Today we will look at the form निशाचर mVs from श्रीमद्-वाल्मीकि-रामायणम् 3.41.20.

मां निहत्य तु रामोऽसावचिरात्त्वां वधिष्यति । अनेन कृतकृत्योऽस्मि म्रिये चाप्यरिणा हतः ।। ३-४१-१७ ।।
दर्शनादेव रामस्य हतं मामवधारय । आत्मानं च हतं विद्धि हृत्वा सीतां सबान्धवम् ।। ३-४१-१८ ।।
आनयिष्यसि चेत्सीतामाश्रमात्सहितो मया । नैव त्वमपि नाहं वै नैव लङ्का न राक्षसाः ।। ३-४१-१९ ।।
निवार्यमाणस्तु मया हितैषिणा न मृष्यसे वाक्यमिदं निशाचर । परेतकल्पा हि गतायुषो नरा हितं न गृह्णन्ति सुहृद्भिरीरितम् ।। ३-४१-२० ।।

Gita Press translation – Having killed me, the aforesaid Rāma for his part will dispose of you before long. I shall, however, feel accomplished of purpose through such death; for I would fain give up the ghost when killed by an enemy (rather than killed by you, my king) (17). Take me as killed at the very sight of Rāma and deem yourself as killed with your kith and kin as soon as you bear away Sītā (18). If, accompanied by me, you fetch Sītā from the hermitage, under no circumstances will you survive nor I nor even Laṅkā (your capital) nor the ogres (19). You do not heed this counsel of mine, though being checked by me, your wellwisher, O ranger of the night! For men whose span of life has come to an end and who are on the verge of death do not accept the salutary advice tendered by their disinterested friends (20).

निशायां चरतीति निशाचरः (राक्षस:)।

“चर” is a कृदन्त-प्रातिपदिकम् (participle form) derived from the verbal root √चर् (चरँ गत्यर्थ: १. ६४०).

The (compound) प्रातिपदिकम् “निशाचर” is derived as follows:

(1) निशा + ङि + चर् + ट । By 3-2-16 चरेष्टः – The affix “ट” may be used after the verbal root √चर् (चरँ गत्यर्थ: १. ६४०) when in composition with a पदम् which denotes the locus (of the action.)

Note: The term अधिकरणे (which comes as अनुवृत्ति: in to the सूत्रम् 3-2-16 from the prior सूत्रम् 3-2-15 अधिकरणे शेतेः) ends in the seventh (locative) case. Hence “निशा ङि” (which is the locus (अधिकरणम्) of चरति) gets the उपपद-सञ्ज्ञा here by 3-1-92 तत्रोपपदं सप्तमीस्थम्‌ – The designation उपपदम् is applied to a term which denotes a thing – like a pot etc. – which is present (as the thing to be expressed) in a word ending in the locative case in the सूत्रम्।

(2) निशा + ङि + चर् + अ । अनुबन्ध-लोप: by 1-3-7 चुटू and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

We form a compound between “निशा + ङि” (which is the उपपदम्) and “चर” by using the सूत्रम् 2-2-19 उपपदमतिङ् – A सुबन्तम् (term ending in a सुँप् affix) having the designation “उपपद” (in this case “निशा + ङि”) invariably compounds with a syntactically related term (in this case “चर”) as long as the compound does not end in a तिङ् affix.

In the compound, “निशा + ङि” is placed in the prior position as per 2-2-30 उपसर्जनं पूर्वम्‌ – In a compound a term which has the designation “उपसर्जन” should be placed in the prior position. Note: Here “निशा + ङि” is the उपपदम् and hence it gets the उपसर्जन-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-2-43 प्रथमानिर्दिष्टं समास उपसर्जनम् – A term denoted by a word (in this case “उपपदम्”) ending in a nominative case in a सूत्रम् (in this case 2-2-19 उपपदमतिङ्) which prescribes a compound gets the designation “उपसर्जन”।
“निशा + ङि + चर” gets प्रातिपदिक-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-2-46 कृत्तद्धितसमासाश्च – A word form that ends in a कृत्-प्रत्ययः or a तद्धित-प्रत्ययः and so also compounds get the name प्रातिपदिकम्।

(3) निशाचर । By 2-4-71 सुपो धातुप्रातिपदिकयोः – A सुँप् affix takes a लुक् elision when it is a part of a धातुः or a प्रातिपदिकम्।

