Today we will look at the form असत्कृत्य ind from महाभारतम् 13.53.12.
यदा तौ निर्विकारौ तु लक्षयामास भार्गवः । तत उत्थाय सहसा स्नानशालां विवेश ह ।। १३-५३-११ ।।
कॢप्तमेव तु तत्रासीत् स्नानीयं पार्थिवोचितम् । असत्कृत्य च तत् सर्वं तत्रैवान्तरधीयत ।। १३-५३-१२ ।।
स मुनिः पुनरेवाथ नृपतेः पश्यतस्तदा । नासूयां चक्रतुस्तौ च दम्पती भरतर्षभ ।। १३-५३-१३ ।।
Translation – However when Bhṛgu’s son noticed that the two of them were (still) undisturbed, he rose up all of a sudden and entered the bathing chamber (11). The various articles proper for bathing such as were fit for a king’s use, were ready there in advance. Having disrespected (i.e. having ignored) all those articles, the sage once again disappeared right there even as the king watched. (Even) then, O chief of Bharatas, that royal pair did not show any intolerance (towards him) (12-13).
Note: In the usage मुनिरन्तरधीयत above, the object (‘मुनि’) on which the verbal activity (of concealing) is found, has turned into a subject and the verb (√धा (डुधाञ् धारणपोषणयोः | दान इत्यप्येके ३. ११) preceded by the उपसर्गः ‘अन्तर्’) which is transitive has turned in to intransitive as a result. This is called a कर्मकर्तरि प्रयोगः। But this agent (‘मुनि’) is treated as if it were the कर्म (object) as per the सूत्रम् 3-1-87 कर्मवत् कर्मणा तुल्यक्रियः – When the agent of a given action behaves in the same way as does the object, the agent is treated as if it were the object. (For the agent to be treated as if it were the object, the action of the agent must be identical with the action located within the object.) This allows for the use of the affix ‘यक्’ (by 3-1-67 सार्वधातुके यक् which has the अनुवृत्तिः of भावकर्मणोः from the prior सूत्रम्) and a आत्मनेपदम् affix (‘त’) – as per 1-3-13 भावकर्मणोः – in the form अन्तरधीयत।
(1) अनादरं कृत्वा = असत्कृत्य – having disrespected.
असत्कृत्य is derived from the verbal root √कृ (डुकृञ् करणे ८. १०) preceded by the term ‘असत्’ (‘असत्’ itself is a नञ्-तत्पुरुषः compound derived as न सत् = असत्)।
‘असत्’ gets the designation गति: here as per 1-4-63 आदरानादरयोः सदसती – The terms ‘सत्’ and ‘असत्’ when denoting ‘respect’ and ‘disrespect’ respectively get the designation ‘गति’ provided they are used in conjunction with a verb.
Note: Besides accent considerations, the purpose of assigning the designation ‘गति’ is to facilitate compound formation prescribed by the सूत्रम् 2-2-18 कुगतिप्रादयः which in turn allows for the substitution ‘ल्यप्’ (in place of ‘क्त्वा’) prescribed by the सूत्रम् 7-1-37 समासेऽनञ्पूर्वे क्त्वो ल्यप् (in step 5.)
Note: Since the term ‘असत्’ has the designation ‘गति’ here it also gets the निपात-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-4-56 प्राग्रीश्वरान्निपाताः and hence the अव्यय-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-1-37 स्वरादिनिपातमव्ययम्।
(2) कृ + क्त्वा । By 3-4-21 समानकर्तृकयोः पूर्वकाले – The affix ‘क्त्वा’ is used following a verbal root which denotes a prior action relative to that of another verbal root, provided the agent of both the actions is the same. In the present example the later action (having the same agent – ‘the sage’) is अन्तरधीयत (‘disappeared.’)
