Today we will look at the form परिघम् mAs from श्रीमद्-वाल्मीकि-रामायणम् 5.58.157.

आयसं परिघं गृह्य तानि रक्षांस्यसूदयम् । ततस्तन्नगरद्वारं वेगेन प्लुतवानहम् ।। ५-५८-१५७ ।।
पुच्छेन च प्रदीप्तेन तां पुरीं साट्टगोपुराम् । दहाम्यहमसम्भ्रान्तो युगान्ताग्निरिव प्रजाः ।। ५-५८-१५८ ।।
विनष्टा जानकी व्यक्तं न ह्यदग्धः प्रदृश्यते । लङ्कायाःकश्चिदुद्देशः सर्वा भस्मीकृता पुरी ।। ५-५८-१५९ ।।
दहता च मया लङ्कां दग्धा सीता न संशयः । रामस्य च महत्कार्यं मयेदं विफलीकृतम् ।। ५-५८-१६० ।।
इति शोकसमाविष्टश्चिन्तामहमुपागतः । ततोऽहं वाचमश्रौषं चारणानां शुभाक्षराम् ।। ५-५८-१६१ ।।

Gita Press translation – Seizing an iron bar I made short work of those ogres. Then with agility I leapt up that city gate (157). Nay, with my tail inflamed I set fire to that city with its attics and gates without getting confused, (even) as the fire of universal destruction burns (all) created beings (158). “Evidently Sītā (daughter of Janaka) has (also) perished, since no part of Laṇkā is observed unburnt – the whole city stands reduced to ashes (159). (Even) while I was setting fire to Laṇkā, Sītā (too) has been burnt; there is no doubt about it. Nay, this great purpose of Śrī Rāma has (thereby) been defeated by me.” (160) Thoroughly possessed by grief, I began to reflect as above. In the meantime I heard the propitious utterance of Cāraṇas (celestial bards).

परिहन्यतेऽनेनेति परिघ:।

The प्रातिपदिकम् ‘परिघ’ is derived from the verbal root √हन् (हनँ हिंसागत्योः २. २).

(1) परि घ + अप् । By 3-3-84 परौ घः – To denote the instrument (of the action), the affix अप् may be used following the verbal root √हन् (हनँ हिंसागत्योः २. २) when in conjunction with the उपसर्ग: ‘परि’ and simultaneously the verbal root takes the substitution ‘घ’। As per 1-1-55 अनेकाल्शित्सर्वस्य the entire term ‘हन्’ is replaced by ‘घ’।

See question 2.

(2) परि घ + अ । अनुबन्ध-लोप: by 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम् and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

(3) परि घ् + अ । By 6-4-48 अतो लोपः – When an आर्धधातुकम् affix follows, the अकारः at the end of a अङ्गम् is elided if the अङ्गम् ends in a अकार: at the time when the आर्धधातुकम् affix is prescribed. Note: The affix अप् has the आर्धधातुक-सञ्ज्ञा by 3-4-114 आर्धधातुकं शेषः।

= परिघ । ‘परिघ’ gets प्रातिपदिक-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-2-46 कृत्तद्धितसमासाश्च – A word form that ends in a कृत्-प्रत्ययः or a तद्धित-प्रत्ययः and so also compounds gets the name प्रातिपदिकम्।

Note: घञबन्त: (लिङ्गानुशासनम् २.२) – A प्रातिपदिकम् ending in the affix ‘घञ्’ or ‘अप्’ is used in the masculine gender.

The विवक्षा is द्वितीया-एकवचनम्।

(4) परिघ + अम् । By 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टाभ्याम्भिस्ङेभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसिँभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसोसाम्ङ्योस्सुप्। 1-3-4 न विभक्तौ तुस्माः prevents the ending मकारः of ‘अम्’ from getting the इत्-सञ्ज्ञा।

(5) परिघम् । By 6-1-107 अमि पूर्वः – In place of a preceding अक् letter and the following vowel (अच्) belonging to the affix ‘अम्’ there is a single substitute of that preceding अक् letter.

Questions:

1. Where has the affix अप् been used in the last three verses of Chapter One of the गीता?

2. From which सूत्रम् does the अनुवृत्ति: of ‘हन:’ come in to the सूत्रम् 3-3-84 परौ घः (used in step 1)?

3. Where has the सूत्रम् 3-2-124 लटः शतृशानचावप्रथमासमानाधिकरणे been used in the verses?

4. Which सूत्रम् prevents the affix ‘क्त’ from taking the augment ‘इट्’ in the form प्रदीप्तेन?

5. Can you spot the affix ‘क्तवतुँ’ in the verses?

6. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“At night our city’s gate is locked by a huge bar.” Use (a passive form) of the verbal root √रुध् (रुधिँर् आवरणे ७. १) preceded by the उपसर्ग: ‘नि’ for ‘to lock.’ Use the adjective प्रातिपदिकम् ‘महत्’ for ‘huge.’

Easy questions:

1. Which सूत्रम् prescribes the वृद्धि: substitution in the from अश्रौषम्?

2. Where has the सूत्रम् 7-3-101 अतो दीर्घो यञि been used in the verses?