The विवक्षा is पुंलिङ्गे सम्बुद्धिः।

(4) (हे) निशाचर + सुँ (सम्बुद्धिः) । By 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टा…। The affix “सुँ” has the सम्बुद्धि-सञ्ज्ञा here by 2-3-49 एकवचनं संबुद्धिः।

(5) (हे) निशाचर + स् । अनुबन्ध-लोप: by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत् and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः। The सकार: which is an एकाल् (single letter) प्रत्यय: gets the अपृक्त-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-2-41 अपृक्त एकाल् प्रत्ययः।

(6) (हे) निशाचर । By 6-1-69 एङ्ह्रस्वात्‌ सम्बुद्धेः।

Questions:

1. In the verses can you spot a तिङन्तं पदम् which is a आर्ष-प्रयोग: (irregular grammatical construct)?

2. Where has the affix “श” been used in the verses?

3. Which सूत्रम् is used for the “धि”-आदेश: in the word विद्धि?

4. The form गृह्णन्ति is derived from the verbal root √ग्रह् (ग्रहँ उपादाने ९. ७१). Can you recall six सूत्राणि (which we have studied) wherein पाणिनि: specifically mentions this verbal root? Which one of these six सूत्राणि has been used in the form गृह्णन्ति?

5. Please correct the following sentence:
शूर्पणखा नामैका निशाचरा बभूव।

6. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“A fisherman found a ring in the stomach of a fish.” Use the सूत्रम् 3-2-16 चरेष्टः to form a word for “fish” (“own who roams in the water” – जले चरति)। Use the masculine प्रातिपदिकम् “धीवर” for “fisherman.” Use the neuter प्रातिपदिकम् “अङ्गुलीय” for “(finger-)ring.”

Easy Questions:

1. Which सूत्रम् is used for the substitution “ना” in the form अरिणा?

2. Where has the सूत्रम् 6-4-8 सर्वनामस्थाने चाऽसम्बुद्धौ been used in the verses?

Today we will look at the form शत्रुघ्नः mNs from श्रीमद्भागवतम् 9.11.14.

तदीयं धनमानीय सर्वं राज्ञे न्यवेदयत् । शत्रुघ्नश्च मधोः पुत्रं लवणं नाम राक्षसम् । हत्वा मधुवने चक्रे मथुरां नाम वै पुरीम् ।। ९-११-१४ ।।
मुनौ निक्षिप्य तनयौ सीता भर्त्रा विवासिता । ध्यायन्ती रामचरणौ विवरं प्रविवेश ह ।। ९-११-१५ ।।

श्रीधर-स्वामि-टीका –
No commentary on these verses.

Gita Press translation – (Bharat) bringing their wealth (to Ayodhyā,) presented it all to the King (Śrī Rāma.) Again, getting rid of the demon, Lavaṇa by name, son of Madhu, Śatrughna for his part founded on the site of (the forest of) Madhuvana a city known as Mathurā (14). Having committed Her sons (Kuśa and Lava) to the care of the sage (Vālmīki) and contemplating on Śrī Rāma’s feet – so the tradition goes – Sītā, who had been exiled by Her (divine) Spouse (and could no longer bear separation from Him) found Her way into the bowels of the earth (that parted asunder to take Her) (15).

शत्रुं हन्तीति शत्रुघ्नः।

“घ्न” is a कृदन्त-प्रातिपदिकम् (participle form) derived from the verbal root √हन् (हनँ हिंसागत्योः, अदादि-गणः, धातु-पाठः #२. २).

The (compound) प्रातिपदिकम् “शत्रुघ्न” is derived as follows:

(1) शत्रु + ङस् (ref: 2-3-65 कर्तृकर्मणोः कृति) + हन् + क । By the वार्तिकम् (under 3-2-5 तुन्दशोकयोः परिमृजापनुदोः) मूलविभुजादिभ्यः कः – The affix “क” may be used to derive forms such as “मूलविभुज”।
Note: The मूलविभुजादि-गण: is a आकृति-गण:। The members of this गण: have not been explicitly listed. When we see a शिष्ट-प्रयोगः (usage accepted by the scholars) such as “शत्रुघ्न” wherein the grammatical operations (based on the affix “क”) are similar to those in “मूलविभुज” we have to understand that this usage is included in the मूलविभुजादि-गण:।
Note: The affix “ङस्” is used here as per 2-3-65 कर्तृकर्मणोः कृति – To express the agent or the object (of an action), a nominal stem takes a sixth case affix when the nominal stem is used in conjunction with a term which ends in a कृत् affix. (This is what is called as कृद्योगे षष्ठी)।

