सरीसृपम् nNs
Today we will look at the form सरीसृपम् nNs from श्रीमद्भागवतम् 5.18.27.
यं लोकपालाः किल मत्सरज्वरा हित्वा यतन्तोऽपि पृथक्समेत्य च । पातुं न शेकुर्द्विपदश्चतुष्पदः सरीसृपं स्थाणु यदत्र दृश्यते ॥ ५-१८-२७ ॥
भवान्युगान्तार्णव ऊर्मिमालिनि क्षोणीमिमामोषधिवीरुधां निधिम् । मया सहोरु क्रमतेऽज ओजसा तस्मै जगत्प्राणगणात्मने नम इति ॥ ५-१८-२८ ॥
नन्विन्द्रादयो वशं नयन्ति लोकपालत्वात्कुतोऽहं तत्राह – यमिति । मत्सर एव ज्वरो येषां ते यं हित्वा द्विपदश्चतुष्पदः सरीसृपं जङ्गमं स्थाणु स्थावरं च यदत्र दृश्यते तत्किंचिदपि पातुं न शक्ताः । स त्वमेव प्राणरूपेण पालक ईश्वरश्चेत्यर्थः । तथाच श्रुतिः ‘ता अहिंसन्ताहमुकमस्म्यहमुकमस्मि’ इत्यादि ॥ २७ ॥ अवतारचरितमाह । भवानिमां क्षोणीं मया मनुना सह मत्सहितां धृत्वेत्यध्याहारः । ऊर्मिमालावति प्रलयार्णवे ओजसा क्रमते विचरति । यद्वा पातुमित्यस्यानुषङ्गः । क्षोणीं पातुं क्रमते । उत्सहत इत्यर्थः । यतोऽजः । कीदृशीम् । ओषधीनां वीरुधां च निधिमाश्रयभूताम् । तस्मै नमः । जगतो यः प्राणगणस्तस्यात्मने नियन्त्रे ॥ २८ ॥
Gita Press translation – Suffering from the fever of jealousy, the guardians of the (different) spheres (Indra and others) were unable without You (the life-giving principle) to protect the bipeds or quadrupeds, the mobile or the immobile creatures – (in short,) whatever is seen in this world – in spite of their striving severally as well as unitedly (27). Holding (by a cord) this earth – a storehouse of annual plants and creepers (etc.) – including myself (then known as Satyavrata) You, the birthless Lord, sported far and wide with (great) vigor in the ocean, that was, at the time of universal dissolution tumultuous with waves. Hail to such a Lord, the (inner) Controller of the multitudes of animate beings! (28)
सरीसृपम् is a frequentative/intensive form derived from √सृप् (सृपॢँ गतौ, भ्वादि-गणः, धातु-पाठः #१. ११३८).
सरीसृपीति (पुनः पुनर्भृशं वा सर्पति) इति सरीसृपम्।
(1) सृप् + यङ् । By 3-1-22 धातोरेकाचो हलादेः क्रियासमभिहारे यङ् – The affix “यङ्” is prescribed after a consonant-beginning mono-syllabic verbal root to denote an action done repeatedly or intensely.
Note: As per 3-1-23 नित्यं कौटिल्ये गतौ – Following a verbal root used to denote motion, the affix “यङ्” is prescribed only in the sense of crookedness (and not in the sense of repetition or intensity.) But according to some grammarians (particularly नागेशः) the affix यङ् may also be used क्रियासमभिहारे (in the sense of repetition or intensity) after a verbal root (like √सृप्) used to denote motion.
Note: “सृप् + यङ्” gets the धातु-सञ्ज्ञा by 3-1-32 सनाद्यन्ता धातवः।
(2) सृप् + यङ् + अच् । By वार्तिकम् (under 3-1-134) – अज्विधिः सर्वधातुभ्यः – The affix “अच्” may be used after any verbal root (to denote the agent/doer of the action.)
(3) सृप् + अच् । By 2-4-74 यङोऽचि च – The affix यङ् takes the लुक् elision when followed by the affix “अच्”। The use of च in the सूत्रम् indicates that the affix “यङ्” takes the लुक् elision variously (irregularly) even when not followed by the affix “अच्”।
Note: There is no change in meaning caused by this लुक् elision of the affix “यङ्”। Both “यङ्” and “यङ्-लुक्” convey the same meaning.