(3) अलौकिक-विग्रह: –
असत् + कृ क्त्वा । By 2-2-18 कुगतिप्रादयः – The indeclinable ‘कु’, terms having the designation ‘गति’ (ref. 1-4-60 गतिश्च etc) as well as the terms ‘प्र’ etc. (ref. 1-4-58 प्रादयः) invariably compound with a syntactically related term and the resulting compound gets the designation तत्पुरुष:।
Note: The अनुवृत्ति: of नित्यम् (invariably) comes down from the prior सूत्रम् 2-2-17 नित्यं क्रीडाजीविकयोः।
(4) By 1-2-43 प्रथमानिर्दिष्टं समास उपसर्जनम् – the term ‘असत्’ gets the designation उपसर्जनम् because in the सूत्रम् 2-2-18 (which prescribes the compounding) the term कुगतिप्रादयः ends in the nominative case. Hence the term ‘असत्’ is placed in the prior position in the compound as per the सूत्रम् 2-2-30 उपसर्जनं पूर्वम् – In a compound a term which has the designation ‘उपसर्जन’ should be placed in the prior position.
Note: ‘असत् + कृ क्त्वा’ gets the designation प्रातिपदिकम् by 1-2-46 कृत्तद्धितसमासाश्च।
(5) असत् + कृ ल्यप् । By 7-1-37 समासेऽनञ्पूर्वे क्त्वो ल्यप् – When the affix ‘क्त्वा’ occurs at the end of a compound, it is replaced by ‘ल्यप्’ provided the prior member of the compound is a अव्ययम् other than ‘नञ्’ (ref. 2-2-6).
Note: As per 1-1-56 स्थानिवदादेशोऽनल्विधौ, the substitution ‘ल्यप्’ (in place of the affix ‘क्त्वा’) inherits the property of being a कित् (having the letter ‘क्’ as a इत्) affix with the designation of कृत् (by 3-1-93) and आर्धधातुकम् (by 3-4-114.)
(6) असत् + कृ य । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-8 लशक्वतद्धिते and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।
Note: 1-1-5 क्क्ङिति च prevents 7-3-84 सार्वधातुकार्धधातुकयोः from applying.
(7) असत् + कृ तुँक् य By 6-1-71 ह्रस्वस्य पिति कृति तुक् – When followed by a कृत् affix which is a पित् (has the letter ‘प्’ as a इत्), a short vowel takes the augment ‘तुँक्’। As per 1-1-46 आद्यन्तौ टकितौ, the augment ‘तुँक्’ joins after the short vowel ‘ऋ’।
(8) असत् + कृ त् य । अनुबन्ध-लोप: by 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत् and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।
= असत्कृत्य ।
‘असत्कृत्य’ gets the अव्यय-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-1-40 क्त्वातोसुन्कसुनः with the help of 1-1-56 स्थानिवदादेशोऽनल्विधौ। This allows 2-4-82 to apply below.
(9) असत्कृत्य + सुँ (default) । By 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टाभ्याम्भिस्ङेभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसिँभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसोसाम्ङ्योस्सुप्।
(10) असत्कृत्य । By 2-4-82 अव्ययादाप्सुपः – The feminine affix आप् and सुँप् affixes that are prescribed after a अव्ययम् take the लुक् elision.
Questions:
1. In which other word (besides असत्कृत्य) has the substitution ‘ल्यप्’ (in place of the affix ‘क्त्वा’) been used in the verses?
2. Consider the example – सत्कृत्वा कार्यं गतः। Why doesn’t the substitution ‘ल्यप्’ (in place of the affix ‘क्त्वा’) take place here?
3. Which सूत्रम् is used to justify the use of the affix ‘अनीयर्’ used to construct the प्रातिपदिकम् ‘स्नानीय’ (which appears in the form स्नानीयम् (नपुंसकलिङ्गे प्रथमा-एकवचनम्) in the verses)?
4. Can you spot the कृत् affix ‘अ’ in the verses?
5. Where has the सूत्रम् 2-3-38 षष्ठी चानादरे been used in the verses?
6. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“Having disrespected (ignored) the words of his wife, Vālī set out to fight with Sugrīva.” Use the verbal root √स्था (ष्ठा गतिनिवृत्तौ १. १०७७) preceded by the उपसर्गः ‘प्र’ for ‘to set out.’
Easy questions:
1. Can you spot the augment ‘ईट्’ in the verses?
2. Where has the सूत्रम् 6-4-66 घुमास्थागापाजहातिसां हलि been used in the verses?
1. In which other word (besides असत्कृत्य) has the substitution ‘ल्यप्’ (in place of the affix ‘क्त्वा’) been used in the verses?
