Today we will look at the form सुहृदः mNp from श्रीमद्भागवतम् 1.13.11.
भवद्विधा भागवतास्तीर्थभूताः स्वयं विभो । तीर्थीकुर्वन्ति तीर्थानि स्वान्तःस्थेन गदाभृता ।। १-१३-१० ।।
अपि नः सुहृदस्तात बान्धवाः कृष्णदेवताः । दृष्टाः श्रुता वा यदवः स्वपुर्यां सुखमासते ।। १-१३-११ ।।
श्रीधर-स्वामि-टीका
भवतां च तीर्थाटनं न स्वार्थं किंतु तीर्थानुग्रहार्थमित्याह – भवद्विधा इति । मलिनजनसंपर्केण मलिनानि तीर्थानि सन्तः पुनः स्वयं तीर्थीकुर्वन्ति । स्वान्तं मनस्तत्रस्थेन । स्वस्यान्तःस्थितेनेति वा ।। १० ।। अपि किं सुखमासते भवद्भिः क्वापि दृष्टाः श्रुता वा ।। ११ ।।
Gita Press translation – Devotees of God like you, my lord, are not only consecrated themselves; but it is they who revive the sanctity of sacred places (that get polluted by the contact of sinners) by the living presence of Lord Viṣṇu (the Wielder of a mace), in their heart (10). Dear uncle, are our friends and relations, the Yādavas, who look upon Śrī Kṛṣṇa as their deity, doing well in their own city (Dwārakā)? Did you happen to see or even hear of them? (11)
(1) सु (शोभनं) हृदयं यस्य स: = सुहृत् (मित्रम्) – A friend.
(2) सु + हृदय सुँ । By 2-2-24 अनेकमन्यपदार्थे – Two or more terms having the designation पदम् and ending in the nominative case may optionally compound to yield a बहुव्रीहि: compound provided the terms are employed to denote the sense of another पदम् (which is not part of the compound.)
(3) The adjective ‘सु’ is placed in the prior position in the compound as per the सूत्रम् 2-2-35 सप्तमीविशेषणे बहुव्रीहौ – In a बहुव्रीहि: compound the पदम् which ends in a seventh case affix or is an adjective takes the prior position.
Note: ‘सु + हृदय सुँ’ gets the designation प्रातिपदिकम् by 1-2-46 कृत्तद्धितसमासाश्च। This allows 2-4-71 to apply in the next step.
(4) सु + हृदय । By 2-4-71 सुपो धातुप्रातिपदिकयोः – A सुँप् affix takes a लुक् elision when it is a part of a धातुः or a प्रातिपदिकम्।
(5) सुहृद् । By 5-4-150 सुहृद्दुर्हृदौ मित्रामित्रयोः – ‘सुहृद्’ and ‘दुर्हृद्’ are given as two ready-made compounds in the meaning of ‘friend’ and ‘enemy’ respectively. Note: This implies that when following ‘सु’ and ‘दुर्’ the term ‘हृदय’ is replaced by ‘हृद्’ to derive compounds meaning ‘friend’ and ‘enemy’ respectively.
Note: The compounds ‘सुहृद्’ and ‘दुर्हृद्’ could also be formed by using the प्रातिपदिकम् ‘हृद्’ (instead of ‘हृदय’)। Hence the real purpose of this सूत्रम् is not to facilitate the construction of the compounds ‘सुहृद्’ and ‘दुर्हृद्’ but to prevent the construction of the compounds ‘सुहृदय’ and ‘दुर्हृदय’ in the meanings of ‘friend’ and ‘enemy’ respectively.
The gender of a बहुव्रीहि: compound matches that of which it qualifies. In the present example, यदवः (Yādavas) are being qualified. Hence we assign the masculine gender to the compound प्रातिपदिकम् ‘सुहृद्’।
The विवक्षा is प्रथमा-बहुवचनम् ।
(6) सुहृद् + जस् । By 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टाभ्याम्भिस्ङेभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसिँभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसोसाम्ङ्योस्सुप्।
(7) सुहृद् + अस् । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-7 चुटू and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः। 1-3-4 न विभक्तौ तुस्माः prevents the ending letter ‘स्’ of जस् from getting इत्-सञ्ज्ञा ।
(8) सुहृदः । रुँत्व-विसर्गौ by 8-2-66 ससजुषो रुः and 8-3-15 खरवसानयोर्विसर्जनीयः।
Questions:
1. In the last verse of which chapter of the गीता has the compound ‘सुहृद्’ been used?
2. What is the विग्रह: of the compound कृष्णदेवताः (प्रातिपदिकम् ‘कृष्णदेवत’, पुंलिङ्गे प्रथमा-बहुवचनम्) used in the verses?
3. Can you spot the affix क्विँप् in the verses?
4. Which वार्तिकम् justifies the use of a second case affix in the form सुखम् used in the verses?
5. Why doesn’t the सूत्रम् 6-1-58 सृजिदृशोर्झल्यमकिति apply in the form दृष्टाः (प्रातिपदिकम् ‘दृष्ट’, पुंलिङ्गे प्रथमा-बहुवचनम्) used in the verses? (Which condition is not satisfied?)
6. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“Without friends, there is no happiness in life.”
Easy questions:
1. Where has the सूत्रम् 7-3-108 ह्रस्वस्य गुणः been used in the verses?
2. Which सूत्रम् prescribes the substitution ‘अत्’ in the form आसते?
1. In the last verse of which chapter of the गीता has the compound ‘सुहृद्’ been used?
Answer: The compound ‘सुहृद्’ has been used in the last verse of Chapter Five of the गीता, in the form सुहृदम् (प्रातिपदिकम् ‘सुहृद्’, पुंलिङ्गे द्वितीया-एकवचनम्) –
भोक्तारं यज्ञतपसां सर्वलोकमहेश्वरम् |
सुहृदं सर्वभूतानां ज्ञात्वा मां शान्तिमृच्छति || 5-29||
The derivation of the compound प्रातिपदिकम् ‘सुहृद्’ is shown in the post.
The gender of a बहुव्रीहि: compound matches that of which it qualifies. In the present example, माम् (me, Śrī Kṛṣṇa) is being qualified. Hence we assign the masculine gender to the compound प्रातिपदिकम् ‘सुहृद्’।
2. What is the विग्रह: of the compound कृष्णदेवताः (प्रातिपदिकम् ‘कृष्णदेवत’, पुंलिङ्गे प्रथमा-बहुवचनम्) used in the verses?
Answer: The विग्रह: of the compound कृष्णदेवताः is –
कृष्णो देवता येषां ते = कृष्णदेवताः – those who look upon Śrī Kṛṣṇa as their deity (the Yādavas).
The अलौकिक-विग्रह: is –
कृष्ण सुँ + देवता सुँ । By 2-2-24 अनेकमन्यपदार्थे।
The adjective ‘कृष्ण सुँ’ is placed in the prior position in the compound as per the सूत्रम् 2-2-35 सप्तमीविशेषणे बहुव्रीहौ।
Note: ‘कृष्ण सुँ + देवता सुँ’ gets the designation प्रातिपदिकम् by 1-2-46 कृत्तद्धितसमासाश्च। This allows 2-4-71 to apply in the next step.
= कृष्ण + देवता । By 2-4-71 सुपो धातुप्रातिपदिकयोः।
= कृष्णदेवत । By 1-2-48 गोस्त्रियोरुपसर्जनस्य।
The gender of a बहुव्रीहि: compound matches that of which it qualifies. In the present example, यदवः are being qualified. Hence we assign the masculine gender to the compound प्रातिपदिकम् ‘कृष्णदेवत’। It declines like राम-शब्द:। प्रथमा-बहुवचनम् is कृष्णदेवताः।
3. Can you spot the affix क्विँप् in the verses?
Answer: The affix क्विँप् occurs in the form गदाभृता (प्रातिपदिकम् ‘गदाभृत्’, पुंलिङ्गे तृतीया-एकवचनम्)।
गदां बिभर्तीति गदाभृत् – the wielder of a mace
‘भृत्’ is a कृदन्त-प्रातिपदिकम् (participle form) derived from the verbal root √भृ (डुभृञ् धारणपोषणयोः ३. ६). The (compound) प्रातिपदिकम् ‘गदाभृत् is derived as follows:
गदा + ङस् + भृ + क्विँप् । By 3-2-76 क्विप् च – (In addition to the affixes mentioned in the सूत्रम् 3-2-74) the affix ‘क्विँप्’ may also be used (following any verbal root with or without the presence of a उपपदम्।)
Note: The term सुपि (which comes as अनुवृत्ति: into the सूत्रम् 3-2-76 क्विप् च from the सूत्रम् 3-2-4 सुपि स्थः) ends in the seventh (locative) case. Hence ‘गदा + ङस्’ gets the उपपद-सञ्ज्ञा here by 3-1-92 तत्रोपपदं सप्तमीस्थम्।
Note: The affix ‘ङस्’ is used here as per 2-3-65 कर्तृकर्मणोः कृति। This is what is called as कृद्योगे षष्ठी।
= गदा + ङस् + भृ + व् । अनुबन्ध-लोप: by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत्, 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-8 लशक्वतद्धिते and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।
= गदा + ङस् + भृ । By 6-1-67 वेरपृक्तस्य। As per 1-2-41 अपृक्त एकाल् प्रत्ययः, here the letter ‘व्’ has अपृक्त-सञ्ज्ञा। This allows 6-1-67 to apply.