Note: The term “अच्” used in this सूत्रम् 2-4-74 refers to the affix “अच्” and not the प्रत्याहारः “अच्” (vowel.)
Note: As per the परिभाषा-सूत्रम् 1-1-61 प्रत्ययस्य लुक्श्लुलुपः the entire affix “यङ्” is elided.
(4) सृप् + अ । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम् and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।
(5) सृप् सृप् + अ । By 6-1-9 सन्यङोः – There is reduplication of the first portion – containing a single vowel – of a verbal root ending in the affix सन्/यङ् which is not already reduplicated. But if the verbal root (that has more than one vowel) begins with a vowel, then the reduplication is of the second portion – containing a single vowel.
Note: Even though the यङ्-प्रत्ययः is elided, it is considered as following the अङ्गम् by 1-1-62 प्रत्ययलोपे प्रत्ययलक्षणम्।
(6) सर् प् सृप् + अ । By 7-4-66 उरत् – A ऋवर्ण: of the अभ्यास: (reduplicate) takes the अकारादेश: when a प्रत्यय: follows. By 1-1-51 उरण् रपरः , in the place of ऋवर्ण: if an अण् letter (“अ”, “इ”, “उ”) comes as a substitute, it is always followed by a “रँ” (“र्”, “ल्”) letter.
(7) स सृप् + अ । By 7-4-60 हलादिः शेषः – Of the consonants of a reduplicate (अभ्यासः – ref. 6-1-4 पूर्वोऽभ्यासः), only the one (if any) at the beginning is retained, the rest are elided.
(8) स रीक् सृप् + अ । By 7-4-91 रुग्रिकौ च लुकि – When followed by a लुक् elided affix “यङ्”, the reduplicate (अभ्यासः) of a verbal root having a penultimate ऋकारः takes the augments “रुक्” and “रिक्” also in addition to “रीक्”। See questions 1 and 2.
(9) सरीसृप । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम् and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।
Note: 1-1-4 न धातुलोप आर्धधातुके stops the गुणादेशः which would have been done by 7-3-86 पुगन्तलघूपधस्य च।
Since the affix “अच्” has the कृत्-सञ्ज्ञा by 3-1-93 कृदतिङ्, “सरीसृप” gets प्रातिपदिक-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-2-46 कृत्तद्धितसमासाश्च।
The विवक्षा is नपुंसकलिङ्गे, प्रथमा-एकवचनम्।
(8) सरीसृप + सुँ । By 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टाभ्याम्भिस्ङेभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसिँभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसोसाम्ङ्योस्सुप्।
(9) सरीसृप + अम् । By 7-1-24 अतोऽम् – The affixes “सुँ” and “अम्” that follow a neuter अङ्गम् ending in the short vowel “अ” take “अम्” as their replacement. 1-3-4 न विभक्तौ तुस्माः prevents the ending मकार: of “अम्” from getting the इत्-सञ्ज्ञा।
(10) सरीसृपम् । By 6-1-107 अमि पूर्वः – In place of a preceding अक् letter and the following vowel (अच्) belonging to the affix “अम्” there is a single substitute of that preceding अक् letter.
Questions:
1. What would be the final form in this example if the augment “रुक्” were to be used instead of “रीक्”?
2. What would be the final form in this example if the augment “रिक्” were to be used instead of “रीक्”?
3. In the third quarter of the first chapter of the अष्टाध्यायी can you find a सूत्रम् (which we have not studied in the class) for justifying the use of आत्मनेपदम् in the form क्रमते?
4. What would be an alternate form for क्रमते?
5. Where else (besides in सरीसृपम्) has यङ्-लुक् been used in the commentary?
6. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“I hope that there are no serpents in this garden.” Use the अव्ययम् “कच्चित्” to express the meaning “I hope that.”
Easy Questions:
1. Where has the प्रातिपदिकम् “इदम्” been used in the verses?
2. Can you spot the affix “तिप्” in the commentary?
प्रियकाम्यया fIs
Today we will look at the form प्रियकाम्यया fIs from श्रीमद्भागवतम् 1.12.35.
