Today we will look at the form रुक् from श्रीमद्भागवतम् SB 1-14-44

कच्चित् प्रेष्ठतमेनाथ हृदयेनात्मबन्धुना ।
शून्योऽस्मि रहितो नित्यं मन्यसे तेऽन्यथा न रुक् ।। १-१४-४४ ।।

Gita Press translation “Or is it that you have been torn from your ever most beloved and intimate friend and relation (Śrī Kṛṣṇa) and thus consider yourself desolate; for there can be no other cause of your agony.”

‘रुज्’ gets प्रातिपदिकसंज्ञा by 1-2-45 अर्थवदधातुरप्रत्ययः प्रातिपदिकम्। The विवक्षा here is प्रथमा-एकवचनम्। 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टाभ्याम्भिस्ङेभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसिँभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसोसाम्ङ्योस्सुप् mandates the प्रत्ययाः सुँ, औ, जस् etc. after the प्रातिपदिकम् ‘रुज्’।

(1) रुज् + सुँ ।

(2) रुज् + स् । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत् and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

(3) रुज् । सकार-लोपः by 6-1-68 हल्ङ्याब्भ्यो दीर्घात्‌ सुतिस्यपृक्तं हल्। Using 1-1-62 प्रत्ययलोपे प्रत्ययलक्षणम् रुज् gets पद-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-4-14 सुप्तिङन्तं पदम्।

(4) रुग् । By 8-2-30 चोः कुः, the पदान्त-जकारः gets the क-वर्गः consonant (गकार:) as a replacement. See question 7.

(5) रुक् / रुग् । By 8-4-56 वाऽवसाने, the झल् letter is optionally replaced by a चर् letter when nothing follows.

Questions:

1. The अमरकोश: gives six synonyms for the word “रोग:” (प्रातिपदिकम् “रोग” masculine, meaning “sickness.”) One of them is “रुक्” (प्रातिपदिकम् “रुज्” feminine) used in this verse. Please list the other five.
स्त्री रुग्रुजा चोपतापरोगव्याधिगदामयाः ।।२-६-५१।।
(इति सप्त “रोगस्य” नामानि)

2. Apte’s dictionary gives the following meaning for the indeclinable कच्चित् – A particle of interrogation (often translatable by ‘I hope’). A good example is in the गीता 18-72. Please use कच्चित् to form the following sentence in Sanskrit:
“I hope the गीता has been read by you.” Use the adjective प्रातिपदिकम् “पठित” for “read.”

3. Where has the युष्मद्-प्रातिपदिकम् been used in this verse?

4. Why didn’t the नकार: in the word हृदयेन change to a णकार: even though there is a ऋकार: prior to it in the same पदम्? Which intervening letter blocked the change?

5. Where has the सूत्रम् 7-3-120 आङो नाऽस्त्रियाम् been used?

6. Can you spot where the सूत्रम् 8-2-30 चोः कुः has been used with a चकारान्त-स्त्रीलिङ्ग-प्रातिपदिकम् in the tenth chapter of the गीता? (Steps will be same as in this example.)

7. Which सूत्रम् should actually be applied after step 4? (The application of this सूत्रम् will not change the form.)

8. Can you recall a सूत्रम् (that we have studied) which contains an अपवाद: for 8-2-30 चोः कुः?

Easy questions:

1. Which सूत्रम् was used to get प्रेष्ठतमेन + अथ = प्रेष्ठतमेनाथ? (Same one is used in हृदयेन + आत्मबन्धुना = हृदयेनात्मबन्धुना।)

2. Where has 6-1-109 एङः पदान्तादति been used?

Today we will look at the form नौ from श्रीमद्भागवतम् SB 10-10-37

अनुजानीहि नौ भूमंस्तवानुचरकिङ्करौ ।
दर्शनं नौ भगवत ऋषेरासीदनुग्रहात् ।। १०-१०-३७ ।।
Gita Press translation “(Pray,) allow us, servants of Your servant (Lord Śiva), to depart, O perfect One! Your (auspicious) sight has been possible for us (only) through the grace of the divine sage (Nārada).”

