Today we will look at the form यथाविधि ind from श्रीमद्-वाल्मीकि-रामायणम् 3.74.7.
तौ दृष्ट्वा तु तदा सिद्धा समुत्थाय कृताञ्जलिः । पादौ जग्राह रामस्य लक्ष्मणस्य च धीमतः ।। ३-७४-६ ।।
पाद्यमाचमनीयं च सर्वं प्रादाद् यथाविधि । तामुवाच ततो रामः श्रमणीं संशितव्रताम् ।। ३-७४-७ ।।
कच्चित्ते निर्जिता विघ्नाः कच्चित्ते वर्धते तपः । कच्चित्ते नियतः कोप आहारश्च तपोधने ।। ३-७४-८ ।।
कच्चित्ते नियमाः प्राप्ताः कच्चित्ते मनसः सुखम् । कच्चित्ते गुरुशुश्रूषा सफला चारुभाषिणि ।। ३-७४-९ ।।
Gita Press translation – Rising respectfully with joined palms on seeing the two princes, Śabarī (who had attained perfection through Yoga or obstruction) for her part presently clasped the feet of Śrī Rāma and the prudent Lakṣmaṇa and offered (to honored guests) with due ceremony water to bathe their feet and rinse their mouth with and every (other) form of hospitality, Śrī Rāma then spoke (as follows) to the aforesaid ascetic woman, who was intent upon virtue :- (6-7) ‘Have all impediments (to the practice of your austerities) been thoroughly overcome by you? Is your asceticism (steadily) growing? Has anger been fully controlled by you as well as your diet, O lady with asceticism (alone) as your wealth? (8) Are (all) your religious vows completely observed and has satisfaction come to your mind? Has your attendance on your preceptor borne fruit, O lady of pleasing speech?’ (9)
These verses have appeared previously in the following post – http://avg-sanskrit.org/2013/03/11/आहारः-mns/
(1) लौकिक-विग्रह: –
विधिमनतिक्रम्य = यथाविधि = not transgressing the rule.
अलौकिक-विग्रह: –
(2) विधि अम् + यथा । By 2-1-6 अव्ययं विभक्तिसमीपसमृद्धिव्यृद्ध्यर्थाभावात्ययासम्प्रतिशब्दप्रादुर्भावपश्चाद्यथानुपूर्व्ययौगपद्यसादृश्यसम्पत्तिसाकल्यान्तवचनेषु – A अव्ययम् (indeclinable) used in any one of the following meanings invariably compounds with a (syntactically related) term ending in a सुँप् affix to yield a अव्ययीभाव: compound –
(i) विभक्ति: – a case affix
(ii) समीपम् – close by
(iii) समृद्धि: (ऋद्धेराधिक्यम्) – prosperity
(iv) व्यृद्धि: (विगता ऋद्धि:) – adversity
(v) अर्थाभाव: – absence of something
(vi) अत्यय: (ध्वंस:) – disappearance (passing away)
(vii) असम्प्रति – presently inappropriate
(viii) शब्दप्रादुर्भाव: – manifestation of a sound
(ix) पश्चाद् – following
(x) यथा (योग्यतावीप्सापदार्थानतिवृत्तिसादृश्यानि यथार्था:) – appropriateness, repetition, non-transgression of something, similarity
(xi) आनुपूर्व्यम् – in orderly succession
(xii) यौगपद्यम् – simultaneity
(xiii) सादृश्यम् – similarity/resemblance. Note: यथार्थत्वेनैव सिद्धे पुन: सादृश्यग्रहणं गुणभूतेऽपि सादृश्ये यथा स्यादित्येवमर्थम् – सादृश्यम् is mentioned here again (even though it is already given as one of the meanings of यथा in (x) above) in order to allow compounding even when सादृश्यम् is used in a secondary (adjectival) sense
(xiv) सम्पत्ति: (अनुरूप आत्मभाव:) – befitting state
(xv) साकल्यम् – totality/completeness
(xvi) अन्त: – termination/end
Note: As per some grammarians (particularly नागेश:) – एतत्सूत्रोपात्तानामव्ययानां नाव्ययीभाव: – The अव्ययानि that are specifically mentioned in this सूत्रम् cannot be used (in their own meaning) to form a अव्ययीभाव: compound using this सूत्रम्। Hence the अव्ययं पश्चात् itself cannot be compounded in the meaning of पश्चात्। Similarly the अव्ययं युगपत् itself cannot be compounded in the meaning of यौगपद्यम्। And the next सूत्रम् 2-1-7 यथासादृश्ये should be used to compound the अव्ययं यथा itself in the meaning of यथा।
(3) यथा + विधि अम् । By 1-2-43 प्रथमानिर्दिष्टं समास उपसर्जनम् – A term denoted by a word ending in a nominative case in a सूत्रम् which prescribes a compound gets the designation ‘उपसर्जन’। Here the term ‘अव्ययम्’ in the सूत्रम् 2-1-6 ends in the nominative case. Therefore the अव्ययम् ‘यथा’ gets the designation ‘उपसर्जन’ by 1-2-43. Hence ‘यथा’ is placed in the prior position in the compound as per the सूत्रम् 2-2-30 उपसर्जनं पूर्वम् – In a compound a term which has the designation ‘उपसर्जन’ should be placed in the prior position.
