकम्। This allows 3-1-69 दिवादिभ्यः श्यन् to apply in the next step.

(3) सुस्थिर + ङस् + मन् + श्यन् + अ । By 3-1-69 दिवादिभ्यः श्यन्, the श्यन्-प्रत्यय: is placed after the verbal roots belonging to the दिवादि-गणः, when followed by a सार्वधातुक-प्रत्यय: that is used signifying the agent. This सूत्रम् is a अपवाद: (exception) to 3-1-68 कर्तरि शप्‌ ।

(4) सुस्थिर + ङस् + मन् + य + अ । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-8 लशक्वतद्धिते , 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

(5) सुस्थिर + ङस् + मन् + य । By 6-1-97 अतो गुणे।

We form a compound between “सुस्थिर ङस्” (which is the उपपदम्) and “मन्य” by using the सूत्रम् 2-2-19 उपपदमतिङ् – A सुबन्तम् (term ending in a सुँप् affix) having the designation “उपपद” (in this case “सुस्थिर ङस्”) invariably compounds with a syntactically related term (in this case “मन्य”) as long as the compound does not end in a तिङ् affix.

In the compound, “सुस्थिर ङस्” is placed in the prior position as per 2-2-30 उपसर्जनं पूर्वम्‌ – In a compound a term which has the designation “उपसर्जन” should be placed in the prior position. Note: Here “सुस्थिर ङस्” is the उपपदम् and hence it gets the उपसर्जन-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-2-43 प्रथमानिर्दिष्टं समास उपसर्जनम् – A term denoted by a word (in this case “उपपदम्”) ending in a nominative case in a सूत्रम् (in this case 2-2-19 उपपदमतिङ्) which prescribes a compound gets the designation “उपसर्जन”।
“सुस्थिर ङस् + मन्य” gets प्रातिपदिक-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-2-46 कृत्तद्धितसमासाश्च – A word form that ends in a कृत्-प्रत्ययः or a तद्धित-प्रत्ययः and so also compounds gets the name प्रातिपदिकम्।

(6) सुस्थिर + मन्य । By 2-4-71 सुपो धातुप्रातिपदिकयोः – A सुँप् affix takes a लुक् elision when it is a part of a धातुः or a प्रातिपदिकम्।

(7) सुस्थिर मुँम् + मन्य । By 6-3-67 अरुर्द्विषदजन्तस्य मुम् – When followed by a उत्तरपदम् (latter member of a compound) which ends in a खित् (having खकार: as a इत्) affix, the पूर्वपदम् (prior member of a compound) takes the augment मुँम् provided the following two conditions are satisfied:
(i) the पूर्वपदम् is either “अरुस्”, “द्विषत्” or ends in a अच् (vowel)
(ii) the पूर्वपदम् is not a अव्ययम्।
As per 1-1-47 मिदचोऽन्त्यात्परः, the मुँम् augment joins after the last vowel (अकार:) of “सुस्थिर”।

(8) सुस्थिरम् + मन्य । अनुबन्ध-लोप: by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत्, 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम् and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

(9) सुस्थिरंमन्य । By 8-3-23 मोऽनुस्वारः।

(10) सुस्थिरम्मन्य/सुस्थिरंमन्य । By 8-4-59 वा पदान्तस्य।

The विवक्षा is पुंलिङ्गे, प्रथमा-एकवचनम्।

(11) सुस्थिरंमन्य + सुँ । By 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टाभ्याम्भिस्ङेभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसिँभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसोसाम्ङ्योस्सुप्।

(12) सुस्थिरंमन्य + स् । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत् and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

(13) सुस्थिरंमन्यः । रुँत्व-विसर्गौ by 8-2-66 ससजुषो रुः and 8-3-15 खरवसानयोर्विसर्जनीयः।

Questions:

1. Where has the सूत्रम् 6-3-67 अरुर्द्विषदजन्तस्य मुम् (used in step 7) been used for the first time in the गीता?

2. Where else (besides in सुस्थिरंमन्यः) has the सूत्रम् 3-2-83 आत्ममाने खश्च been used in the commentary?

3. Which सूत्रम् is used to prescribe the affix  ‘सन्’ in the form जुगुप्सते?

4. Can you spot an affix ‘क्यप्’ in the verses?

5. Where has the सूत्रम् 6-4-64 आतो लोप इटि च been used in the first line of the commentary?

6. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“I consider myself to be self-dependent.” Use the compound प्रातिपदिकम् “स्वस्थ” (used in the commentary) for “self-dependent.”