Answer: The substitution ‘ल्यप्’ (in place of the affix ‘क्त्वा’) has also been used in the form उत्थाय – derived from the verbal root √स्था (ष्ठा गतिनिवृत्तौ १. १०७७) preceded by the उपसर्गः ‘उद्’।
Note: Here the common agent of the actions उत्थाय (having stood up) and विवेश (entered) is भार्गवः (Bhṛgu’s son). The earlier of the two actions is the action of standing which is denoted by ‘स्था’ and hence ‘स्था’ takes the affix ‘क्त्वा’।
Please see answer to question 4 in the following comment for derivation of the form उत्थाय – https://avg-sanskrit.org/2015/02/02/तारकाचित्रम्-nns/#comment-35157
2. Consider the example – सत्कृत्वा कार्यं गतः। Why doesn’t the substitution ‘ल्यप्’ (in place of the affix ‘क्त्वा’) take place here?
Answer: In the example सत्कृत्वा कार्यं गतः (Having done a good job, someone left), सत् कृत्वा does not stand for आदरं कृत्वा but for शोभनं कृत्वा। Since सत् is not being used in the sense of आदरे here, the सूत्रम् 1-4-63 आदरानादरयोः सदसती does not apply. Hence ‘सत्’ does not get the designation ‘गति’ and therefore, no compounding between सत् and कृत्वा can be done by 2-2-18 कुगतिप्रादयः। Subsequently 7-1-37 समासेऽनञ्पूर्वे क्त्वो ल्यप् (which requires compound formation) cannot replace ‘क्त्वा’ by ‘ल्यप्’।
3. Which सूत्रम् is used to justify the use of the affix ‘अनीयर्’ used to construct the प्रातिपदिकम् ‘स्नानीय’ (which appears in the form स्नानीयम् (नपुंसकलिङ्गे प्रथमा-एकवचनम्) in the verses)?
Answer: The use of the affix ‘अनीयर्’ in the प्रातिपदिकम् ‘स्नानीय’ – derived from the verbal root √स्ना (ष्णा शौचे २. ४७) – can be justified by the सूत्रम् 3-3-113 कृत्यल्युटो बहुलम् – The affixes having the designation ‘कृत्य’ and the affix ‘ल्युट्’ are used variously (बहुलम्)।
स्नात्यनेन = स्नानीयं (चूर्णम्) – (powder) used for bathing.
Note: As per the सूत्रम् 3-4-70 तयोरेव कृत्यक्तखलर्थाः – The affixes having the designation ‘कृत्य’, the affix ‘क्त’ and the affixes that have the sense of ‘खल्’ (ref: 3-3-126 ईषद्दुःसुषु कृच्छ्राकृच्छ्रार्थेषु खल्) are only used to denote the action (भावः) or the object (कर्म)।
But in the form ‘स्नानीय’, the affix ‘अनीयर्’ is being used to denote the instrument (करणम्) of the action (of bathing). That is why we need the बहुलम् in the सूत्रम् 3-3-113 कृत्यल्युटो बहुलम् to justify the use of the affix ‘अनीयर्’ here.
The derivation is as follows –
The beginning letter ‘ष्’ of the verbal root ‘ष्णा’ is replaced by the letter ‘स्’ as per 6-1-64 धात्वादेः षः सः and then the letter ‘ण्’ reverts to the letter ‘न्’ as per the परिभाषा – निमित्तापाये नैमित्तिकस्याप्यपाय:।
स्ना + अनीयर् । By 3-3-113 कृत्यल्युटो बहुलम् – The affixes having the designation ‘कृत्य’ and the affix ‘ल्युट्’ are used variously (बहुलम्)।
= स्ना + अनीय । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः। Note: ‘अनीय’ has the designation कृत् as per 3-1-93 कृदतिङ्।
= स्नानीय । By 6-1-101 अकः सवर्णे दीर्घः।
‘स्नानीय’ gets प्रातिपदिक-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-2-46 कृत्तद्धितसमासाश्च।