Note: ‘यथा + विधि अम्’ gets the designation प्रातिपदिकम् by 1-2-46 कृत्तद्धितसमासाश्च। This allows 2-4-71 to apply in the next step.
(4) यथा + विधि = यथाविधि । By 2-4-71 सुपो धातुप्रातिपदिकयोः – A सुँप् affix takes a लुक् elision when it is a part of a धातुः or a प्रातिपदिकम्।
(5) यथाविधि + सुँ (default) । By 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टाभ्याम्भिस्ङेभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसिभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसोसाम्ङ्योस्सुप्। Note: By 1-1-41 अव्ययीभावश्च – The compounds that are अव्ययीभाव-समासाः are also designated as indeclinables. This allows 2-4-82 to apply in the following step.
(6) यथाविधि । By 2-4-82 अव्ययादाप्सुपः – The feminine affix आप् and सुँप् affixes that are prescribed after an अव्ययम् take the लुक् elision.
Questions:
1. Where has the सूत्रम् 2-1-6 अव्ययं विभक्तिसमीपसमृद्धिव्यृद्ध्यर्थाभावात्ययासम्प्रतिशब्दप्रादुर्भावपश्चाद्यथानुपूर्व्ययौगपद्यसादृश्यसम्पत्तिसाकल्यान्तवचनेषु (used in step 2) been used in the last five verses of Chapter Twelve of the गीता?
2. Which कृत् affix is used to derived the masculine प्रातिपदिकम् ‘विधि’ (used as part of the compound यथाविधि)?
3. Where has the सूत्रम् 3-2-78 सुप्यजातौ णिनिस्ताच्छील्ये been used in the verses?
4. Can you spot the substitution ‘ल्यप्’ (in the place of the affix ‘क्त्वा’) in the verses?
5. Which सूत्रम् prescribes the affix ‘अनीयर्’ in the form आचमनीयम् (प्रातिपदिकम् ‘आचमनीय’, नपुंसकलिङ्गे द्वितीया-एकवचनम्)?
6. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“I did the work in the (proper) manner.” Paraphrase to “I did the work not transgressing the (proper) manner.”
Easy questions:
1. Where has the सूत्रम् 2-4-77 गातिस्थाघुपाभूभ्यः सिचः परस्मैपदेषु been used in the verses?
2. Can you spot the substitution ‘णल्’ (in the place of ‘तिप्’) in the verses?
1. Where has the सूत्रम् 2-1-6 अव्ययं विभक्तिसमीपसमृद्धिव्यृद्ध्यर्थाभावात्ययासम्प्रतिशब्दप्रादुर्भावपश्चाद्यथानुपूर्व्ययौगपद्यसादृश्यसम्पत्तिसाकल्यान्तवचनेषु (used in step 2) been used in the last five verses of Chapter Twelve of the गीता?
