Today we will look at the form भूयात् 3As-आशीर्लिँङ् from श्रीमद्भागवतम् 9.4.39.
ब्राह्मणातिक्रमे दोषो द्वादश्यां यदपारणे । यत्कृत्वा साधु मे भूयादधर्मो वा न मां स्पृशेत् ।। ९-४-३९ ।।
अम्भसा केवलेनाथ करिष्ये व्रतपारणम् । प्राहुरब्भक्षणं विप्रा ह्यशितं नाशितं च तत् ।। ९-४-४० ।।
श्रीधर-स्वामि-टीका –
धर्मसंकटमेवाह – यद्यतो ब्राह्मणातिक्रमे दोषोऽधर्मः । द्वादश्यामपारणेऽपि दोषो व्रतवैगुण्यम् । यत्कृत्वा यस्मिन्कृते ।। ३९ ।। एवं द्विजैः सह विचार्य निश्चिनोति – अम्भसेति । व्रतस्य पारणं समाप्तिम् । तदशितमाहुरशितं नेति चाहुः – श्रुतिश्च ‘अपोऽश्नाति तन्नैवाशितं नैवानशितम्’ इति ।। ४० ।।
Gita Press translation “(He said:) “Since there is sin in showing disrespect to a Brāhmaṇa (by inviting him to a dinner in the first instance and then taking one’s meal before feeding him) and there is (also) sin in not concluding one’s fast (for the Ekādaśī day) within (the hours of) the (following) Dwādaśī, pray, tell me a course of action consequent upon which good may betide me and sin may not touch me. (39) (Then, arriving at a conclusion in consultation with the Brāhmaṇas, he said to himself,) Since to take water – so declare the Brāhmaṇas – that is as good as taking food (for the purpose of breaking one’s fast) and at the same time it is not eating, hence I shall break my fast with water alone.”
भूयात् is derived from the धातुः √भू (भू सत्तायाम्, भ्वादि-गणः, धातु-पाठः #१. १).
In the धातु-पाठः, √भू has no इत् letters. It is devoid of any indications for bringing in आत्मनेपद-प्रत्यया:। (Neither 1-3-12 अनुदात्तङित आत्मनेपदम् nor 1-3-72 स्वरितञितः कर्त्रभिप्राये क्रियाफले applies.) Therefore, as per 1-3-78 शेषात् कर्तरि परस्मैपदम्, in कर्तरि प्रयोग:, √भू takes the परस्मैपद-प्रत्यया: by default. As per 1-4-99 लः परस्मैपदम्, 1-4-100 तङानावात्मनेपदम्, the nine प्रत्यया: from “तिप्” to “मस्” get the परस्मैपद-सञ्ज्ञा। So √भू can take only one of these nine प्रत्यया: in कर्तरि प्रयोग:।
The विवक्षा is आशीर्लिँङ्, कर्तरि प्रयोग:, प्रथम-पुरुषः, एकवचनम्।
(1) भू + लिँङ् (आशिषि) । 3-3-173 आशिषि लिङ्लोटौ, the affixes लिँङ् and लोँट् occur after a verbal root when used in the sense of benediction.
(2) भू + ल् । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत्, 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।
(3) भू + तिप् । 3-4-78 तिप्तस्झिसिप्थस्थमिब्वस्मस्तातांझथासाथांध्वमिड्वहिमहिङ् mandates the प्रत्ययः “तिप्” as the substitute for the लकारः।
(4) भू + ति । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।
(5) भू + त् । By 3-4-100 इतश्च, the ending इकारः of a परस्मैपद-प्रत्ययः which came in the place of a ङित्-लकारः is elided.
(6) भू + यासुट् त् । By 3-4-103 यासुट् परस्मैपदेषूदात्तो ङिच्च, the परस्मैपदम् affixes of लिँङ् get यासुट् as an augment, and this augment is उदात्तः and a ङित्। 1-1-46 आद्यन्तौ टकितौ places यासुट् at the beginning of the प्रत्यय:।
By 3-4-104 किदाशिषि, the augment यासुट् (prescribed by 3-4-103) shall be considered to be a कित् (as having ककार: as a इत्) when it joins a लिँङ् affix used in the sense of benediction.
(7) भू + यास् त् । The उकार: in यासुट् is for pronunciation only (उच्चारणार्थम्)। The टकार: is an इत् by 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम् and takes लोप: by 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।
See questions 2, 3 and 4.