Note: In the above वार्तिकम्, the term कर्मणि (which comes down as अनुवृत्तिः from 3-2-1 कर्मण्यण्) ends in the seventh (locative) case. Hence the object “शत्रु + ङस्” gets the उपपद-सञ्ज्ञा here by 3-1-92 तत्रोपपदं सप्तमीस्थम्‌ – The designation उपपदम् is applied to a term which denotes a thing – like a pot etc. – which is present (as the thing to be expressed) in a word ending in the locative case in the सूत्रम्।

(2) शत्रु + ङस् + हन् + अ । अनुबन्ध-लोप: by 1-3-8 लशक्वतद्धिते and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।
Note: The affix “क” is a कित् (has the letter ‘क्’ as a इत्)। This allows 6-4-98 गमहनजनखनघसां लोपः क्ङित्यनङि to apply in the next step.

(3) शत्रु + ङस् + ह् न् + अ । By 6-4-98 गमहनजनखनघसां लोपः क्ङित्यनङि – The उपधा (penultimate letter – ref. 1-1-65) of the verbal roots √गम् (गमॢँ गतौ १. ११३७), √हन् (हनँ हिंसागत्योः २. २), √जन् ([जनीँ प्रादुर्भावे ४. ४४], [जनँ जनने ३. २५]), √खन् (खनुँ अवदारणे १. १०२०) and √घस् (घसॢँ अदने १. ८१२) is elided, when followed by an अजादि-प्रत्ययः which is a कित् (has the letter ‘क्’ as a इत्) or a ङित् (has the letter ‘ङ्’ as a इत्) with the exclusion of the अङ्-प्रत्ययः।

(4) शत्रु + ङस् + घ् न् + अ । By 7-3-54 हो हन्तेर्ञ्णिन्नेषु – The हकारः of √हन् (हनँ हिंसागत्योः २. २) gets replaced by a letter of the कवर्ग: when followed by an affix with ञकारः or णकारः as an इत् , or when followed (immediately) by a नकारः।
Note: As per 1-1-50 स्थानेऽन्तरतमः – When a substitute is ordained, the closest substitute is intended. Of the five letters in the क-वर्गः (‘क्, ख्, ग्, घ्, ङ्’), ‘घ्’ is the closest substitute because it is both voiced (घोषवान्) as well as aspirate (महाप्राण:) just like the letter ‘ह्’।

We form a compound between “शत्रु + ङस्” (which is the उपपदम्) and “घ्न” by using the सूत्रम् 2-2-19 उपपदमतिङ् – A सुबन्तम् (term ending in a सुँप् affix) having the designation “उपपद” (in this case “शत्रु + ङस्”) invariably compounds with a syntactically related term (in this case “घ्न”) as long as the compound does not end in a तिङ् affix.

In the compound, “शत्रु + ङस्” is placed in the prior position as per 2-2-30 उपसर्जनं पूर्वम्‌ – In a compound a term which has the designation “उपसर्जन” should be placed in the prior position. Note: Here “शत्रु + ङस्” is the उपपदम् and hence it gets the उपसर्जन-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-2-43 प्रथमानिर्दिष्टं समास उपसर्जनम् – A term denoted by a word (in this case “उपपदम्”) ending in a nominative case in a सूत्रम् (in this case 2-2-19 उपपदमतिङ्) which prescribes a compound gets the designation “उपसर्जन”।
“शत्रु + ङस् + घ्न” gets प्रातिपदिक-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-2-46 कृत्तद्धितसमासाश्च – A word form that ends in a कृत्-प्रत्ययः or a तद्धित-प्रत्ययः and so also compounds get the name प्रातिपदिकम्।

(5) शत्रुघ्न । By 2-4-71 सुपो धातुप्रातिपदिकयोः – A सुँप् affix takes a लुक् elision when it is a part of a धातुः or a प्रातिपदिकम्।

