Today we will look at the form वृक्णः mNs from श्रीमद्भागवतम् 11.29.39.

प्रत्यर्पितो मे भवतानुकम्पिना भृत्याय विज्ञानमयः प्रदीपः । हित्वा कृतज्ञस्तव पादमूलं कोऽन्यत् समीयाच्छरणं त्वदीयम् ।। ११-२९-३८ ।।
वृक्णश्च मे सुदृढः स्नेहपाशो दाशार्हवृष्ण्यन्धकसात्वतेषु । प्रसारितः सृष्टिविवृद्धये त्वया स्वमायया ह्यात्मसुबोधहेतिना ।। ११-२९-३९ ।।

श्रीधर-स्वामि-टीका
किंच, यद्यपि तव संनिधानादेव गतस्तथाप्यनुकम्पिना भवता विज्ञानमयः प्रदीपश्च प्रत्यर्पितः स्वमाययापहृतः पुनः समर्पितः, अतस्तव कृतज्ञो यस्त्वया कृतमनुग्रहं जानाति स को नाम त्वदीयं पादमूलं हित्वाऽन्यच्छरणं समीयादाश्रयेत् ।। ३८ ।। किंच, दाशार्हादिषु त्वया यः स्वमायया स्नेहपाशः प्रसारितः स त्वयैवात्मतत्त्वज्ञानशस्त्रेण वृक्णश्छिन्नः ।। ३९ ।।

Gita Press translation – The lamp of wisdom (that had been snatched away by Your Māyā) has been restored to me, Your servant, by You, compassionate as You are. Leaving the soles of Your feet, what grateful man would seek any other asylum? (38) Nay, the most tough snare of my affection for Dāśārhas, the Vṛṣṇis, the Andhakas and the Sātvatas, that had been spread by You through Your deluding potency for the propagation of species, has actually been torn asunder by You with the sword of Self-Realization (39).

The प्रातिपदिकम् “वृक्ण” is derived from the verbal root √व्रश्च् (ओँव्रश्चूँ छेदने ६. १२). The original form of this verbal root is ‘व्रस्च्’ which becomes ‘व्रश्च्’ only after applying 8-4-40 स्तोः श्चुना श्चुः।

(1) व्रस्च् + क्त । By 3-2-102 निष्ठा – The affix “निष्ठा” (ref.1-1-26 क्तक्तवतू निष्ठा) may be used following a verbal root when denoting an action in the past tense. Note: The affix ‘क्त’ has been used कर्मणि (to denote the object) here as per 3-4-70 तयोरेव कृत्यक्तखलर्थाः – The affixes having the designation “कृत्य”, the affix “क्त” and the affixes that have the sense of “खल्” (ref: 3-3-126) are only used to denote the action (भावः) or the object (कर्म)।

(2) व्रस्च् + त । अनुबन्ध-लोप: by 1-3-8 लशक्वतद्धिते and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः। The निष्ठा affix ‘त’ is prevented from taking the augment ‘इट्’ here as per 7-2-15 यस्य विभाषा – If a verbal root optionally allows an augment इट् in some case, then following that verbal root a निष्ठा affix (ref. 1-1-26) is prohibited from taking the augment इट्। Note: 7-2-15 applies here because as per 7-2-44 स्वरतिसूतिसूयतिधूञूदितो वा – An आर्धधातुक-प्रत्यय: beginning with a letter of the वल्-प्रत्याहारः optionally gets the augment इट् when following a verbal root that is ऊदित् (has ऊकार: as a इत्) or the verbal root √स्वृ (स्वृ शब्दोपतापयोः १. १०८१) or √सू (षूङ् प्राणिगर्भविमोचने २. २५) or √सू (षूङ् प्राणिप्रसवे ४. २७) or √धू (धूञ् कम्पने ५. १०, ९. २०).