‘अस्मद्’ gets प्रातिपदिकसंज्ञा by 1-2-45 अर्थवदधातुरप्रत्ययः प्रातिपदिकम् and सर्वनाम-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-1-27 सर्वादीनि सर्वनामानि । The विवक्षा here is द्वितीया-द्विवचनम् । 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टाभ्याम्भिस्ङेभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसिँभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसोसाम्ङ्योस्सुप् mandates the प्रत्ययाः सुँ, औ, जस् etc. after the प्रातिपदिकम् ‘अस्मद्’ ।

(1) अस्मद् + औट् ।

(2) नौ । By 8-1-20 युष्मदस्मदोः षष्ठीचतुर्थीद्वितीयास्थयोर्वान्नावौ, the अस्मद्-प्रातिपदिकम् along with the औट्-प्रत्यय: (द्वितीया-द्विवचनम्), gets नौ as replacement, since the following conditions are met:
a) There is a पदम् in the same sentence preceding अस्मद्-शब्दः। Here in this example we have अनुजानीहि preceding.
b) अस्मद्-शब्दः is not at the beginning of the metrical पाद:।

Questions:

1. Could the short form “ते” have been used in the place of the word “तव” (प्रातिपदिकम् “युष्मद्”, षष्ठी-एकवचनम्) in this verse?

2. Why is 8-1-20 युष्मदस्मदोः षष्ठीचतुर्थीद्वितीयास्थयोर्वान्नावौ used only in the case of a द्विवचन-प्रत्यय:?

3. Please do पदच्छेद: of भूमंस्तव and mention the relevant rules.

4. Where has the सूत्रम् 6-1-104 नादिचि been used?

5. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“This knowledge of grammar has been obtained by us through the grace of the sage पाणिनि:।” Use a word from the example for “through the grace” and use the adjective प्रातिपदिकम् “प्राप्त” for “obtained.”

6. Please state the one synonym for the word “अनुग्रह:” (प्रातिपदिकम् “अनुग्रह” masculine, meaning “grace/favor”) as given in the अमरकोश:।
अभ्युपपत्तिरनुग्रहः ।।३-२-१३।।
(इति द्वे “हितसम्पादनाहितनिवारणप्रवृत्ते:” नाम्नी)

7. Where has the ङसिँ-प्रत्यय: been used?

8. Which word in the verse gives us the clue that द्वितीया-विभक्ति: (and not चतुर्थी or षष्ठी) has been used in the form नौ in this example?

Easy questions:

1. Which सूत्रम् was used to get तव + अनुचरकिङ्करौ = तवानुचरकिङ्करौ ?

2. Can you spot a place where the सूत्रम् 8-3-19 लोपः शाकल्यस्य has been used?

Today we will look at the form नः from श्रीमद्भागवतम् SB 8- 1-1

श्रीराजोवाच
स्वायम्भुवस्येह गुरो वंशोऽयं विस्तराच्छ्रुतः ।
यत्र विश्वसृजां सर्गो मनूनन्यान्वदस्व नः ।। ८-१-१ ।।

Gita Press translation “The king (Parīkṣit) submitted: I have heard at length in this context, O preceptor, (an account) of the line (daughter’s children) of Swāyambhuva Manu (just narrated by you), in which figured by the posterity (sons and grandsons) of Marīci and others (the creators of the universe). (Pray,) speak to us (now) about the other Manus (as well). “

‘अस्मद्’ gets प्रातिपदिकसंज्ञा by 1-2-45 अर्थवदधातुरप्रत्ययः प्रातिपदिकम् and सर्वनाम-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-1-27 सर्वादीनि सर्वनामानि । The विवक्षा here is चतुर्थी-बहुवचनम् । 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टाभ्याम्भिस्ङेभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसिँभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसोसाम्ङ्योस्सुप् mandates the प्रत्ययाः सुँ, औ, जस् etc. after the प्रातिपदिकम् ‘अस्मद्’ ।

(1) अस्मद् + भ्यस् ।

(2) नस् । By 8-1-21 बहुवचने वस्नसौ, the अस्मद्-प्रातिपदिकम् along with the भ्यस्-प्रत्यय: (चतुर्थी-बहुवचनम्), gets नस् as replacement, since the following conditions are met:
a) There is a पदम् in the same sentence preceding अस्मद्-शब्दः। Here in this example we have वदस्व preceding.
b) अस्मद्-शब्दः is not at the beginning of the metrical पाद:।

(3) नः । रुँत्व-विसर्गौ 8-2-66 ससजुषो रुः and 8-3-15 खरवसानयोर्विसर्जनीयः।

Questions:

1. In step 2, the condition a) is due to the अनुवृत्ति: of “पदात्‌” and condition b) is due to the अनुवृत्ति: of “अपादादौ”. From which सूत्रम् does each अनुवृत्ति: come into 8-1-21 बहुवचने वस्नसौ?

2. 8-1-21 बहुवचने वस्नसौ is an अपवाद: for which सूत्रम्?

3. Please list the eight synonyms for the word “वंश:” (प्रातिपदिकम् “वंश” masculine – meaning “lineage”) as given in the अमरकोश:।
We’ve already seen these in a prior example.

4. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“This word has not been heard by you before.”

5. Where does “नस्” come in the first chapter of the गीता? Please identify the विभक्ति: in each occurrence.

6. Where has the सूत्रम् 7-3-108 ह्रस्वस्य गुणः been used in this verse?

7. Where has the शस्-प्रत्यय: been used?

8. In which sections of the अष्टाध्यायी (in 7-1 and 7-2) do we have the rules required for declining अस्मद्/युष्मद्?

Easy questions:

1. Please do पदच्छेद: of विस्तराच्छ्रुतः।

2. Can you spot a place where the सूत्रम् 6-1-87 आद्गुणः has been used?

Today we will look at the form वणिजः from श्रीमद्भागवतम् SB 10-87-33

विजितहृषीकवायुभिरदान्तमनस्तुरगं य इह यतन्ति यन्तुमतिलोलमुपायखिदः।
व्यसनशतान्विताः समवहाय गुरोश्चरणं वणिज इवाज सन्त्यकृतकर्णधरा जलधौ ।। १०-८७-३३ ।।

Gita Press translation “They who endeavor to break the most restless steed of their mind – unsubdued (even) by those who have controlled their senses and breath (too) – neglecting the feet of their preceptor, and taking (great) pains over other devices (for mind control), remain beset with a hundred and one calamities in this world like merchants that have not secured a pilot (for their vessel) in the sea, O birth-less Lord!”

‘वणिज्’ gets प्रातिपदिकसंज्ञा by 1-2-45 अर्थवदधातुरप्रत्ययः प्रातिपदिकम्। The विवक्षा here is प्रथमा-बहुवचनम्। 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टाभ्याम्भिस्ङेभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसिँभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसोसाम्ङ्योस्सुप् mandates the प्रत्ययाः सुँ, औ, जस् etc. after the प्रातिपदिकम् ‘वणिज्’।

(1) वणिज् + जस् ।

(2) वणिज् + अस् । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-7 चुटू and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः। 1-3-4 न विभक्तौ तुस्माः prevents the ending सकारः of जस् from getting इत्-सञ्ज्ञा ।

(3) वणिजः । रुँत्व-विसर्गौ 8-2-66 ससजुषो रुः and 8-3-15 खरवसानयोर्विसर्जनीयः।

Questions:

1. Why didn’t 8-2-30 चोः कुः apply in this example (to change the ending जकार: of “वणिज्” to a गकार:)? Which condition was not satisfied?

2. Can you spot the word in the verse which ends in the ल्यप्-प्रत्यय:? (Ref. 3-4-21 समानकर्तृकयोः पूर्वकाले, 7-1-37 समासेऽनञ्पूर्वे क्त्वो ल्यप्‌). Who is (are) the common doer(s)? Which is the later action of the common doer(s)?

3. Please list the seven synonyms for the word वणिक् (प्रातिपदिकम् “वणिज्” masculine, meaning “merchant”) as given in the अमरकोश:।
वैदेहकः सार्थवाहो नैगमो वाणिजो वणिक् ।
पण्याजीवो ह्यापणिकः क्रयविक्रयिकश्च सः ।।२-९-७८।।
(इति अष्टौ “क्रयविक्रयाभ्यां वर्तमानस्य” नामानि)

4. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“There are forty-seven verses in the first chapter of the गीता।” Use the verb सन्ति (“are”) from this example and the feminine noun सप्त-चत्वारिंशत् (to be used in the singular) for “forty-seven.”

5. Where has the सूत्रम् 7-1-17 जसः शी been used in this verse?

6. Where has सम्बुद्धि: been used in this verse?

7. 8-2-66 ससजुषो रुः is an अपवाद: for which सूत्रम्?

8. Derive the form जलधौ (सप्तमी-एकवचनम्) from the प्रातिपदिकम् “जलधि”.

Easy questions:

1. Where has the सूत्रम् 8-3-19 लोपः शाकल्यस्य been used in this verse?

2. Please do पदच्छेद: of गुरोश्चरणम्।

Today we will look at the form भिषक्-mNs from श्रीमद्भागवतम् SB 6-1-8

तस्मात्पुरैवाश्विह पापनिष्कृतौ यतेत मृत्योरविपद्यताऽऽत्मना।
दोषस्य दृष्ट्वा गुरुलाघवं यथा भिषक् चिकित्सेत रुजां निदानवित् ।।६-१-८।।

Gita Press translation “Therefore, with a body not (yet) incapacitated (for penance), one should take prompt measures here, even before death, for the atonement of one’s sins, after weighing the gravity and lightness of the crime, just as a physician who knows the cause of maladies would adopt prompt remedies before it is too late, duly considering the seriousness or mildness of a complaint.”