Answer: The सूत्रम् 2-1-6 अव्ययं विभक्तिसमीपसमृद्धिव्यृद्ध्यर्थाभावात्ययासम्प्रतिशब्दप्रादुर्भावपश्चाद्यथानुपूर्व्ययौगपद्यसादृश्यसम्पत्तिसाकल्यान्तवचनेषु (used in step 2) has been used in the last five verses of Chapter Twelve of the गीता in the form यथोक्तम्।
ये तु धर्म्यामृतमिदं यथोक्तं पर्युपासते |
श्रद्दधाना मत्परमा भक्तास्तेऽतीव मे प्रियाः || 12-20||
लौकिक-विग्रह: –
उक्तमनतिक्रम्य = यथोक्तम् = not transgressing what has been said.
अलौकिक-विग्रह: –
उक्त अम् + यथा । By 2-1-6 अव्ययं विभक्तिसमीपसमृद्धिव्यृद्ध्यर्थाभावात्ययासम्प्रतिशब्दप्रादुर्भावपश्चाद्यथानुपूर्व्ययौगपद्यसादृश्यसम्पत्तिसाकल्यान्तवचनेषु।
Note: The अव्ययम् ’यथा’ could be used in four meanings (योग्यतावीप्सापदार्थानतिवृत्तिसादृश्यानि यथार्था:) – appropriateness, repetition, non-transgression of something, similarity. Here it has been used to indicate ‘पदार्थानतिवृत्ति’ – non-transgression of something.
Note: As per some grammarians (particularly नागेश:) – एतत्सूत्रोपात्तानामव्ययानां नाव्ययीभाव: – The अव्ययानि that are specifically mentioned in this सूत्रम् cannot be used (in their own meaning) to form a अव्ययीभाव: compound using this सूत्रम्। Hence the अव्ययं पश्चात् itself cannot be compounded in the meaning of पश्चात्। Similarly the अव्ययं युगपत् itself cannot be compounded in the meaning of यौगपद्यम्। And the next सूत्रम् 2-1-7 यथासादृश्ये should be used to compound the अव्ययं यथा itself in the meaning of यथा।
= यथा + उक्त अम् । By 1-2-43 प्रथमानिर्दिष्टं समास उपसर्जनम् – A term denoted by a word ending in a nominative case in a सूत्रम् which prescribes a compound gets the designation ‘उपसर्जन’। Here the term ‘अव्ययम्’ in the सूत्रम् 2-1-6 ends in the nominative case. Therefore the अव्ययम् ‘यथा’ gets the designation ‘उपसर्जन’ by 1-2-43. Hence ‘यथा’ is placed in the prior position in the compound as per the सूत्रम् 2-2-30 उपसर्जनं पूर्वम् – In a compound a term which has the designation ‘उपसर्जन’ should be placed in the prior position.
Note: ‘यथा + उक्त अम्’ gets the designation प्रातिपदिकम् by 1-2-46 कृत्तद्धितसमासाश्च। This allows 2-4-71 to apply in the next step.
= यथा + उक्त । By 2-4-71 सुपो धातुप्रातिपदिकयोः।
= यथोक्त । By 6-1-87 आद्गुणः।
यथोक्त + सुँ (default) । By 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टाभ्याम्भिस्ङेभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसिभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसोसाम्ङ्योस्सुप्। Note: By 1-1-41 अव्ययीभावश्च – The compounds that are अव्ययीभाव-समासाः are also designated as indeclinables. Hence 2-4-82 comes for application. But then the specific rule 2-4-83 applies as explained in the following step.
= यथोक्त + अम् । By 2-4-83 नाव्ययीभावादतोऽम्त्वपञ्चम्याः – This सूत्रम् has two parts – (a) नाव्ययीभावादत: – following a अव्ययीभावः compound ending (ref. 1-1-72) in the letter ‘अ’ a सुँप् affix does not take the लुक् elision (which would have been done by 2-4-82 अव्ययादाप्सुपः) and (b) अम्त्वपञ्चम्याः – following a अव्ययीभावः compound ending (ref. 1-1-72) in the letter ‘अ’ a सुँप् affix – other than a fifth case affix – is substituted by अम्।
1-3-4 न विभक्तौ तुस्माः prevents the ending letter ‘म्’ of the affix ‘अम्’ from getting इत्-सञ्ज्ञा।