तेन सम्भृतसम्भारो धर्मपुत्रो युधिष्ठिरः । वाजिमेधैस्त्रिभिर्भीतो यज्ञैः समयजद्धरिम् ॥ १-१२-३४ ॥
आहूतो भगवान्राज्ञा याजयित्वा द्विजैर्नृपम् । उवास कतिचिन्मासान्सुहृदां प्रियकाम्यया ॥ १-१२-३५ ॥
श्रीधर-स्वामि-टीका –
सम्भृतसम्भारः संपादितयज्ञोपकरणः । भीतो ज्ञातिद्रोहात् ॥ ३४ ॥
Translation – Having thus equipped himself with all the requisites for the sacrifice, king Yudhiṣṭhira, the son of Dharma (the god of righteousness,) who was afraid of sin, propitiated Śrī Hari by performing three horse-sacrifices (34). Having enabled the king to perform the sacrifices with the help of the twice-born (the Brāhmaṇas,) Lord Śrī Kṛṣṇa, who had been invited for the occasion, stayed with him for some months with a desire of pleasing his friends and relations (35).
आत्मनः प्रियस्यैषणम् = प्रियकाम्या ।
First we derive the नाम-धातुः “प्रियकाम्य” as follows:
(1) प्रिय + अम् । By 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टाभ्याम्भिस्ङेभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसिँभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसोसाम्ङ्योस्सुप्।
(2) प्रिय + अम् + काम्यच् । By 3-1-9 काम्यच्च – The affix काम्यच् is (also) employed, in the sense of wishing, after a पदम् which ends in a सुँप् affix and denotes the object of one’s own wish.
(3) प्रिय + अम् + काम्य । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम् and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः। See questions 3 and 4.
“प्रिय + अम् + काम्य” gets धातु-सञ्ज्ञा by 3-1-32 सनाद्यन्ता धातवः।
(4) प्रिय + काम्य । By 2-4-71 सुपो धातुप्रातिपदिकयोः – A सुँप् affix takes a लुक् elision when it is a part of a धातुः or a प्रातिपदिकम्। As per the परिभाषा-सूत्रम् 1-1-61 प्रत्ययस्य लुक्श्लुलुपः the entire affix “अम्” is elided.
Now we form the feminine प्रातिपदिकम् “प्रियकाम्या” from the नाम-धातुः “प्रियकाम्य”।
(5) प्रियकाम्य + अ । By 3-3-102 अ प्रत्ययात् – In order to form a feminine noun, the affix “अ” is used following a verbal root ending in an affix. Note: A verbal root ending in an affix refers to a verbal root which gets the धातु-सञ्ज्ञा by the सूत्रम् 3-1-32 सनाद्यन्ता धातवः।
Note: The affix “अ” gets आर्धधातक-सञ्ज्ञा by 3-4-114 आर्धधातुकं शेषः।
(6) प्रियकाम्य् + अ । By 6-4-48 अतो लोपः – When an आर्धधातुकम् affix follows, the अकारः at the end of a अङ्गम् is elided if the अङ्गम् ends in a अकार: at the time when the आर्धधातुकम् affix is prescribed.
= प्रियकाम्य । Note: Since the affix “अ” has the कृत्-सञ्ज्ञा by 3-1-93 कृदतिङ्, “प्रियकाम्य” gets प्रातिपदिक-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-2-46 कृत्तद्धितसमासाश्च।
(7) प्रियकाम्य + टाप् । By 4-1-4 अजाद्यतष्टाप् – The प्रातिपदिकानि “अज” etc. and प्रातिपदिकानि ending in अकारः get the टाप् affix in the feminine gender.
(8) प्रियकाम्य + आ । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-7 चुटू, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।
(9) प्रियकाम्या । By 6-1-101 अकः सवर्णे दीर्घः।
The विवक्षा is तृतीया-एकवचनम्।
(10) प्रियकाम्या + टा । By 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टाभ्याम्भिस्ङेभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसिँभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसोसाम्ङ्योस्सुप्।
(11) प्रियकाम्या + आ । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-7 चुटू, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।
(12) प्रियकाम्ये + आ । By 7-3-105 आङि चापः – ”आप्” ending bases get एकारः as the substitute when followed by the affix “आङ्” (“टा”) or “ओस्”।
(13) प्रियकाम्यया । By 6-1-78 एचोऽयवायावः।
Questions:
1. Where has the affix “काम्यच्” been used in the गीता?
2. What would have been the final form in this example if the affix “क्यच्” were to be used instead of “काम्यच्।”
3. Commenting on the सूत्रम् 3-1-9 काम्यच्च the काशिका says योगविभाग उत्तरत्र क्यचोऽनुवृत्त्यर्थः। Please explain.
4. Commenting further on the सूत्रम् 3-1-9 the काशिका says ककारस्येत्सञ्ज्ञा प्रयोजनाभावान्न भवति। Please explain.
5. Which सूत्रम् is used for the सम्प्रसारणम् in the form उवास?
6. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“Who doesn’t desire happiness for himself?”
Easy Questions:
1. Where has the सूत्रम् 8-4-62 झयो होऽन्यतरस्याम् been used in the verses?
2. Can you spot a अकार-लोपः in a सुबन्तं पदम् in the verses?
जङ्गमम् nNs
Today we will look at the form जङ्गमम् nNs from श्रीमद्वाल्मीकि-रामायणम् 6.83.16.
यथैव स्थावरं व्यक्तं जङ्गमं च तथाविधम् । नायमर्थस्तथा युक्तस्त्वद्विधो न विपद्यते ॥ ६-८३-१६ ॥
यद्यधर्मो भवेद्भूतो रावणो नरकं व्रजेत् । भवांश्च धर्मसंयुक्तो नैव व्यसनमाप्नुयात् ॥ ६-८३-१७ ॥
Gita Press translation – Even as it is evident that the inanimate creation is happy (without the concomitant practice of virtue), the animate creation is happy likewise. Therefore, the presumption that virtue alone prospers is not warranted; for (in that case) a (purely) virtuous man like you would not suffer (16). Had unrighteousness been effective, Rāvaṇa should have descended into hell; while you, who are endowed with virtue, would never suffer adversity (17).
जङ्गमम् is a frequentative/intensive form derived from √गम् (गमॢँ गतौ, भ्वादि-गणः, धातु-पाठः #१. ११३७).
जङ्गमति (पुनः पुनर्भृशं वा गच्छति) इति जङ्गमम्।
(1) गम् + यङ् । By 3-1-22 धातोरेकाचो हलादेः क्रियासमभिहारे यङ् – The affix “यङ्” is prescribed after a consonant-beginning mono-syllabic verbal root to denote an action done repeatedly or intensely.
Note: As per 3-1-23 नित्यं कौटिल्ये गतौ – Following a verbal root used to denote motion, the affix “यङ्” is prescribed only in the sense of crookedness (and not in the sense of repetition or intensity.) But according to some grammarians (particularly नागेशः), the affix यङ् may also be used क्रियासमभिहारे (in the sense of repetition or intensity) after a verbal root (like √गम्) used to denote motion.
Note: “गम् + यङ्” gets the धातु-सञ्ज्ञा by 3-1-32 सनाद्यन्ता धातवः।
(2) गम् + यङ् + अच् । By वार्तिकम् (under 3-1-134) – अज्विधिः सर्वधातुभ्यः – The affix “अच्” may be used after any verbal root (to denote the agent/doer of the action.)
(3) गम् + अच् । By 2-4-74 यङोऽचि च – The affix यङ् takes the लुक् elision when followed by the affix “अच्”। The use of च in the सूत्रम् indicates that the affix “यङ्” takes the लुक् elision variously (irregularly) even when not followed by the affix “अच्”।
Note: There is no change in meaning caused by this लुक् elision of the affix “यङ्”। Both “यङ्” and “यङ्-लुक्” convey the same meaning.
Note: The term “अच्” used in this सूत्रम् 2-4-74 refers to the affix “अच्” and not the प्रत्याहारः “अच्” (vowel.)
Note: As per the परिभाषा-सूत्रम् 1-1-61 प्रत्ययस्य लुक्श्लुलुपः the entire affix “यङ्” is elided.
(4) गम् + अ । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम् and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।
(5) गम् गम् + अ। By 6-1-9 सन्यङोः – There is reduplication of the first portion – containing a single vowel – of a verbal root ending in the affix सन्/यङ् which is not already reduplicated. But if the verbal root (that has more than one vowel) begins with a vowel, then the reduplication is of the second portion – containing a single vowel.