‘भिषज्’ gets प्रातिपदिकसंज्ञा by 1-2-45 अर्थवदधातुरप्रत्ययः प्रातिपदिकम्। The विवक्षा here is प्रथमा-एकवचनम्। 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टाभ्याम्भिस्ङेभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसिँभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसोसाम्ङ्योस्सुप् mandates the प्रत्ययाः सुँ, औ, जस् etc. after the प्रातिपदिकम् ‘भिषज्’।

(1) भिषज् + सुँ ।

(2) भिषज् + स् । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत् and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

(3) भिषज् । सकार-लोपः by 6-1-68 हल्ङ्याब्भ्यो दीर्घात्‌ सुतिस्यपृक्तं हल्। Using 1-1-62 प्रत्ययलोपे प्रत्ययलक्षणम् भिषज् gets पद-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-4-14 सुप्तिङन्तं पदम्।

(4) भिषग् । By 8-2-30 चोः कुः, the पदान्त-जकारः gets the क-वर्गः consonant as a replacement.

(5) भिषग् / भिषक् । By 8-4-56 वाऽवसाने, the झल् letter is optionally replaced by a चर् letter when nothing follows.

Questions:

1. The क्त्वा-प्रत्यय: (reference 3-4-21 समानकर्तृकयोः पूर्वकाले) has been used in दृष्ट्वा। The समान-कर्ता in the first line will be जन: (a person) – this has to be supplied. In the second line, in the उपमा, the समान-कर्ता is भिषक्। Which is the उत्तरवर्तिनी क्रिया (the later action – by the same doer) in each of the two cases?

2. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“A good son should strive in the service of his father.” Use a verb from the verse for “should strive.”

3. Please state the one synonym for the word निदानम् (प्रातिपदिकम् “निदान” neuter, meaning “main cause”) as given in the अमरकोश:।
निदानं त्वादिकारणम् ।।१-४-२८।।
(इति द्वे “मुख्यकारणस्य” नाम्नी)

4. Consider the word निष्कृतौ (= निस् + कृतौ) used in this verse. How did the ending सकार: of “निस्” (which is an अव्ययम् and has पद-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-4-14 सुप्तिङन्तं पदम्) end up as a षकार:? We have not covered this सूत्रम् so far. Can you try to find it in the अष्टाध्यायी? (We can expect to find it below 8-3-37 कुप्वोः ≍क≍पौ च which is the सूत्रम् that should have otherwise applied in this case.)

5. Where has the सूत्रम् 6-1-110 ङसिङसोश्च been used in this verse?

6. Where has the ङस्-प्रत्यय: been used?

7. Which word in the verse translates to “prompt”? Where has this word been used in the गीता?

8. 8-2-30 चोः कुः applies when a letter of the च-वर्ग: –
a) Is at the end of a पदम्
b) Has a झल् letter following
c) Is at the end of a पदम् or has a झल् letter following
d) Is at the end of a पदम् and has a झल् letter following

Easy questions:

1. Which सूत्रम् is used to get पुरा + एव = पुरैव ?

2. Which one for आशु + इह = आश्विह ?

Today we will look at the form सम्राट् mNs from श्रीमद्भागवतम् 3.21.25

प्रजापतिसुतः सम्राण्मनुर्विख्यातमङ्गलः । ब्रह्मावर्तं योऽधिवसञ्शास्ति सप्तार्णवां महीम् ।। ३-२१-२५ ।।

Gita Press translation “(You know) Emperor Swāyambhuva Manu (son of Brahmā), who is celebrated for his righteous acts, rules over the earth bounded by the seven oceans, having his seat in Brahmāvarta.”

The प्रातिपदिकम् here is ‘सम्राज्’। ‘सम्राज्’ is formed using the affix ‘क्विप्’ with the verbal root √राज् (राजृँ दीप्तौ १. ९५६) preceded by the उपसर्गः ‘सम्’। Just like in the case of the affix ‘क्विन्’, the entire affix ‘क्विप्’ takes लोप: (elision.)