= यथोक्तम् । By 6-1-107 अमि पूर्वः।
2. Which कृत् affix is used to derived the masculine प्रातिपदिकम् ‘विधि’ (used as part of the compound यथाविधि)?
Answer: The कृत् affix ‘कि’ is used to form the प्रातिपदिकम् ‘विधि’ – derived from the verbal root √धा (डुधाञ् धारणपोषणयोः | दान इत्यप्येके ३. ११) preceded by the उपसर्गः ‘वि’।
Please refer to the answer to question 4 in the following comment for derivation of the प्रातिपदिकम् ‘विधि’ – http://avg-sanskrit.org/2013/05/22/चोदनाम्-fas/#comment-23677
3. Where has the सूत्रम् 3-2-78 सुप्यजातौ णिनिस्ताच्छील्ये been used in the verses?
Answer: The सूत्रम् 3-2-78 सुप्यजातौ णिनिस्ताच्छील्ये has been used in the verses in the form चारुभाषिणि (स्त्रीलिङ्ग-प्रातिपदिकम् ‘चारुभाषिणी’, सम्बोधने एकवचनम्)।
चारु भाषते तच्छीला = चारुभाषिणी।
The स्त्रीलिङ्ग-प्रातिपदिकम् ‘चारुभाषिणी’ is derived similar to the स्त्रीलिङ्ग-प्रातिपदिकम् ‘मधुरभाषिणी’ as shown in the following post – http://avg-sanskrit.org/2012/11/06/मधुरभाषिणी-fns/
4. Can you spot the substitution ‘ल्यप्’ (in the place of the affix ‘क्त्वा’) in the verses?
Answer: The substitution ‘ल्यप्’ (in the place of the affix ‘क्त्वा’) occurs in the form समुत्थाय – derived from the verbal root √स्था (ष्ठा गतिनिवृत्तौ १. १०७७) preceded by the उपसर्गौ ‘सम्’ and ‘उद्’।
स्था + क्त्वा । By 3-4-21 समानकर्तृकयोः पूर्वकाले।
Note: Here the common agent of the actions समुत्थाय (rising respectfully) and जग्राह (clasped) is शबरी। The earlier of the two actions is the action of rising which is denoted by ‘स्था’ and hence ‘स्था’ takes the affix ‘क्त्वा’।
Note: अव्ययकृतो भावे (from महाभाष्यम्) – कृत् affixes (such as ‘क्त्वा’) having the अव्यय-सञ्ज्ञा are used to denote भाव: (action) – and not the agent (ref. 3-4-67 कर्तरि कृत्) of the action.
= सम् उद् स्था + क्त्वा । ‘स्था + क्त्वा’ is compounded with ‘सम्’ and ‘उद्’ using the सूत्रम् 2-2-18 कुगतिप्रादयः।
= सम् उद् स्था + ल्यप् । By 7-1-37 समासेऽनञ्पूर्वे क्त्वो ल्यप् – When the affix ‘क्त्वा’ occurs at the end of a compound, it is replaced by ‘ल्यप्’ provided the prior member of the compound is a अव्ययम् other than ‘नञ्’ (ref. 2-2-6 नञ्)।
Note: As per 1-1-56 स्थानिवदादेशोऽनल्विधौ, the substitution ‘ल्यप्’ (in place of the affix ‘क्त्वा’) inherits the property of being a कित् (having the letter ‘क्’ as a इत्) affix with the designation of कृत् (by 3-1-93 कृदतिङ्) and आर्धधातुकम् (by 3-4-114 आर्धधातुकं शेषः।)
Note: As per 1-1-55 अनेकाल्शित्सर्वस्य, the entire affix ‘क्त्वा’ (and not just its last letter) is replaced by the substitution ‘ल्यप्’।
= सम् उद् स्था + य । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-8 लशक्वतद्धिते and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।
= सम् उत् स्था + य । By 8-4-55 खरि च।
= सम् उत् थ्था + य । By 8-4-61 उदः स्थास्तम्भोः पूर्वस्य, 1-1-54 आदेः परस्य, 1-1-50 स्थानेऽन्तरतमः।
= समुत्थ्थाय/समुत्थाय । By 8-4-65 झरो झरि सवर्णे – Following a consonant (हल्), a झर् letter is optionally elided if it is followed by a झर् letter that is सवर्ण: with it.