The विवक्षा is पुंलिङ्गे, प्रथमा-एकवचनम्।

(6) शत्रुघ्न + सुँ । By 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टाभ्याम्भिस्ङेभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसिँभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसोसाम्ङ्योस्सुप्।

(7) शत्रुघ्न + स् । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत्, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

(8) शत्रुघ्नः । रुँत्व-विसर्गौ by 8-2-66 ससजुषो रुः and 8-3-15 खरवसानयोर्विसर्जनीयः।

Questions:

1. Where has the वार्तिकम् (under 3-2-5 तुन्दशोकयोः परिमृजापनुदोः) मूलविभुजादिभ्यः कः (used in step 1) been used in the last five verses of Chapter One of the गीता?

2. Where has the सूत्रम् 3-1-134 नन्दिग्रहिपचादिभ्यो ल्युणिन्यचः been used in the verses?

3. Where has the affix तृच् been used in the verses?

4. प्रविवेश is derived from the verbal root √विश् (विशँ प्रवेशने ६. १६०) with the उपसर्ग: “प्र”। Can you recall a सूत्रम् (which we have studied) wherein पाणिनि: specifically mentions this verbal root? Why doesn’t this सूत्रम् apply in the form प्रविवेश?

5. Which सूत्रम् is used for the एकारादेश: in the form चक्रे?

6. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“There’s not a single cloud in the sky today.” Use the वार्तिकम् (under 3-2-5 तुन्दशोकयोः परिमृजापनुदोः) मूलविभुजादिभ्यः कः to derive a word for “cloud” (one which bears water – अपो बिभर्ति)।

Easy Questions:

1. Where has the सूत्रम् 6-4-134 अल्लोपोऽनः been used in the verses?

2. In the verses can you spot a इकारान्तं प्रातिपदिकम् (a प्रातिपदिकम् which ends in a इकार:)?

Today we will look at the form गजस्थस्य mGs from श्रीमद्भागवतम् 10.59.21.

शूलं भौमोऽच्युतं हन्तुमाददे वितथोद्यमः । तद्विसर्गात्पूर्वमेव नरकस्य शिरो हरिः । अपाहरद्गजस्थस्य चक्रेण क्षुरनेमिना ।। १०-५९-२१ ।।
सकुण्डलं चारुकिरीटभूषणं बभौ पृथिव्यां पतितं समुज्ज्वलत् । हाहेति साध्वित्यृषयः सुरेश्वरा माल्यैर्मुकुन्दं विकिरन्त ईडिरे ।। १०-५९-२२ ।।

श्रीधर-स्वामि-टीका –
गरुडे वितथोद्यमः सन् शूलं त्रिशूलमाददे धृतवान् ।। २१ ।। २२ ।।

Gita Press translation – His attempt having proved futile, Naraka (son of Mother Earth) picked up a pike with intent to strike at Śrī Kṛṣṇa. (But) before he could discharge it, Śrī Kṛṣṇa with his discus (Sudarśana), which was keen-edged as a razor, lopped up the head of Naraka, who rode on an elephant (21). Fallen on the ground, Naraka’s head, which was accompanied with a pair of ear-rings and adorned with a lovely diadem, shone most resplendent. “Oh, what a pity!” cried his people and “Bravo!” exclaimed the seers; while the chiefs of gods extolled Śrī Kṛṣṇa (the Bestower of Liberation,) covering Him with (a shower of) flowers (22).

गजे तिष्ठतीति गजस्थः।

“स्थ” is a कृदन्त-प्रातिपदिकम् (participle form) derived from the verbal root √स्था (ष्ठा गतिनिवृत्तौ १. १०७७).

The (compound) प्रातिपदिकम् “गजस्थ” is derived as follows:

(1) गज + ङि + स्था + क । By 3-2-4 सुपि स्थः – This rule is split in to two parts. The first part is सुपि – When in composition with a पदम् which ends in a सुप् affix (ref. 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टा..), a verbal root which ends in a आकारः may take the affix “क”। (We don’t need the second part of the सूत्रम् in the present example.)