सम्राज् + क्विप् । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-8 लशक्वतद्धिते and 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम् along with 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः। The letter ‘इ’ in the affix ‘क्विप्’ is उच्चारणार्थः। The single letter ‘व्’ that remains gets अपृक्त-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-2-41 अपृक्त एकाल् प्रत्ययः। By 6-1-67 वेरपृक्तस्य, this letter ‘व्’ which is अपृक्तः takes लोपः।

The affix ‘क्विप्’ has the कृत्-सञ्ज्ञा by 3-1-93 कृदतिङ् । By 1-1-62 प्रत्ययलोपे प्रत्ययलक्षणम्, even though the affix ‘क्विप्’ has taken लोपः, ‘सम्राज्’ gets प्रातिपदिक-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-2-46 कृत्तद्धितसमासाश्च।

The विवक्षा is प्रथमा-एकवचनम्।

(1) सम्राज् + सुँ । By 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टाभ्याम्भिस्ङेभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसिँभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसोसाम्ङ्योस्सुप्।

(2) सम्राज् + स् । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत् and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

(3) सम्राज् । By 6-1-68 हल्ङ्याब्भ्यो दीर्घात्‌ सुतिस्यपृक्तं हल् – A single letter affix ‘सुँ’, ‘ति’ or ‘सि’ is dropped following a base ending in a consonant or in the long feminine affix ‘ङी’ or ‘आप्’। Using 1-1-62 प्रत्ययलोपे प्रत्ययलक्षणम् ‘सम्राज्’ gets पद-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-4-14 सुप्तिङन्तं पदम्।

(4) सम्राष् । By 8-2-36 व्रश्चभ्रस्जसृजमृजयजराजभ्राजच्छशां षः the ending letter ‘ज्’ gets the letter ‘ष्’ as a replacement. See question 8.

(5) सम्राड् । By 8-2-39 झलां जशोऽन्ते, the झल् letter occurring at the end of a पदम् it is replaced by a जश् letter.

(6) सम्राड् / सम्राट् । By 8-4-56 वाऽवसाने, the झल् letter is optionally replaced by a चर् letter when nothing follows.

Questions:

1. By 8-3-23 मोऽनुस्वारः, the मकार: in सम्राट् should have become an अनुस्वार:। But there is a special rule which keeps the मकार: as a मकार:। We have not studied this special rule in the class, but we can expect to find it below 8-3-23 मोऽनुस्वारः (since it is an exception to 8-3-23.) Can you locate it in the अष्टाध्यायी?

2. Which term used in the verse has the नदी-सञ्ज्ञा? Which one has the घि-सञ्ज्ञा?

3. Where are these two terms (answers to #2) used in the गीता? (Not in a compound, but on their own.)

4. How come 8-2-30 चोः कुः (which is an earlier rule in the त्रिपादी) did not apply instead of 8-2-36 in step 4?

5. Use a word from the verse to compose the following sentence in Sanskrit:
“This (is) a celebrated text.” Use “ग्रन्थ: for “text.”

6. The अमरकोश: gives four synonyms for the word “पुत्र:” (प्रातिपदिकम् “पुत्र” masculine, meaning “son”). One of them is “सुत:” (प्रातिपदिकम् “सुत” masculine) used in this verse. Do you recall the other three? (We have already seen these in a prior example. Search this web site for “सुत”)

7. Where is the धुँट्-आगम: used in the declension table of the प्रातिपदिकम् “सम्राज्”?

8. 8-2-36 व्रश्चभ्रस्जसृजमृजयजराजभ्राजच्छशां षः applies when one of the terms listed in “व्रश्चभ्रस्जसृजमृजयजराजभ्राजच्छशां” –
a) Is at the end of a पदम्
b) Has a झल् letter following
c) Is at the end of a पदम् or has a झल् letter following
d) Is at the end of a पदम् and has a झल् letter following

Easy questions:

1. Please state the rules required to do the पदच्छेद: of सम्राण्मनु:|

2. Where is the सूत्रम् 6-1-113 अतो रोरप्लुतादप्लुते used in this verse?

Today we will look at the form ऋत्विग्भिः from श्रीमद्भागवतम् SB 9-13-3.

निमिश्चलमिदं विद्वान् सत्रमारभतात्मवान् ।
ऋत्विग्भिरपरैस्तावन्नागमद् यावता गुरुः ।। ९-१३-३ ।।

Gita Press translation “Knowing all this (his life and everything connected with it) to be evanescent, the thoughtful Nimi proceeded with the sacrificial session with the help of other priests and continued it till his preceptor (the sage Vasiṣṭha) did not return.”