(8) भूयात् । By 8-2-29 स्कोः संयोगाद्योरन्ते च, the सकारः or ककारः at the beginning of a conjunct takes लोपः when the conjunct is at the end of a पदम् or followed by a झल् letter.
See question 5.
Questions:
1. Where has लिँङ् (आशिषि) been used in Chapter Two of the गीता?
2. After step 7, why doesn’t the सकार: of the प्रत्यय: “यास्त्” take लोप: by 7-2-79 लिङः सलोपोऽनन्त्यस्य?
3. Why doesn’t 3-1-68 कर्तरि शप् apply after step 7?
4. Why doesn’t the ending ऊकार: of the अङ्गम् “भू” take a गुणादेश: by 7-3-84 सार्वधातुकार्धधातुकयोः after step 7?
5. In the absence of 8-2-29 स्कोः संयोगाद्योरन्ते च which सूत्रम् would have applied in step 8?
6. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“May you (masculine) be long-lived!” Use the adjective प्रातिपदिकम् “दीर्घायुष्मत्” for “long-lived.”
Easy questions:
1. The word अप: used in the commentary is द्वितीया-बहुवचनम् of the स्त्रीलिङ्ग-प्रातिपदिकम् “अप्”। Can you recall two सूत्रे (which we have studied) in which पाणिनि: specifically mentions the प्रातिपदिकम् “अप्”?
2. After step 8 of the example which सूत्रम् do we apply to get the form भूयाद् used in the verses?
1. Where has लिँङ् (आशिषि) been used in Chapter Two of the गीता?
Answer: लिँङ् (आशिषि) has been used in Chapter Two of the गीता in the form अपनुद्यात् derived from the verbal root √नुद् (णुदँ प्रेरणे ६. २, ६. १६२).
न हि प्रपश्यामि ममापनुद्याद् यच्छोकमुच्छोषणमिन्द्रियाणाम् |
अवाप्य भूमावसपत्नमृद्धं राज्यं सुराणामपि चाधिपत्यम् || 2-8||
The विवक्षा is आशीर्लिँङ्, कर्तरि प्रयोग:, प्रथम-पुरुषः, एकवचनम्।
The ending अकार: of “णुदँ” gets the इत्-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत् and takes लोप: by 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः। The beginning णकार: gets the नकारादेश: by 6-1-65 णो नः।
नुद् + लिँङ् (आशिषि) । 3-3-173 आशिषि लिङ्लोटौ, the affixes लिँङ् and लोँट् occur after a verbal root when used in the sense of benediction.
= नुद् + ल् । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत्, 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।
= नुद् + तिप् । 3-4-78 तिप्तस्झिसिप्थस्थमिब्वस्मस्तातांझथासाथांध्वमिड्वहिमहिङ् mandates the प्रत्ययः “तिप्” as the substitute for the लकारः।
= नुद् + ति । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।
= नुद् + त् । By 3-4-100 इतश्च, the ending इकारः of a परस्मैपद-प्रत्ययः which came in the place of a ङित्-लकारः is elided.
= नुद् + यासुट् त् । By 3-4-103 यासुट् परस्मैपदेषूदात्तो ङिच्च, the परस्मैपदम् affixes of लिँङ् get यासुट् as an augment, and this augment is उदात्तः and a ङित्। 1-1-46 आद्यन्तौ टकितौ places यासुट् at the beginning of the प्रत्यय:।
By 3-4-104 किदाशिषि, the augment यासुट् (prescribed by 3-4-103) shall be considered to be a कित् (as having ककार: as a इत्) when it joins a लिँङ् affix used in the sense of benediction. Hence 1-1-5 ग्क्ङिति च stops the गुणादेश: for the penultimate उकार: of “नुद्” which would have been done by 7-3-86 पुगन्तलघूपधस्य च।
= नुद् + यास् त् । The उकार: in यासुट् is for pronunciation only (उच्चारणार्थम्)। The टकार: is an इत् by 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम् and takes लोप: by 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः। Now “नुद् यास् त्” has the पद-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-4-14 सुप्तिङन्तं पदम्।
= नुद्यात् । By 8-2-29 स्कोः संयोगाद्योरन्ते च, the सकारः or ककारः at the beginning of a conjunct takes लोपः when the conjunct is at the end of a पदम् or followed by a झल् letter.