(3) व् ऋ अ स्च् + त । By 6-1-16 ग्रहिज्यावयिव्यधिवष्टिविचतिवृश्चतिपृच्छतिभृज्जतीनां ङिति च – The verbal roots √ग्रह (ग्रहँ उपादाने ९. ७१), √ज्या (ज्या वयोहानौ ९. ३४), √वय् (वयँ गतौ १. ५४७), √व्यध् (व्यधँ ताडने ४. ७८), √वश् (वशँ कान्तौ २. ७५), √व्यच् (व्यचँ व्याजीकरणे ६. १३), √व्रश्च् (ओँव्रश्चूँ छेदने ६. १२), √प्रच्छ् (प्रच्छँ ज्ञीप्सायाम् ६.१४९) and √भ्रस्ज् (भ्रस्जँ पाके ६. ४) take सम्प्रसारणम् (ref. 1-1-45) when followed by an affix which is a कित् or a ङित्।

(4) वृस्च् + त । By 6-1-108 सम्प्रसारणाच्च – When a सम्प्रसारणम् is followed by a अच् (vowel), there is a single replacement (in place of both the सम्प्रसारणम् and the following अच्) of the prior letter (the सम्प्रसारणम्)।

(5) वृच् + त । By 8-2-29 स्कोः संयोगाद्योरन्ते च – The सकारः or ककारः at the beginning of a conjunct takes लोपः when the conjunct is at the end of a पदम् or followed by a झल् letter.

(6) वृक् + त । By 8-2-30 चोः कुः – The consonants of the च-वर्ग: (च्, छ्, ज्, झ्, ञ्) get the consonants of the क-वर्ग: (क्, ख्, ग्, घ्, ङ्) as a replacement when they occur at the end of a पदम् or when they are followed by a झल् letter.
Note: The सूत्रम् 8-2-36 व्रश्चभ्रस्जसृजमृजयजराजभ्राजच्छशां षः is prevented from applying here by the following वार्तिकम् (under the सूत्रम् 8-2-3 in the काशिका) निष्ठादेशः षत्त्वस्वरप्रत्ययविधीड्विधिषु सिद्धो वाच्यः – A substitution in place of a निष्ठा affix (ref. 1-1-26 क्तक्तवतू निष्ठा) should be considered सिद्ध: (valid) – in spite of  8-2-1 पूर्वत्रासिद्धम् – when it comes to doing any of the following operations – i) षत्वम् (using the letter ‘ष्’ as a substitute) ii) स्वर: (intonation) iii) प्रत्ययविधि: (prescribing an affix) and iv) इड्विधि: (prescribing the augment ‘इट्’)।
Thus, in the present example, the सूत्रम् 8-2-36 does see the substitution ‘न्’ coming in place of the letter ‘त्’ (of the निष्ठा affix ‘त’) by the सूत्रम् 8-2-45. (This happens in spite of the fact that 8-2-45 is a later rule in the अष्टाध्यायी compared to 8-2-36.) And since the letter ‘न्’ does not belong to the प्रत्याहार: ‘झल्’, 8-2-36 cannot prescribe the substitution ‘ष्’ (in place of the ending letter of the verbal root.)  If 8-2-36 were to apply we would not get the desired final form ‘वृक्ण’।

(7) वृक् + न । By 8-2-45 ओदितश्च – A नकार: is the replacement in place of a तकार: of a निष्ठा affix (ref. 1-1-26) which immediately follows a verbal root which has ओकार: as a इत्।

(8) वृक्ण । By 8-4-2 अट्कुप्वाङ्नुम्व्यवायेऽपि with the help of the वार्तिकम् (under 8-4-1 रषाभ्यां नो णः समानपदे) – ऋवर्णान्नस्य णत्वं वाच्यम्।

“वृक्ण” gets प्रातिपदिक-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-2-46 कृत्तद्धितसमासाश्च – A word form that ends in a कृत्-प्रत्ययः or a तद्धित-प्रत्ययः and so also compounds gets the name प्रातिपदिकम्।

The विवक्षा is पुंलिङ्गे, प्रथमा-एकवचनम्।

(9) वृक्ण + सुँ । By 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टाभ्याम्भिस्ङेभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसिँभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसोसाम्ङ्योस्सुप्।

(10) वृक्ण + स् । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत् and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

(11) वृक्णः । रुँत्व-विसर्गौ by 8-2-66 ससजुषो रुः and 8-3-15 खरवसानयोर्विसर्जनीयः।

Questions:

1. In the last twenty verses of Chapter Two of the गीता can you spot a प्रातिपदिकम् in which the सूत्रम् 8-2-45 ओदितश्च (used in step 7) has been used?