4. Can you spot the कृत् affix ‘अ’ in the verses?
Answer: The कृत् affix ‘अ’ occurs in the form असूयाम् (स्त्रीलिङ्ग-प्रातिपदिकम् ‘असूया’, द्वितीया-एकवचनम्) – derived from the verbal root √असु (असु उपतापे, कण्ड्वादि-गणः)।
First we derive the धातुः ‘असूय’ as follows:
असु + यक् । By 3-1-27 कण्ड्वादिभ्यो यक्। Note: The terms in the कण्ड्वादि-गणः are considered to be verbal roots as well as nominal stems. When they are used as verbal roots 3-1-27 applies.
Note: यक् is a कित् (has the letter ‘क्’ as a इत्) and has the designation आर्धधातुकम् by 3-4-114 आर्धधातुकं शेषः। Hence 1-1-5 क्क्ङिति च stops 7-3-84 सार्वधातुकार्धधातुकयोः।
= असु + य । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।
= असूय । By 7-4-25 अकृत्सार्वधातुकयोर्दीर्घः।
‘असूय’ gets धातु-सञ्ज्ञा by 3-1-32 सनाद्यन्ता धातवः।
Now we form the feminine प्रातिपदिकम् ‘असूया’ from the धातुः ‘असूय’।
असूय + अ । By 3-3-102 अ प्रत्ययात् – In order to form a feminine noun, the affix ‘अ’ is used following a derived verbal root (ending in an affix.) Note: Derived verbal roots are those which get the धातु-सञ्ज्ञा by the सूत्रम् 3-1-32 सनाद्यन्ता धातवः।
Note: The affix ‘अ’ gets आर्धधातक-सञ्ज्ञा by 3-4-114 आर्धधातुकं शेषः। This allows 6-4-48 to apply in the next step.
= असूय् + अ । By 6-4-48 अतो लोपः।
= असूय । Note: Since the affix ’अ’ has the कृत्-सञ्ज्ञा by 3-1-93 कृदतिङ्, ‘असूय’ gets प्रातिपदिक-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-2-46 कृत्तद्धितसमासाश्च।
Since this प्रातिपदिकम् is used in the feminine gender we have to add the appropriate feminine affix (स्त्रीप्रत्यय:)।
= असूय + टाप् । By 4-1-4 अजाद्यतष्टाप्।
= असूय + आ । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-7 चुटू, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।
= असूया । By 6-1-101 अकः सवर्णे दीर्घः।
5. Where has the सूत्रम् 2-3-38 षष्ठी चानादरे been used in the verses?
Answer: The सूत्रम् 2-3-38 षष्ठी चानादरे has been used in नृपतेः (पुंलिङ्ग-प्रातिपदिकम् ‘नृपति’, षष्ठी-एकवचनम्) and पश्यतः (प्रातिपदिकम् ‘पश्यत्’, पुंलिङ्गे षष्ठी-एकवचनम्)।
As per the सूत्रम् 2-3-38 षष्ठी चानादरे – A sixth case also (in addition to a seventh case affix) is used following a प्रातिपदिकम् (nominal stem) which denotes the one (agent/object) whose action (the timing of which is known) gives an indication of (the timing of) another action, provided there is a sense of disrespect/disregard (‘in spite of.’)
Note: In this sense, the genitive absolute is used more often than the locative absolute.
In the present example, the प्रातिपदिकम् (‘नृपति’) denotes the agent (the king) whose action of watching (expressed by the participle ‘पश्यत्’) gives an indication of another action (मुनिरन्तरधीयत – the sage disappeared) and there is a sense of disrespect/disregard. Hence the conditions for applying the सूत्रम् 2-3-38 षष्ठी चानादरे are satisfied and the प्रातिपदिकम् (‘नृपति’) as well as the associated participle ‘पश्यत्’ takes a sixth case affix. (Alternatively, it could have taken a seventh case affix.)
6. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“Having disrespected (ignored) the words of his wife, Vālī set out to fight with Sugrīva.” Use the verbal root √स्था (ष्ठा गतिनिवृत्तौ १. १०७७) preceded by the उपसर्गः ‘प्र’ for ‘to set out.’