By 3-2-59 ऋत्विग्दधृक्स्रग्दिगुष्णिगञ्चुयुजिक्रुञ्चां च we get “ऋत्विज्” as a ready-made प्रातिपदिकम्, ending in the क्विन्-प्रत्यय:। By अनुबन्ध-लोपः the ककार: and नकार: are removed using 1-3-8 लशक्वतद्धिते and 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम् along with 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः। The इकारः in the क्विन्-प्रत्यय: is उच्चारणार्थः। The single letter वकार: that remains gets अपृक्त-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-2-41 अपृक्त एकाल् प्रत्ययः। By 6-1-67 वेरपृक्तस्य, this वकार: which is अपृक्तः takes लोपः।

The क्विन्-प्रत्यय: has the कृत्-सञ्ज्ञा by 3-1-93 कृदतिङ् । By 1-1-62 प्रत्ययलोपे प्रत्ययलक्षणम्, even though the क्विन्-प्रत्ययः has taken लोपः, ऋत्विज् gets प्रातिपदिक-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-2-46 कृत्तद्धितसमासाश्च and hence it will take the affixes सुँ, औ, जस् etc. mandated by 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टाभ्याम्भिस्ङेभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसिँभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसोसाम्ङ्योस्सुप्। The विवक्षा here is तृतीया-बहुवचनम्।

(1) ऋत्विज् + भिस् । The अङ्गम् has पद-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-4-17 स्वादिष्वसर्वनमस्थाने। 1-3-4 न विभक्तौ तुस्माः prevents the ending सकारः of भिस् from getting इत्-सञ्ज्ञा ।

(2) ऋत्विग् + भिस् । Since ‘ऋत्विज्’ ends in the affix क्विन्, by 8-2-62 क्विन्प्रत्ययस्य कुः, ‘ऋत्विज्’ which has पद-सञ्ज्ञा, takes the कवर्ग: (in this case गकार:) as a replacement for its ending जकार:।

(3) ऋत्विग्भिः । रुँत्व-विसर्गौ 8-2-66 ससजुषो रुः and 8-3-15 खरवसानयोर्विसर्जनीयः।

Questions:

1. Why do we need to use 8-2-62 क्विन्प्रत्ययस्य कुः in step 2? Why not simply use 8-2-30 चोः कुः?

2. In the third chapter of the अष्टाध्यायी, why does पाणिनि: run the “धातो:” अधिकार: a second time starting from 3-1-91 धातोः ? Why not just let the prior “धातो:” अधिकार: (starting from 3-1-22 धातोरेकाचो हलादेः क्रियासमभिहारे यङ्।) run all the way through?

3. Please state the one synonym for the word ऋत्विक् (प्रातिपदिकम् “ऋत्विज्” masculine, meaning “a priest who officiates at a sacrifice”) as given in the अमर-कोश:।
ऋत्विजो याजकाश्च ते ।।२-७-१७।।

4. How do you say this in Sanskrit?
“What else?” Take the answer from Chapter 16 of the गीता।

5. Where has the सूत्रम् 7-1-24 अतोऽम् been used in this verse?

6. What would have been the problem if पाणिनि: did not say “अतिङ्” in the सूत्रम् 3-1-93 कृदतिङ् ?

7. Which सर्वनाम-शब्द: has been used in this verse?

8. Which word in the verse has समानाधिकरम् with the word “ऋत्विग्भिः”?

9. Can you recall another सूत्रम् (besides 6-1-67 वेरपृक्तस्य) which we have studied, in which पाणिनि: uses the अपृक्त-सञ्ज्ञा ?

Easy questions:

1. Please do पदच्छेद: of निमिश्चलम्।

2. Can you spot the place where the सूत्रम् 8-4-45 यरोऽनुनासिकेऽनुनासिको वा has been used in this verse?

Today we will look at the form युवानः from श्रीमद्भागवतम् SB 10-45-19.

तत्र प्रवयसोऽप्यासन् युवानोऽतिबलौजसः ।
पिबन्तोऽक्षैर्मुकुन्दस्य मुखाम्बुजसुधां मुहुः ।। १०-४५-१९ ।।

Gita Press translation “Drinking now and again with (the cup of) their eyes the nectar-like beauty of the lotus face of Śri Kṛṣṇa (the Bestower of Liberation), even the aged there (at Mathurā) turned young and acquired great strength and energy.”

‘युवन्’ gets प्रातिपदिकसंज्ञा by 1-2-45 अर्थवदधातुरप्रत्ययः प्रातिपदिकम्। The विवक्षा here is प्रथमा-बहुवचनम्। 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टाभ्याम्भिस्ङेभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसिँभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसोसाम्ङ्योस्सुप् mandates the प्रत्ययाः सुँ, औ, जस् etc. after the प्रातिपदिकम् ‘युवन्’ ।

(1) युवन् + जस् । ‘जस्’ is a सर्वनामस्थानम् affix by 1-1-43 सुडनपुंसकस्य।

(2) युवन् + अस् । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-7 चुटू and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः। 1-3-4 न विभक्तौ तुस्माः prevents the ending सकारः of जस् from getting इत्-सञ्ज्ञा ।

(3) युवान् + अस् । By 6-4-8 सर्वनामस्थाने चासम्बुद्धौ, the penultimate letter of the अङ्गम् (base) ending in a नकार: gets elongated if it is followed by a सर्वनामस्थानम् affix.