2. Can you spot the affix ‘क’ in the verses?

3. Where has the सूत्रम् 8-2-42 रदाभ्यां निष्ठातो नः पूर्वस्य च दः been used in the commentary?

4. Which सूत्रम् is used for the अनुनासिकलोप: in the form गत: (used in the commentary)?

5. From which verbal root is the form जानाति derived?

6. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“At Nandigrāma, Śrī Rāma cut his (own) matted hair.” Use the feminine प्रातिपदिकम् ‘जटा’ for ‘matted hair.’

Easy questions:

1. Where has the सूत्रम् 7-1-25 अद्ड् डतरादिभ्यः पञ्चभ्यः been used in the verses?

2. Can you spot the affix ‘शप्’ in the commentary?

 

Today we will look at the form नष्टाः mNp from श्रीमद्भागवतम् 8.10.29.

देवा वैधृतयो नाम विधृतेस्तनया नृप । नष्टाः कालेन यैर्वेदा विधृताः स्वेन तेजसा ।। ८-१-२९ ।।
तत्रापि जज्ञे भगवान्हरिण्यां हरिमेधसः । हरिरित्याहृतो येन गजेन्द्रो मोचितो ग्रहात् ।। ८-१-३० ।।

श्रीधर-स्वामि-टीका –
अन्यानपि विशिष्टपराक्रमान्देवानाह – देवा वैधृतय इति ।। २९ ।। हरिरित्याहृतो व्याहृतः । ग्रहात् ग्राहात् ।। ३० ।।

Gita Press translation – The (other) gods (in that Manvantara), Vaidhṛtis by name, were sons of Vidhṛti, by whom the Vedas, that had been lost (forgotten) in course of time, were preserved (retained in their memory) by their own intellectual calibre, O King! (29) In that Manvantara the Lord too was born through Hariṇī from (the loins of) the sage Harimedhā (her husband) and was named Śrī Hari, by whom the (celebrated) leader of (a herd of) elephants was extricated from (the grip of) an alligator (30).

The प्रातिपदिकम् “नष्ट” is derived from the verbal root √नश् (णशँ अदर्शने ४. ९१). The beginning णकार: of this verbal root is replaced by a नकार: as per 6-1-65 णो नः। The ending अकार: gets the इत्-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत् and takes लोप: by 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

(1) नश् + क्त । By 3-2-102 निष्ठा – The affix “निष्ठा” (ref.1-1-26 क्तक्तवतू निष्ठा) may be used following a verbal root when denoting an action in the past tense. Note: The affix ‘क्त’ has been used कर्तरि (to denote the agent) here as per 3-4-72 गत्यर्थाकर्मकश्लिषशीङ्स्थासवसजनरुहजीर्यतिभ्यश्च – When following one of the verbal roots listed below, the affix “क्त” may be used in the active voice (कर्तरि) as well as in the passive voice (भावकर्मणो:) –
(i) any verbal root used in the sense of motion (गत्यर्थ:)
(ii) any verbal root used intransitively (अकर्मक:)
(iii) the verbal roots √श्लिष् (श्लिषँ आलिङ्गने ४. ८३), √शी (शीङ् स्वप्ने २. २६), √स्था (ष्ठा गतिनिवृत्तौ १. १०७७), √आस् (आसँ उपवेशने २. ११), √वस् (वसँ निवासे १. ११६०), √जन् (जनीँ प्रादुर्भावे ४. ४४), √रुह् (रुहँ बीजजन्मनि प्रादुर्भावे च १. ९९५) and √जॄ (जॄष् वयोहानौ ४. २५)।
Note: The verbal roots listed in (iii) are intransitive. But when used with a उपसर्ग: they may become transitive. In that case they would not be covered by (ii). This is the reason for listing them separately in (iii).

(2) नश् + त । अनुबन्ध-लोप: by 1-3-8 लशक्वतद्धिते and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः। The निष्ठा affix ‘त’ is prevented from taking the augment ‘इट्’ here as per 7-2-15 यस्य विभाषा – If a verbal root optionally allows an augment इट् in some case, then following that verbal root a निष्ठा affix (ref. 1-1-26) is prohibited from taking the augment इट्। Note: 7-2-15 applies here because as per 7-2-45 रधादिभ्यश्च – An आर्धधातुक-प्रत्यय: beginning with a letter of the वल्-प्रत्याहारः optionally gets the augment इट् when following the verbal root √रध् (रधँ हिंसासंराद्ध्योः ४. ९०) or √नश् (णशँ अदर्शने ४. ९१) or √तृप् (तृपँ प्रीणने ४. ९२) or √दृप् (दृपँ हर्षमोहनयोः ४. ९३) or √द्रुह् (द्रुहँ जिघांसायाम् ४. ९४) or √मुह् (मुहँ वैचित्त्ये ४. ९५) or √स्नुह् (ष्णुहँ उद्गिरणे ४. ९६) or √स्निह् (ष्णिहँ प्रीतौ ४. ९७).