Note: The affix क्विँप् is a कित् (has the letter ‘क्’ as a इत्)। This enables 1-1-5 क्क्ङिति च to stop 7-3-84 सार्वधातुकार्धधातुकयोः।
= गदा + ङस् + भृ तुँक् । By 6-1-71 ह्रस्वस्य पिति कृति तुक्। Note: Even though the affix क्विँप् undergoes सर्वापहार-लोपः (completely disappears), 6-1-71 still applies as per the सूत्रम् 1-1-62 प्रत्ययलोपे प्रत्ययलक्षणम्।
Note: As per the सूत्रम् 1-1-46 आद्यन्तौ टकितौ the augment ‘तुँक्’ joins after the letter ‘ऋ’।
= गदा + ङस् + भृत् । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत्, 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।
We form a compound between ‘गदा+ ङस्’ (which is the उपपदम्) and ‘भृत्’ by using the सूत्रम् 2-2-19 उपपदमतिङ्। In the compound, ‘गदा + ङस्’ is placed in the prior position as per 2-2-30 उपसर्जनं पूर्वम्। Note: Here ‘गदा + ङस्’ is the उपपदम् and hence it gets the उपसर्जन-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-2-43 प्रथमानिर्दिष्टं समास उपसर्जनम् because in the सूत्रम् 2-2-19 उपपदमतिङ् (which prescribes the compounding) the term उपपदम् ends in the nominative case.
‘गदा + ङस् + भृत्’ gets प्रातिपदिक-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-2-46 कृत्तद्धितसमासाश्च।
= गदा + भृत् । By 2-4-71सुपो धातुप्रातिपदिकयोः।
= गदाभृत् ।
‘गदाभृत्’ gets the designation प्रातिपदिकम् by 1-2-46 कृत्तद्धितसमासाश्च।
4. Which वार्तिकम् justifies the use of a second case affix in the form सुखम् used in the verses?
Answer: The use of a second case affix in the form सुखम् (नपुंसकलिङ्ग-प्रातिपदिकम् ‘सुख’, द्वितीया-एकवचनम्) is justified by the वार्तिकम् (under 2-4-18 अव्ययीभावश्च in the काशिका) क्रियाविशेषणानां कर्मत्वं नपुंसकत्वमेकवचनान्तत्वं चेष्यते – Adverbs are treated as having the designation कर्म (object) and are used in the neuter singular.
In the present example, सुखम् is used as an adverb to आसते।
Note: Since, as per the per the above वार्तिकम्, ‘सुख’ is treated as having the designation कर्म (object) it takes a second case affix as per 2-3-2 कर्मणि द्वितीया।
5. Why doesn’t the सूत्रम् 6-1-58 सृजिदृशोर्झल्यमकिति apply in the form दृष्टाः (प्रातिपदिकम् ‘दृष्ट’, पुंलिङ्गे प्रथमा-बहुवचनम्) used in the verses? (Which condition is not satisfied?)
Answer: The प्रातिपदिकम् ‘दृष्ट’ in the form दृष्टाः (पुंलिङ्गे प्रथमा-बहुवचनम्) is derived from the verbal root √दृश् (दृशिँर् प्रेक्षणे १. ११४३) as follows:
दृश् + क्त । By 3-2-102 निष्ठा। The affix ‘क्त’ has been used कर्मणि as per the सूत्रम् 3-4-70 तयोरेव कृत्यक्तखलर्थाः।
= दृश् + त । अनुबन्ध-लोप: by 1-3-8 लशक्वतद्धिते and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः। The निष्ठा affix ‘त’ is prevented from taking the augment ‘इट्’ here by 7-2-10 एकाच उपदेशेऽनुदात्तात्।
As per 6-1-58 सृजिदृशोर्झल्यमकिति – When followed by a अकित् (does not have the letter ‘क्’ as a इत्) affix which begins with a झल् letter, the verbal root √सृज् (सृजँ विसर्गे ४. ७५, ६. १५०) as well as √दृश् (दृशिँर् प्रेक्षणे १. ११४३) gets the augment अम्। In the present example we have the निष्ठा affix ‘क्त’ which is a कित् (has the letter ‘क्’ as a इत्), therefore 6-1-58 does not apply.
= दृष् + त । By 8-2-36 व्रश्चभ्रस्जसृजमृजयजराजभ्राजच्छशां षः, 1-1-52 अलोऽन्त्यस्य।
= दृष् + ट । By 8-4-41 ष्टुना ष्टुः।
‘दृष्ट’ gets प्रातिपदिक-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-2-46 कृत्तद्धितसमासाश्च।
6. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“Without friends, there is no happiness in life.”
Answer: सुहृद्भि: विना जीवने सुखम् न अस्ति = सुहृद्भिर्विना जीवने सुखं नास्ति।
Easy questions:
1. Where has the सूत्रम् 7-3-108 ह्रस्वस्य गुणः been used in the verses?
Answer: The सूत्रम् 7-3-108 ह्रस्वस्य गुणः has been used in the form विभो (पुंलिङ्ग-प्रातिपदिकम् ‘विभु’, सम्बुद्धिः)।
Please see the following post for the derivation of the form विभो – http://avg-sanskrit.org/2013/01/30/विभो-mvs
2. Which सूत्रम् prescribes the substitution ‘अत्’ in the form आसते?
Answer: The सूत्रम् 7-1-5 आत्मनेपदेष्वनतः prescribes the substitution ‘अत्’ in the form आसते – derived from the verbal root √आस् (आसँ उपवेशने २. ११).
Please see the answer to question 4 in the following comment for the derivation of the form आसते – https://avg-sanskrit.org/2012/03/13/भूयास्म-1ap-आशीर्लिँङ्/#comment-3478