Note: Even though the यङ्-प्रत्ययः is elided, it is considered as following the अङ्गम् by 1-1-62 प्रत्ययलोपे प्रत्ययलक्षणम्।
(6) जम् गम् + अ । By 7-4-62 कुहोश्चुः, in a reduplicate (अभ्यासः – ref. 6-1-4 पूर्वोऽभ्यासः), a letter of the कवर्गः or हकारः is replaced by a letter of the चवर्गः । The substitutions take place as per 1-1-50 स्थानेऽन्तरतमः।
(7) ज गम् + अ । By 7-4-60 हलादिः शेषः – Of the consonants of a reduplicate (अभ्यासः – ref. 6-1-4 पूर्वोऽभ्यासः), only the one (if any) at the beginning is retained, the rest are elided.
(6) जं गम् + अ । By 7-4-85 नुगतोऽनुनासिकान्तस्य – When followed by either the affix “यङ्” or a लुक् elided affix “यङ्”, the reduplicate (अभ्यासः) takes the augment “नुक्” provided the following conditions are satisfied : i) the अभ्यासः belongs to a अङ्गम् ending in a nasal consonant and ii) the अभ्यासः ends in a अकारः।
Note: नुकानुस्वारो लक्ष्यते – The augment “नुक्” prescribed in the section from 7-4-85 to 7-4-87 stands for a अनुस्वारः।
(7) जङ्गम/जंगम । By 8-4-59 वा पदान्तस्य – When an अनुस्वारः occurs at the end of a पदम् and is followed by a यय् letter, then it is optionally substituted by a letter which is सवर्ण: with that following यय् letter.
Note: As per the वार्तिकम् (under 7-4-85), पदान्तवच्चेति वक्तव्यम् – The augment अनुस्वारः prescribed in the section from 7-4-85 to 7-4-87 should be treated as if it is at the end of a पदम्। Note: This allows 8-4-59 वा पदान्तस्य to apply.
Since the affix “अच्” has the कृत्-सञ्ज्ञा by 3-1-93 कृदतिङ्, “जङ्गम/जंगम” gets प्रातिपदिक-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-2-46 कृत्तद्धितसमासाश्च।
The विवक्षा is नपुंसकलिङ्गे, प्रथमा-एकवचनम्।
(8) जङ्गम + सुँ । By 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टाभ्याम्भिस्ङेभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसिँभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसोसाम्ङ्योस्सुप्।
(9) जङ्गम + अम् । By 7-1-24 अतोऽम् – The affixes “सुँ” and “अम्” that follow a neuter अङ्गम् ending in the short vowel “अ” take “अम्” as their replacement. 1-3-4 न विभक्तौ तुस्माः prevents the ending मकार: of “अम्” from getting the इत्-सञ्ज्ञा।
(10) जङ्गमम् । By 6-1-107 अमि पूर्वः – In place of a preceding अक् letter and the following vowel (अच्) belonging to the affix “अम्” there is a single substitute of that preceding अक् letter.
Questions:
1. Where has the प्रातिपदिकम् “जङ्गम” been used (as part of a compound) in the गीता?
2. Commenting on the सूत्रम् 2-4-74 यङोऽचि च the तत्त्वबोधनी says यङा साहचर्यादचीति प्रत्ययो गृह्यते न तु प्रत्याहारः। Please explain.
3. Commenting further on the सूत्रम् 2-4-74 the तत्त्वबोधनी says ‘ण्यक्षत्रियार्ष-‘ इत्यतोऽत्र लुगनुवर्तते। Please explain.
4. In the verses can you spot the affix श्यन्?
5. In which other word besides आप्नुयात् has the augment “यासुट्” been used ?
6. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“I like this mobile clinic.” Paraphrase this to “This mobile clinic is pleasing unto me.” Use (रुचँ दीप्तावभिप्रीतौ च १. ८४७) for “to please.” Use चतुर्थी विभक्ति: with the प्रातिपदिकम् “अस्मद्” for “unto me”
and use the masculine (compound) प्रातिपदिकम् “चिकित्सालय” for “clinic.”
Easy Questions:
1. Where has the सूत्रम् 8-3-7 नश्छव्यप्रशान् been used in the verses?
2. Can you spot two places in the verses where a वृद्धिः substitute has been used?
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