(3) नष् + त । By 8-2-36 व्रश्च-भ्रस्ज-सृज-मृज-यज-राज-भ्राजच्छशां षः – The seven verbal roots listed – √व्रश्च् (ओँव्रश्चूँ छेदने ६. १२), √भ्रस्ज् (भ्रस्जँ पाके ६. ४), √सृज् (सृजँ विसर्गे ६. १५०), √मृज् (मृजूँ शुद्धौ २. ६१), √यज् (यजँ देवपूजासङ्गतिकरणदानेषु १. ११५७), √राज् (राजृँ दीप्तौ १. ९५६) and √भ्राज् (टुभ्राजृँ दीप्तौ १. ९५७) – and terms ending in the letter ‘छ्’ or the letter ‘श्’ get the letter ‘ष्’ as a replacement, when they are at the end of a पदम् or are followed by a झल् letter. Note: As per 1-1-52 अलोऽन्त्यस्य only the ending letter is replaced by the letter ‘ष्’।

(4) नष् + ट । By 8-4-41 ष्टुना ष्टुः – When the letter ‘स्’ or a letter of the त-वर्ग: (‘त्’, ‘थ्’, ‘द्’, ‘ध्’, ‘न्’) comes in contact with either the letter ‘ष्’ or a letter of the ट-वर्ग: (‘ट्’, ‘ठ्’, ‘ड्’, ‘ढ्’, ‘ण्’) then it is replaced respectively by ‘ष्’, ट-वर्ग: (‘ट्’, ‘ठ्’, ‘ड्’, ‘ढ्’, ‘ण्’).

“नष्ट” gets प्रातिपदिक-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-2-46 कृत्तद्धितसमासाश्च – A word form that ends in a कृत्-प्रत्ययः or a तद्धित-प्रत्ययः and so also compounds get the name प्रातिपदिकम्।

The विवक्षा is पुंलिङ्गे प्रथमा-बहुवचनम्।

(6) नष्ट + जस् । By 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टाभ्याम्भिस्ङेभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसिँभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसोसाम्ङ्योस्सुप्।

(7) नष्ट + अस् । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-7 चुटू and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः। 1-3-4 न विभक्तौ तुस्माः prevents the ending सकारः of “जस्” from getting इत्-सञ्ज्ञा।

(8) नष्टास् । 6-1-102 प्रथमयो: पूर्वसवर्ण: – When an अक् letter is followed by a vowel (अच्) of the first (nominative) or second (accusative) case then for the two of them (अक् + अच्) there is a single substitute which is the elongated form of the first member (the अक् letter.)

(9) नष्टाः । रुँत्व-विसर्गौ by 8-2-66 ससजुषो रुः and 8-3-15 खरवसानयोर्विसर्जनीयः।

Questions:

1. Where has the प्रातिपदिकम् ‘नष्ट’ been used for the last time in the गीता?

2.  Commenting on the सूत्रम् 7-2-45 रधादिभ्यश्च (referred to in step 2), the तत्त्वबोधिनी says – ‘स्वरतिसूति-‘ इत्यतो वेत्यनुवर्तते। योगविभागो वैचित्र्यार्थः। Please explain.

3. Which कृत्-प्रत्यय: is used to form the प्रातिपदिकम् ‘देव’?

4. Can you spot the affix ‘क’ in the verses?

5. From which verbal root is the form जज्ञे derived?

6. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“When wealth is lost nothing is lost. When health is lost something is lost. But when character is lost everything is lost.” Use the प्रातिपदिकम् ‘आरोग्य’ for ‘health’ and ‘शील’ for ‘character.’

Easy questions:

1. Where has the सूत्रम् 8-3-22 हलि सर्वेषाम् been used in the verses?

2. Can you spot an augment ‘आट्’ in the verses?