Easy questions:

1. Derive the form मन्ये from the verbal root √मन् (मनँ ज्ञाने ४. ७३). (Use 3-1-69 दिवादिभ्यः श्यन्)।

2. Where has the सूत्रम् 7-3-105 आङि चापः been used in the verses?

 

Today we will look at the form शूरमानी mNs from श्रीमद्-वाल्मीकि-रामायणम् 3.21.17.

मयि ते यद्यनुक्रोशो यदि रक्षःसु तेषु च । रामेण यदि शक्तिस्ते तेजो वास्ति निशाचर ।। ३-२१-१४ ।।
दण्डकारण्यनिलयं जहि राक्षसकण्टकम् । यदि रामममित्रघ्नं न त्वमद्य वधिष्यसि ।। ३-२१-१५ ।।
तव चैवाग्रतः प्राणांस्त्यक्ष्यामि निरपत्रपा । बुद्ध्याहमनुपश्यामि न त्वं रामस्य संयुगे ।। ३-२१-१६ ।।
स्थातुं प्रतिमुखे शक्तः सबलोऽपि महारणे । शूरमानी न शूरस्त्वं मिथ्यारोपितविक्रमः ।। ३-२१-१७ ।।

Gita Press translation – If you have compassion for me and if you have mercy for those ogres, (nay) if you have power or prowess to contend with Rāma, O prowler of the night, make short work of that thorn in the side of the ogres, who has taken up his abode in the Daṇḍaka forest. If, however, you do not kill Rāma, the slayer of his foes, today, I shall give up the ghost, (already) divested as I am of my shame (in the shape of my nose and ears). I vividly see with (the eye of) my intuition that, (even) though followed by your army on the battlefield, you cannot stand in front of Rāma in a major combat. (Even) though you account yourself to be brave, you are not (really) valiant; you have falsely assumed that you are brave. (14-17)

शूरमात्मानं मन्यते = शूरमानी।

“मानिन्” is a कृदन्त-प्रातिपदिकम् (participle form) derived from the verbal root √मन् (मनँ ज्ञाने ४. ७३).

The (compound) प्रातिपदिकम् “शूरमानी” is derived as follows:

(1) शूर + ङस् + मन् + णिनिँ । By 3-2-83 आत्ममाने खश्च – When in composition with a सुबन्तं पदम् (a पदम् which ends in a सुँप् affix), the verbal root √मन् (मनँ ज्ञाने ४. ७३) may take the the affix “खश्” – as well as the affix “णिनिँ” – provided the agent of the verbal root is also its object.

Note: In the सूत्रम् 3-2-83, the term सुपि (which comes as अनुवृत्ति: in to the सूत्रम् 3-2-83 from the सूत्रम् 3-2-78 सुप्यजातौ णिनिस्ताच्छील्ये) ends in the seventh (locative) case. Hence “शूर + ङस्” gets the उपपद-सञ्ज्ञा here by 3-1-92 तत्रोपपदं सप्तमीस्थम्‌।

Note: The affix “ङस्” is used here as per 2-3-65 कर्तृकर्मणोः कृति – To express the agent or the object (of an action), a nominal stem takes a sixth case affix when the nominal stem is used in conjunction with a term which ends in a कृत् affix. (This is what is called as कृद्योगे षष्ठी)।

(2) शूर + ङस् + मन् + इन् । अनुबन्ध-लोप: by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत्, 1-3-7 चुटू and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

(3) शूर + ङस् + मान् + इन् । By 7-2-116 अत उपधायाः – A penultimate (उपधा) अकार: of a अङ्गम् gets वृद्धिः as the substitute when followed by a प्रत्ययः which is a ञित् or a णित्।

We form a compound between “शूर ङस्” (which is the उपपदम्) and “मानिन्” by using the सूत्रम् 2-2-19 उपपदमतिङ् – A सुबन्तम् (term ending in a सुँप् affix) having the designation “उपपद” (in this case “शूर ङस्”) invariably compounds with a syntactically related term (in this case “मानिन्”) as long as the compound does not end in a तिङ् affix.