Note: In the सूत्रम् 3-2-4 (सुपि), the term सुपि ends in the seventh (locative) case. Hence “गज + ङि” gets the उपपद-सञ्ज्ञा here by 3-1-92 तत्रोपपदं सप्तमीस्थम्‌ – The designation उपपदम् is applied to a term which denotes a thing – like a pot etc. – which is present (as the thing to be expressed) in a word ending in the locative case in the सूत्रम्।

(2) गज + ङि + स्था + अ । अनुबन्ध-लोप: by 1-3-8 लशक्वतद्धिते and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

(3) गज + ङि + स्थ् + अ । By 6-4-64 आतो लोप इटि च – The ending आकार: of an अङ्गम् takes लोप: when followed by a vowel-beginning आर्धधातुक-प्रत्यय: that has either: (i) a “इट्”-आगम: or (ii) a ककार: or ङकार: as a इत्।

(4) गज + ङि + स्थ । We form a compound between “गज + ङि” (which is the उपपदम्) and “स्थ” by using the सूत्रम् 2-2-19 उपपदमतिङ् – A सुबन्तम् (term ending in a सुँप् affix) having the designation “उपपद” (in this case “गज + ङि”) invariably compounds with a syntactically related term (in this case “स्थ”) as long as the compound does not end in a तिङ् affix.
In the compound, “गज + ङि” is placed in the prior position as per 2-2-30 उपसर्जनं पूर्वम्‌ – In a compound a term which has the designation “उपसर्जन” should be placed in the prior position. Note: Here “गज + ङि” is the उपपदम् and hence it gets the उपसर्जन-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-2-43 प्रथमानिर्दिष्टं समास उपसर्जनम् – A term denoted by a word (in this case “उपपदम्”) ending in a nominative case in a सूत्रम् (in this case 2-2-19 उपपदमतिङ्) which prescribes a compound gets the designation “उपसर्जन”।
“गज + ङि + स्थ” gets प्रातिपदिक-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-2-46 कृत्तद्धितसमासाश्च – A word form that ends in a कृत्-प्रत्ययः or a तद्धित-प्रत्ययः and so also compounds gets the name प्रातिपदिकम्।

(5) गजस्थ । By 2-4-71 सुपो धातुप्रातिपदिकयोः – A सुँप् affix takes a लुक् elision when it is a part of a धातुः or a प्रातिपदिकम्।

The विवक्षा is पुंलिङ्गे षष्ठी-एकवचनम्।

(6) गजस्थ + ङस् । By 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टाभ्याम्भिस्ङेभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसिँभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसोसाम्ङ्योस्सुप्।

(7) गजस्थस्य । By 7-1-12 टाङसिङसामिनात्स्याः, the “ङस्”-प्रत्यय: it is replaced by “स्य” since it is following an अङ्गम् ending in an अकार:। As per 1-1-55 अनेकाल्शित्सर्वस्य the entire “ङस्”-प्रत्यय: is replaced.

Questions:

1. Where has 3-2-4 सुपि स्थः (used in step 1) been used in the last twenty verses of Chapter Six of the गीता?

2. Commenting on the सूत्रम् 7-1-12 टाङसिङसामिनात्स्याः (used in step 7), the काशिका says – अत इति किम्? सख्या।

3. Where has the सूत्रम् 1-3-20 आङो दोऽनास्यविहरणे been used in the verses?

4. Where has the affix णल् been used in the verses?

5. Which सूत्रम् is used for the “इरे”-आदेश: in the form ईडिरे?

6. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“Look at the rabbit (situated) on the moon.” Use a उपपदसमास: for “(situated) on the moon.”

Easy Questions:

1. Please do पदच्छेद: of साध्वित्यृषयः।

2. Where has the सूत्रम् 7-3-116 ङेराम्नद्याम्नीभ्यः been used in the verses?

Today we will look at the form द्विपाः mNp from श्रीमद्भागवतम् 11.30.15.

पतत्पताकै रथकुञ्जरादिभिः खरोष्ट्रगोभिर्महिषैर्नरैरपि । मिथः समेत्याश्वतरैः सुदुर्मदा न्यहञ्छरैर्दद्भिरिव द्विपा वने ।। ११-३०-१५ ।।
प्रद्युम्नसाम्बौ युधि रूढमत्सरावक्रूरभोजावनिरुद्धसात्यकी । सुभद्रसङ्ग्रामजितौ सुदारुणौ गदौ सुमित्रासुरथौ समीयतुः ।। ११-३०-१६ ।।