Answer: भार्यायाः वचांसि असत्कृत्य वाली सुग्रीवेण सह योद्धुम् प्रतस्थे = भार्याया वचांस्यसत्कृत्य वाली सुग्रीवेण सह योद्धुं प्रतस्थे।
Please see answer to easy question 2 in the following comment for derivation of the form प्रतस्थे – https://avg-sanskrit.org/2013/07/03/गृहवर्जम्-ind/#comment-34899
Easy questions:
1. Can you spot the augment ‘ईट्’ in the verses?
Answer: The augment ‘ईट्’ has been used in the form आसीत् – derived from the verbal root √अस् (असँ भुवि २. ६०).
Please refer to answer to question 5 in the following comment for derivation of आसीत् – http://avg-sanskrit.org/2012/08/28/भ्रमति-स्म-3as-लँट्/#comment-4318
2. Where has the सूत्रम् 6-4-66 घुमास्थागापाजहातिसां हलि been used in the verses?
Answer: The सूत्रम् 6-4-66 घुमास्थागापाजहातिसां हलि has been used in the form अधीयत – derived from the verbal root √धा (डुधाञ् धारणपोषणयोः | दान इत्यप्येके ३. ११).
The विवक्षा is लँङ्, कर्मकर्तरि प्रयोग:, प्रथम-पुरुषः, एकवचनम्।
धा + लँङ् । By 3-2-111 अनद्यतने लङ्।
= धा + ल् । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत्, 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।
= धा + त । By 3-4-78 तिप्तस्झिसिप्थस्थमिब्वस्मस्तातांझथासाथांध्वमिड्वहिमहिङ्, 3-1-87 कर्मवत् कर्मणा तुल्यक्रियः, 1-3-13 भावकर्मणोः।
= धा + यक् + त । By 3-1-87 कर्मवत् कर्मणा तुल्यक्रियः, 3-1-67 सार्वधातुके यक्।
= धा + य + त । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।
Note: The verbal root √धा (डुधाञ् धारणपोषणयोः | दान इत्यप्येके ३. ११) has the घु-सञ्ज्ञा as per 1-1-20 दाधा घ्वदाप्। This allows 6-4-66 to apply in the next step.
= धी + य + त । By 6-4-66 घुमास्थागापाजहातिसां हलि – The letter ‘अ’ of the verbal roots having the घु-सञ्ज्ञा and the verbal roots √मा[मेङ् प्रणिदाने १. १११६, मा माने २. ५७, माङ् माने शब्दे च ३. ७, माङ् माने ४. ३७], √स्था [ष्ठा गतिनिवृत्तौ १. १०७७], √गा [गै शब्दे १. १०६५, गाङ् गतौ १. ११०१, गा स्तुतौ ३. २६ as well as the गा-आदेश: done in place of इण् गतौ २. ४० and इक् स्मरणे (नित्यमधिपूर्वः) २. ४१, as well as the गाङ्-आदेश: in the place of इङ् अध्ययने (नित्यमधिपूर्वः) २. ४२], √पा [पा पाने १. १०७४], √हा [ओँहाक् त्यागे ३. ९] and √सो[षो अन्तकर्मणि ४. ४२] gets the letter ‘ई’ as replacement, when followed by a हलादि: (beginning with a consonant) आर्धधातुकम् affix which is a कित् (has the letter ‘क्’ as a इत्) or a ङित् (has the letter ‘ङ्’ as a इत्)।
= अट् धीयत । By 6-4-71 लुङ्लङ्लृङ्क्ष्वडुदात्तः, 1-1-46 आद्यन्तौ टकितौ।
= अधीयत । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम् and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।
‘अन्तर्’ gets the designation उपसर्गः by the वार्तिकम् (under 3-3-106 आतश्चोपसर्गे) श्रदन्तरोरुपसर्गवद् वृत्तिः – The term ‘श्रत्’ as well as ‘अन्तर्’ should be treated as a उपसर्ग:।
अन्तर् + अधीयत = अन्तरधीयत । As per 1-4-59 उपसर्गाः क्रियायोगे, 1-4-80 ते प्राग्धातोः।