In the compound, “शूर ङस्” is placed in the prior position as per 2-2-30 उपसर्जनं पूर्वम्‌ – In a compound a term which has the designation “उपसर्जन” should be placed in the prior position. Note: Here “शूर ङस्” is the उपपदम् and hence it gets the उपसर्जन-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-2-43 प्रथमानिर्दिष्टं समास उपसर्जनम् – A term denoted by a word (in this case “उपपदम्”) ending in a nominative case in a सूत्रम् (in this case 2-2-19 उपपदमतिङ्) which prescribes a compound gets the designation “उपसर्जन”।
“शूर ङस् + मानिन्” gets प्रातिपदिक-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-2-46 कृत्तद्धितसमासाश्च – A word form that ends in a कृत्-प्रत्ययः or a तद्धित-प्रत्ययः and so also compounds gets the name प्रातिपदिकम्।

(4) शूर + मानिन् । By 2-4-71 सुपो धातुप्रातिपदिकयोः – A सुँप् affix takes a लुक् elision when it is a part of a धातुः or a प्रातिपदिकम्।

= शूरमानिन् ।

The विवक्षा is पुंलिङ्गे, प्रथमा-एकवचनम्।

(5) शूरमानिन् + सुँ । By 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टाभ्याम्भिस्ङेभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसिँभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसोसाम्ङ्योस्सुप्।

(6) शूरमानिन् + स् । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत् and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

(7) शूरमानीन् + स् । By 6-4-13 सौ च – The penultimate letter of terms ending in “इन्”, “हन्”, “पूषन्” and “अर्यमन्” is lengthened when the सुँ-प्रत्यय: – which is not सम्बुद्धि: – follows.

(8) शूरमानीन् । By 6-1-68 हल्ङ्याब्भ्यो दीर्घात्‌ सुतिस्यपृक्तं हल्। “शूरमानीन्” gets the पद-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-4-14 सुप्तिङन्तं पदम् with the help of 1-1-62 प्रत्ययलोपे प्रत्ययलक्षणम्।

(9) शूरमानी । By 8-2-7 नलोपः प्रातिपदिकान्तस्य – The ending नकार: of a पदम् is dropped when the पदम् also has the designation प्रातिपदिकम्।

Questions:

1. What would be the final form in this example if the affix “खश्” were to be used (instead of “णिनिँ”)?

2. Commenting on the सूत्रम् 3-2-83 आत्ममाने खश्च (used in step 1) the तत्त्वबोधिनी says – आत्ममाने किम्? दर्शनीयमानी देवदत्तो यज्ञदत्तस्य।

3. Can you spot an affix “ट” in the verses?

4. Where has the वार्तिकम् (under 3-2-5 तुन्दशोकयोः परिमृजापनुदोः) मूलविभुजादिभ्यः कः been used in the verses?

5. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“You think yourself to be handsome, but you’re not (really) handsome.” Use the प्रातिपदिकम् “दर्शनीय” for “handsome (fit to be seen.)” For this sentence use a similar construction as in the verse.

6. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“I consider (my) father to be a scholar.” Use षष्ठी विभक्ति: with “father.”

Easy questions:

1. Which सूत्रम् is used for the substitution “पश्य” in अनुपश्यामि?

2. Looking at that form बुद्ध्या (तृतीया-एकवचनम्) how can we tell that the प्रातिपदिकम् “बुद्धि” is feminine?

Today we will look at the form मधुरभाषिणी fNs from श्रीमद्-वाल्मीकि-रामायणम् 6.33.20.