(4) युवानः । रुँत्व-विसर्गौ 8-2-66 ससजुषो रुः and 8-3-15 खरवसानयोर्विसर्जनीयः।

Questions:

1. Why didn’t सम्प्रसारणम् occur (by 6-4-133 श्वयुवमघोनामतद्धिते) in this example?

2. Please list the five synonyms for the word प्रवया: (प्रातिपदिकम् “प्रवयस्” masculine, meaning “aged”) as given in the अमर-कोश:।
प्रवयाः स्थविरो वृद्धो जीनो जीर्णो जरन्नपि ।।२-६-४२।।
(इति षट् “वृद्धस्य” नामानि)

3. Which is the correct तृतीया-बहुवचनम् form of the प्रातिपदिकम् “प्रवयस्” ?
a) प्रवयसै:
b) प्रवयोभि:
c) प्रवयस्भि:
d) प्रवयभि:

4. How would say this in Sanskrit?
“This elderly man came to the temple with his grand-son.” Use the adjective प्रातिपदिकम् “आगत” for “came” and “प्रपुत्र” for grand-son.

5. Where in the first ten verses of the Sixth Chapter of the गीता is the सूत्रम् 6-4-8 सर्वनामस्थाने चासम्बुद्धौ used?

6. Can you find a सूत्रम् used in this example which takes the entire prior सूत्रम् (in the अष्टाध्यायी) as अनुवृत्ति:?

7. Where is the ङस्-प्रत्यय: used in this verse?

8. In this example, the अङ्गम् “युवन्” has:
a) पद-सञ्ज्ञा
b) भ-सञ्ज्ञा
c) Neither पद-सञ्ज्ञा nor भ-सञ्ज्ञा
d) Both पद-सञ्ज्ञा and भ-सञ्ज्ञा

Easy questions:

1. Which सूत्रम् was used to get अपि + आसन् = अप्यासन् ?

2. Please do पदच्छेद: of प्रवयसोऽपि and mention the relevant rules.

3. List the प्रत्यया: included in the सुट्-प्रत्याहार:।

Today we will look at the form मघवता from श्रीमद्भागवतम् SB 4-20-1.

मैत्रेय उवाच
भगवानपि वैकुण्ठः साकं मघवता विभुः ।
यज्ञैर्यज्ञपतिस्तुष्टो यज्ञभुक् तमभाषत ।। ४-२०-१ ।।

Gita Press translation “Maitreya resumed: Pleased with the sacrifices (of king Pṛthu), the all-pervading Lord Vaikuṇṭha (Viṣṇu), the Enjoyer and Dispenser of the fruit of sacrifices, too, (appeared on the scene) with Indra and addressed the king (as follows).”

‘मघवन्’ gets प्रातिपदिकसंज्ञा by 1-2-45 अर्थवदधातुरप्रत्ययः प्रातिपदिकम्। The विवक्षा here is तृतीया-एकवचनम्। 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टाभ्याम्भिस्ङेभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसिँभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसोसाम्ङ्योस्सुप् mandates the प्रत्ययाः सुँ, औ, जस् etc. after the प्रातिपदिकम् ‘मघवन्’।

(1) मघवन् + टा ।

(2) मघवतृँ + टा । By 6-4-128 मघवा बहुलम् मघवन् gets तृँ as a replacement optionally.

(3) मघवत् + आ । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत्, 1-3-7 चुटू and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

(4) मघवता

Questions:

1. What would have been the optional final form in this example? (In the case where the तृँ-आदेश: is not done.)

2. How do you say this in Sanskrit?
“Which word used in this verse has the अव्यय-सञ्ज्ञा?” Use the adjective प्रातिपदिकम् “प्रयुक्त” for “used.”