‘समुत्थ्थाय/समुत्थाय’ gets the प्रातिपदिक-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-2-46 कृत्तद्धितसमासाश्च and the अव्यय-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-1-40 क्त्वातोसुन्कसुनः with the help of 1-1-56 स्थानिवदादेशोऽनल्विधौ।
समुत्थ्थाय/समुत्थाय + सुँ (default) । By 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टाभ्याम्भिस्ङेभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसिँभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसोसाम्ङ्योस्सुप्।
= समुत्थ्थाय/समुत्थाय । By 2-4-82 अव्ययादाप्सुपः।
5. Which सूत्रम् prescribes the affix ‘अनीयर्’ in the form आचमनीयम् (प्रातिपदिकम् ‘आचमनीय’, नपुंसकलिङ्गे द्वितीया-एकवचनम्)?
Answer: The सूत्रम् 3-1-96 तव्यत्तव्यानीयरः prescribes the affix ‘अनीयर्’ in the प्रातिपदिकम् ‘आचमनीय’ – derived from √चम् (चमुँ अदने १. ५४०) with the उपसर्गः ‘आङ्’।
चम् + अनीयर् । By 3-1-96 तव्यत्तव्यानीयरः – The affixes ‘तव्यत्’, ‘तव्य’ and ‘अनीयर्’ may be used after a verbal root. Note: Since the सूत्रम् 3-1-96 तव्यत्तव्यानीयरः occurs in the अधिकारः of ‘3-1-95 कृत्याः’ the affix ‘अनीयर्’ gets the designation ‘कृत्य’। And as per the सूत्रम् 3-4-70 तयोरेव कृत्यक्तखलर्थाः the affix ‘अनीयर्’ is used here कर्मणि (to denote the object).
= चम् + अनीय । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः। Note: ‘अनीय’ has the designation कृत् as per 3-1-93 कृदतिङ्।
= चमनीय।
‘चमनीय’ is compounded with the उपसर्गः ‘आङ्’ using the सूत्रम् 2-2-18 कुगतिप्रादयः।
आङ् + चमनीय = आचमनीय । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।
‘आचमनीय’ gets the प्रातिपदिक-सञ्ज्ञा by कृत्तद्धितसमासाश्च। In the neuter gender it declines like वन-शब्द:। द्वितीया-एकवचनम् is आचमनीयम्।
6. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“I did the work in the (proper) manner.” Paraphrase to “I did the work not transgressing the (proper) manner.”
Answer: कार्यम् यथाविधि अकार्षम् = कार्यं यथाविध्यकार्षम्।
Easy questions:
1. Where has the सूत्रम् 2-4-77 गातिस्थाघुपाभूभ्यः सिचः परस्मैपदेषु been used in the verses?
Answer: The सूत्रम् 2-4-77 गातिस्थाघुपाभूभ्यः सिचः परस्मैपदेषु has been used in the verses in the form प्रादात् – derived from the verbal root √दा (डुदाञ् दाने ३. १०).
Please see the following post for derivation of the form अदात् – http://avg-sanskrit.org/2012/04/26/अदात्
‘प्र’ is the उपसर्ग: (ref: 1-4-59 उपसर्गाः क्रियायोगे, 1-4-80 ते प्राग्धातोः।)
प्र + अदात् = प्रादात् । By 6-1-101 अकः सवर्णे दीर्घः।
2. Can you spot the substitution ‘णल्’ (in the place of ‘तिप्’) in the verses?
Answer: The substitution ‘णल्’ (in the place of ‘तिप्’) occurs in the form जग्राह – derived from the verbal root √ग्रह् (ग्रहँ उपादाने ९.७१).
Please see the following post for derivation of the form जग्राह – http://avg-sanskrit.org/2011/12/12/जग्राह-3as-लिँट्/