इति ब्रुवाणा सरमा राक्षसी सीतया सह | सर्वोद्योगेन सैन्यानां शब्दं शुश्राव भैरवम् || ६-३३-१९ ||
दण्डनिर्घातवादिन्याः श्रुत्वा भेर्या महास्वनम् | उवाच सरमा सीतामिदं मधुरभाषिणी || ६-३३-२० ||
संनाहजननी ह्येषा भैरवा भीरु भेरिका | भेरीनादं च गम्भीरं शृणु तोयदनिःस्वनम् || ६-३३-२१ ||
कल्प्यन्ते मत्तमातङ्गा युज्यन्ते रथवाजिनः | दृश्यन्ते तुरगारूढाः प्रासहस्ताः सहस्रशः || ६-३३-२२ ||

Gita Press translation – While talking thus with Sītā, the ogress Saramā heard the terrible noise of troops engaged in every effort (for war) (19). Hearing the crash of kettledrums sounding when beaten with a stick, Saramā, who had a sweet tongue, spoke to Sītā as follows: – (20) “Indeed here is a fearful kettledrum, producing a sound signifying preparations for war, being beaten, O timid lady! Also hear the deep-sounding crash of kettledrums, which resembles the rumbling of clouds (21). Elephants in rut are being decorated and horses are being yoked to the chariots. (Nay) carrying spears in their hands, horsemen are seen in their thousands (22)”.

मधुरं भाषते तच्छीला = मधुरभाषिणी।

“भाषिन्” is a कृदन्त-प्रातिपदिकम् (participle form) derived from the verbal root √भाष् (भाषँ व्यक्तायां वाचि १. ६९६).

The (compound) प्रातिपदिकम् “मधुरभाषिणी” is derived as follows:

(1) मधुर + ङस् + भाष् + णिनिँ । By 3-2-78 सुप्यजातौ णिनिस्ताच्छील्ये – When in composition with a सुबन्तं पदम् (a पदम् which ends in a सुँप् affix) which does not denote a class/genus, a verbal root may take the affix “णिनिँ” to express the meaning of a habitual/natural action.

Note: In the सूत्रम् 3-2-78, the term सुपि ends in the seventh (locative) case. Hence “मधुर + ङस्” gets the उपपद-सञ्ज्ञा here by 3-1-92 तत्रोपपदं सप्तमीस्थम्‌।

Note: The affix “ङस्” is used here as per 2-3-65 कर्तृकर्मणोः कृति – To express the agent or the object (of an action), a nominal stem takes a sixth case affix when the nominal stem is used in conjunction with a term which ends in a कृत् affix. (This is what is called as कृद्योगे षष्ठी)।

(2) मधुर + ङस् + भाष् + इन् । अनुबन्ध-लोप: by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत्, 1-3-7 चुटू and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

We form a compound between “मधुर ङस्” (which is the उपपदम्) and “भाषिन्” by using the सूत्रम् 2-2-19 उपपदमतिङ् – A सुबन्तम् (term ending in a सुँप् affix) having the designation “उपपद” (in this case “मधुर ङस्”) invariably compounds with a syntactically related term (in this case “भाषिन्”) as long as the compound does not end in a तिङ् affix.

In the compound, “मधुर ङस्” is placed in the prior position as per 2-2-30 उपसर्जनं पूर्वम्‌ – In a compound a term which has the designation “उपसर्जन” should be placed in the prior position. Note: Here “मधुर ङस्” is the उपपदम् and hence it gets the उपसर्जन-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-2-43 प्रथमानिर्दिष्टं समास उपसर्जनम् – A term denoted by a word (in this case “उपपदम्”) ending in a nominative case in a सूत्रम् (in this case 2-2-19 उपपदमतिङ्) which prescribes a compound gets the designation “उपसर्जन”।
“मधुर ङस् + भाषिन्” gets प्रातिपदिक-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-2-46 कृत्तद्धितसमासाश्च – A word form that ends in a कृत्-प्रत्ययः or a तद्धित-प्रत्ययः and so also compounds get the name प्रातिपदिकम्।

(3) मधुर + भाषिन् । By 2-4-71 सुपो धातुप्रातिपदिकयोः – A सुँप् affix takes a लुक् elision when it is a part of a धातुः or a प्रातिपदिकम्।

= मधुरभाषिन् ।

Now we form the feminine प्रातिपदिकम् “मधुरभाषिणी”।

(4) मधुरभाषिन् + ङीप् । By 4-1-5 ऋन्नेभ्यो ङीप्‌ – The प्रातिपदिकानि that end in a ऋकारः or नकारः get the ङीप् affix in the feminine gender.