“अप” is the उपसर्गः (ref. 1-4-59 उपसर्गाः क्रियायोगे।)
अप + नुद्यात् = अपनुद्यात्।
2. After step 7, why doesn’t the सकार: of the प्रत्यय: “यास्त्” take लोप: by 7-2-79 लिङः सलोपोऽनन्त्यस्य?
Answer: The वृत्ति: of 7-2-79 लिङः सलोपोऽनन्त्यस्य says – सार्वधातुकलिङोऽनन्त्यस्य सस्य लोपः । The सकारः of a सार्वधातुक-लिङ् affix is elided, provided it is not the final letter of the affix. In the present example the प्रत्यय: “यास्त्” does not have the सार्वधातुक-सञ्ज्ञा। It instead has the आर्धधातुक-सञ्ज्ञा by 3-4-116 लिङाशिषि – A तिङ् affix which comes in the place of लिङ् used in the sense of benediction gets the आर्धधातुक-सञ्ज्ञा।
Hence 7-2-79 does not apply here.
3. Why doesn’t 3-1-68 कर्तरि शप् apply after step 7?
Answer: The वृत्ति: of 3-1-68 कर्तरि शप् says – कर्त्रर्थे सार्वधातुके परे धातोः शप् । The शप्-प्रत्यय: is placed after a verbal root, when followed by a सार्वधातुक-प्रत्यय: that is used signifying the agent. In the present example the प्रत्यय: “यास्त्” does not have the सार्वधातुक-सञ्ज्ञा। It instead has the आर्धधातुक-सञ्ज्ञा by 3-4-116 लिङाशिषि – A तिङ् affix which comes in the place of लिङ् used in the sense of benediction gets the आर्धधातुक-सञ्ज्ञा।
Hence 3-1-68 does not apply here.
4. Why doesn’t the ending ऊकार: of the अङ्गम् “भू” take a गुणादेश: by 7-3-84 सार्वधातुकार्धधातुकयोः after step 7?
Answer: The ending ऊकार: of the अङ्गम् “भू” does not take a गुणादेश: by 7-3-84 सार्वधातुकार्धधातुकयोः after step 7 because the प्रत्यय: “यास्त्” here is a कित् by 3-4-104 किदाशिषि – The augment यासुट् (prescribed by 3-4-103) shall be considered to be a कित् (as having ककार: as a इत्) when it joins a लिँङ् affix used in the sense of benediction. Hence 1-1-5 ग्क्ङिति च stops the गुणादेश: which would have been done by 7-3-84 सार्वधातुकार्धधातुकयोः।
5. In the absence of 8-2-29 स्कोः संयोगाद्योरन्ते च which सूत्रम् would have applied in step 8?
Answer: In the absence of 8-2-29 स्कोः संयोगाद्योरन्ते च in step 8 the ending तकार: of “भू यास् त्” would have taken लोप: by 8-2-23 संयोगान्तस्य लोपः giving an undesirable form.
6. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“May you (masculine) be long-lived!” Use the adjective प्रातिपदिकम् “दीर्घायुष्मत्” for “long-lived.”
Answer: दीर्घायुष्मान् भूया:।
Easy questions:
1. The word अप: used in the commentary is द्वितीया-बहुवचनम् of the स्त्रीलिङ्ग-प्रातिपदिकम् “अप्”। Can you recall two सूत्रे (which we have studied) in which पाणिनि: specifically mentions the प्रातिपदिकम् “अप्”?
Answer: The two सूत्रे (which we have studied) in which पाणिनि: specifically mentions the प्रातिपदिकम् “अप्” are –
7-4-48 अपो भि – There is a substitution of the तकार: in place of the (ending letter) of “अप्” when a प्रत्यय: beginning with a भकार: follows.
6-4-11 अप्तृन्तृच्स्वसृनप्तृनेष्टृत्वष्टृक्षत्तृहोतृपोतृप्रशास्तॄणाम् – When a सर्वनामस्थानम् affix that is not a सम्बुद्धिः follows, the penultimate vowel of “अप्”, of words ending in affixes “तृन्” and “तृच्” and of the words “स्वसृ”, “नप्तृ”, “नेष्टृ”, “त्वष्टृ”, “क्षत्तृ”, “होतृ”, “पोतृ” and “प्रशास्तृ” is elongated.
2. After step 8 of the example which सूत्रम् do we apply to get the form भूयाद् used in the verses?
Answer: After step 8 of the example, the form भूयाद् is arrived at by applying 8-2-39 झलां जशोऽन्ते – When a झल् letter occurs at the end of a पदम् it is replaced by a जश् letter.