3. Please list the four synonyms for the indeclinable साकम् (प्रातिपदिकम् “साकम्”, अव्ययम्, meaning “with”) as given in the अमरकोश:।
सार्धं तु साकं सत्रा समं सह ॥३-४-४॥
(इति पञ्च “सहेत्यर्थे” अव्ययानि)

4. In this example, the अङ्गम् “मघवत्” has:
a) पद-सञ्ज्ञा
b) भ-सञ्ज्ञा
c) Neither पद-सञ्ज्ञा nor भ-सञ्ज्ञा
d) Both पद-सञ्ज्ञा and भ-सञ्ज्ञा

5. Which two प्रातिपदिके used in this verse have the घि-सञ्ज्ञा?

6. In commenting on the सूत्रम् 6-4-128 मघवा बहुलम् the तत्त्वबोधिनी says – ‘अर्वणस्त्रसौ’ इत्यतस्तृ इत्यनुवर्तते, तदपेक्षा च “मघवा” इति षष्ठ्यर्थे प्रथमा। Please explain.

7. Which सर्वनाम-शब्द: has been used in this verse?

8. Is the सूत्रम् 6-4-128 मघवा बहुलम् part of the “भस्य” अधिकार:?

Easy questions:

1. Where is the सूत्रम् 7-1-9 अतो भिस ऐस् used in this verse?

2. How about 6-1-114 हशि च?

Today we will look at the form मघोना from श्रीमद्भागवतम् SB 10-27-14.

श्रीशुक उवाच ।
एवं सङ्कीर्तितः कृष्णो मघोना भगवानमुम् ।
मेघगम्भीरया वाचा प्रहसन्निदमब्रवीत् ।। १०-२७-१४ ।।

Gita Press translation “Śrī Śuka continued: Thus glorified by Indra, Lord Śrī Kṛṣṇa heartily laughed and spoke to him as follows in a voice deep as the rumbling of clouds.”

‘मघवन्’ gets प्रातिपदिकसंज्ञा by 1-2-45 अर्थवदधातुरप्रत्ययः प्रातिपदिकम्। The विवक्षा here is तृतीया-एकवचनम्। 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टाभ्याम्भिस्ङेभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसिँभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसोसाम्ङ्योस्सुप् mandates the प्रत्ययाः सुँ, औ, जस् etc. after the प्रातिपदिकम् ‘मघवन्’।

(1) मघवन् + टा ।

(2) मघवन् + आ । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-7 चुटू and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः। ‘मघवन्’ gets भ-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-4-18 यचि भम्।

(3) मघ उ अन् + आ । By 6-4-133 श्वयुवमघोनामतद्धिते, the अन् ending ‘मघवन्’, which has the भ-सञ्ज्ञा, takes सम्प्रसारणम् when followed by an affix which is not a तद्धितः। By 1-1-45 इग्यणः सम्प्रसारणम् the letter व् is replaced by उ।

(4) मघ उन् + आ । By 6-1-108 सम्प्रसारणाच्च, when a सम्प्रसारणम् is followed by a vowel, there is a single replacement of the prior letter (the सम्प्रसारणम्).

(5) मघोना । 6-1-87 आद्गुणः gives ओ as एकादेशः to अ and उ।

Questions:

1. What would have been the alternate final form in this example?

2. Please list the fourteen synonyms for the word “मेघ:” (प्रातिपदिकम् “मेघ” masculine, meaning “cloud”) as given in the अमर-कोश:।
अभ्रं मेघो वारिवाहः स्तनयित्नुर्बलाहकः ।।१-३-६।।
धाराधरो जलधरस्तडित्वान् वारिदोऽम्बुभृत् ।
घनजीमूतमुदिरजलमुग्धूमयोनयः ।।१-३-७।।
(इति पञ्चदश “मेघस्य” नामानि)

3. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“Today (is) the first Monday of the New Year.” Use the अव्ययम् “अद्य” for “today” and the adjective प्रातिपदिकम् “नूतन” for “new.”

4. Where is the सूत्रम् 6-4-133 श्वयुवमघोनामतद्धिते used in the गीता (Chapter 5)?

5. Can you spot the place where the सूत्रम् 7-3-105 आङि चापः has been used in this verse?

6. Match the columns:
i. सङ्कीर्तितः
ii. मघोना
iii. भगवान्
iv. एवम्

a) Thus
b) glorified
c) by Indra
d) Lord

7. Which विभक्ति:/वचनम् has been used in the term “यणः” in the सूत्रम् 1-1-45 इग्यणः सम्प्रसारणम् ?
a) प्रथमा-बहुवचनम्
b) द्वितीया-बहुवचनम्
c) पञ्चमी-एकवचनम्
d) षष्ठी-एकवचनम्

8. Two rules from the “6-1-84 एकः पूर्वपरयोः” अधिकार: have been used in this example. Which are they?

Easy questions:

1. Where has the सूत्रम् 8-3-32 ङमो ह्रस्वादचि ङमुण्नित्यम् been used in this verse?

2. How about 6-1-114 हशि च ?