(5) मधुरभाषिन् + ई । अनुबन्ध-लोप: by 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-8 लशक्वतद्धिते and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

(6) मधुरभाषिणी । By 8-4-2 अट्कुप्वाङ्नुम्व्यवायेऽपि – The letter “न्” is replaced by “ण्” when either “र्” or “ष्” precedes, even if intervened by a letter of the अट्-प्रत्याहार: or by a letter of the क-वर्ग: or प-वर्गः or the term “आङ्” or “नुँम्” (अनुस्वारः) either singly or in any combination.

The विवक्षा is स्त्रीलिङ्गे, प्रथमा-एकवचनम्।

(7) मधुरभाषिणी + सुँ । By 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टाभ्याम्भिस्ङेभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसिँभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसोसाम्ङ्योस्सुप्।

(8) मधुरभाषिणी + स् । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत्, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

(9) मधुरभाषिणी । By 6-1-68 हल्ङ्याब्भ्यो दीर्घात्‌ सुतिस्यपृक्तं हल् – A single letter affix “सुँ”, “ति” or “सि” is dropped following a base ending in a consonant or in the long feminine affix “ङी” or “आप्”।

Questions:

1. In which two words in the last five verses of Chapter Seventeen of the गीता has the affix “णिनिँ” been used?

2. Commenting on the सूत्रम् 3-2-78 सुप्यजातौ णिनिस्ताच्छील्ये (used in step 1), the सिद्धान्त-कौमुदी says – ताच्छील्ये किम्? उष्णं भुङ्क्ते कदाचित्। Please explain.

3. Can you recall another सूत्रम् (which we have studied) – besides 3-2-78 सुप्यजातौ णिनिस्ताच्छील्ये – by which पाणिनि: prescribes the affix “णिनिँ”?

4. In the verses, can you spot a प्रातिपदिकम् in which the affix “क” has been used?

5. In which तिङन्तं पदम् in the verses has the सूत्रम् 6-4-51 णेरनिटि been used?

6. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“One who habitually speaks the truth is never afraid.”

Easy questions:

1. Where has the सूत्रम् 7-3-105 आङि चापः been used in the verses?

2. Can you spot the प्रातिपदिकम् “एतद्” used in the verses?

Today we will look at the form द्विट् mNs from श्रीमद्भागवतम् 4.3.24.

तत्ते निरीक्ष्यो न पितापि देहकृद्दक्षो मम द्विट्तदनुव्रताश्च ये । यो विश्वसृग्यज्ञगतं वरोरु मामनागसं दुर्वचसाकरोत्तिरः ।। ४-३-२४ ।।
यदि व्रजिष्यस्यतिहाय मद्वचो भद्रं भवत्या न ततो भविष्यति । सम्भावितस्य स्वजनात्पराभवो यदा स सद्यो मरणाय कल्पते ।। ४-३-२५ ।।

श्रीधर-स्वामि-टीका –
तत्तस्मात्त्वया न निरीक्ष्यः । देहकृदपीति पोषकत्वादिभिरौपचारिकपितृत्वव्यावृत्त्यर्थम् । द्विट् शत्रुः । तदेवाह । हे वरोरु, यो दक्षो विश्वसृजां यज्ञगतं मां निरपराधं तिरोऽकरोत्तिरस्कृतवान् ।। २४ ।। विपक्षे दोषमाह – यदीति । मद्वचोऽतिहायातिक्रम्य । यतः संभावितस्य सुप्रतिष्ठितस्य यदा पराभवो भवति तदा स पराभवस्तस्य मरणाय कल्पते ।। २५ ।।

Gita Press translation – Therefore, you should never look at the face of Dakṣa – even though he is your father, your very procreator – nor of those who are devoted to him, because he bears ill-will to me and offered indignity to me by abusing me, O charming lady, when I visited the sacrifice performed by the lords of created beings, even though I did no wrong to him (24). If you ignore my advice and go there, no good will come to you thereby. For, when a man who is held in high esteem suffers indignity at the hands of a relation, the affront forthwith causes his death (25).

द्वेष्टीति द्विट् ।

“द्विष्” is a कृदन्त-प्रातिपदिकम् (participle form) derived from the verbal root √द्विष् (द्विषँ अप्रीतौ, अदादि-गणः, धातु-पाठः #२. ३).

The प्रातिपदिकम् “द्विष्” is derived as follows:

(1) द्विष् + क्विँप् । By the 3-2-76 क्विप् च – (In addition to the affixes mentioned in the सूत्रम् 3-2-74) the affix “क्विँप्” may also be used (following any verbal root with or without the presence of a उपपदम्।)

(2) द्विष् + व् । अनुबन्ध-लोप: by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत्, 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-8 लशक्वतद्धिते and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

(3) द्विष् । By 6-1-67 वेरपृक्तस्य – The वकारः which is अपृक्तः (a single letter प्रत्ययः), takes लोपः। As per 1-2-41 अपृक्त एकाल् प्रत्यय:, herevthe वकारः has अपृक्त-सञ्ज्ञा। Note: The affix क्विँप् is a कित्। This enables 1-1-5 क्क्ङिति च to stop 7-3-86 पुगन्तलघूपधस्य च।

“द्विष्” gets प्रातिपदिक-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-2-46 कृत्तद्धितसमासाश्च – A word form that ends in a कृत्-प्रत्ययः or a तद्धित-प्रत्ययः and so also compounds gets the name प्रातिपदिकम्।

The विवक्षा is पुंलिङ्गे, प्रथमा-एकवचनम्।

(4) द्विष् + सुँ । By 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टाभ्याम्भिस्ङेभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसिँभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसोसाम्ङ्योस्सुप्।

(5) द्विष् + स् । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत् and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः.

(6) द्विष् । By 6-1-68 हल्ङ्याब्भ्यो दीर्घात्‌ सुतिस्यपृक्तं हल् – A single letter affix “सुँ”, “ति” or “सि” is dropped following a base ending in a consonant or in the long feminine affix “ङी” or “आप्”। Note: “द्विष्” gets the पद-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-4-14 सुप्तिङन्तं पदम् with the help of 1-1-62 प्रत्ययलोपे प्रत्ययलक्षणम्।

(7) द्विड् । By 8-2-39 झलां जशोऽन्ते, a झल् letter that occurs at the end of a पदम् it is replaced by a जश् letter.

(8) द्विट्/द्विड् । By 8-4-56 वाऽवसाने, a झल् letter is optionally replaced by a चर् letter when nothing follows.

Questions:

1. Where has the सूत्रम् 3-2-76 क्विप् च (used in step 1) been used in the last ten verses of Chapter Six of the गीता?

2. The काशिका gives the वृत्ति: of the सूत्रम् 3-2-76 क्विप् च as follows – सर्वधातुभ्यः सोपपदेभ्यो निरुपपदेभ्यश्च छन्दसि भाषायां च क्विप् प्रत्ययो भवति। Commenting on the term निरुपपदेभ्यश्च used in the वृत्ति:, the पदमञ्जरी says – एतदपिशब्दस्य सर्वोपाधिव्यभिचारार्थस्यानुवृत्तेर्लभ्यते, न तु सुपीत्यस्य निवृत्ते:, उत्तरसूत्रे ‘सुप्युपसर्गेऽपीति वर्तते’ इति वक्ष्यमाणत्वात्। Please explain.

3. Can you spot an augment “तुँक्” in the verses?

4. Which सूत्रम् is used for the लकारादेश: in the form कल्पते? (We have not studied this सूत्रम् in the class but have used it in a prior post.)

5. Which कृत्य-प्रत्यय: has been used in the verses?

6. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“Let us bow to the creator of the universe.” Use the verbal root √नम् (णमँ प्रह्वत्वे शब्दे च १. ११३६) for “to bow to.”

Easy questions:

1. Why doesn’t the सूत्रम् 8-4-41 ष्टुना ष्टुः apply between  द्विट् + तदनुव्रता: in the verses?

2. Where has the सूत्रम् 8-3-22 हलि सर्वेषाम् been used in the verses?