श्रीधर-स्वामि-टीका –
पतन्त्य इतस्ततश्चलन्त्यः पताका येषु तै रथादिभिर्मिथः समेत्य न्यहन्न्यघ्नन्नित्यर्थः । दद्भिर्दन्तैरिव ।। १५ ।। मिथः समेत्येत्यस्य प्रपञ्चः – प्रद्युम्नेत्यादिचतुर्भिः । गदौ श्रीकृष्णस्य भ्राता एकः, पुत्रश्चापरस्तौ । सुमित्रासुरथाविति दैर्घ्यमार्षम् । असुरथनामा वा कश्चित् ।। १६ ।।

Gita Press translation – Closing with one another in chariots and on elephants etc., as well as on (the back of) donkeys, camels, bulls, buffaloes and mules and men, bearing ensigns that fluttered in the breeze, the highly intoxicated warriors hit one another with arrows even as elephants in a forest would strike one another with their tusks (15). Pradyumna closed on the battle-field with Sāmba, Akrūra with Bhoja, Aniruddha with Sātyaki, Subhadra with Saṅgrāmajit, Gada (Śrī Kṛṣṇa’s brother) with Śrī Kṛṣṇa’s son of the same name and Sumitra with Āśuratha. All the pairs looked very fierce, their rancor having grown very intense (16).

द्वाभ्यां पिबतीति द्विपः।

“प” is a कृदन्त-प्रातिपदिकम् (participle form) derived from the verbal root √पा (पा पाने १. १०७४).

The (compound) प्रातिपदिकम् “द्विप” is derived as follows:

(1) द्वि + भ्याम् + पा + क । By 3-2-4 सुपि स्थः – This rule is split in to two parts. The first part is सुपि – When in composition with a पदम् which ends in a सुप् affix (ref. 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टा..), a verbal root which ends in a आकारः may take the affix “क”। (We don’t need the second part of the सूत्रम् in the present example.)

Note: In the सूत्रम् 3-2-4 (सुपि), the term सुपि ends in the seventh (locative) case. Hence “द्वि + भ्याम्” gets the उपपद-सञ्ज्ञा here by 3-1-92 तत्रोपपदं सप्तमीस्थम्‌ – The designation उपपदम् is applied to a term which denotes a thing – like a pot etc. – which is present (as the thing to be expressed) in a word ending in the locative case in the सूत्रम्।

(2) द्वि + भ्याम् + पा + अ । अनुबन्ध-लोप: by 1-3-8 लशक्वतद्धिते and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

(3) द्वि + भ्याम् + प् + अ । By 6-4-64 आतो लोप इटि च – The ending आकार: of an अङ्गम् takes लोप: when followed by a vowel-beginning आर्धधातुक-प्रत्यय: that has either: (i) a “इट्”-आगम: or (ii) a ककार: or ङकार: as a इत्।

(4) द्वि + भ्याम् + प । We form a compound between “द्वि + भ्याम्” (which is the उपपदम्) and “प” by using the सूत्रम् 2-2-19 उपपदमतिङ् – A सुबन्तम् (term ending in a सुँप् affix) having the designation “उपपद” (in this case “द्वि + भ्याम्”) invariably compounds with a syntactically related term (in this case “प”) as long as the compound does not end in a तिङ् affix.
In the compound, “द्वि + भ्याम्” is placed in the prior position as per 2-2-30 उपसर्जनं पूर्वम्‌ – In a compound a term which has the designation “उपसर्जन” should be placed in the prior position. Note: Here “द्वि + भ्याम्” is the उपपदम् and hence it gets the उपसर्जन-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-2-43 प्रथमानिर्दिष्टं समास उपसर्जनम् – A term denoted by a word (in this case “उपपदम्”) ending in a nominative case in a सूत्रम् (in this case 2-2-19 उपपदमतिङ्) which prescribes a compound gets the designation “उपसर्जन”।
“द्वि + भ्याम् + प” gets प्रातिपदिक-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-2-46 कृत्तद्धितसमासाश्च – A word form that ends in a कृत्-प्रत्ययः or a तद्धित-प्रत्ययः and so also compounds gets the name प्रातिपदिकम्।

(5) द्विप । By 2-4-71 सुपो धातुप्रातिपदिकयोः – A सुँप् affix takes a लुक् elision when it is a part of a धातुः or a प्रातिपदिकम्।

The विवक्षा is पुंलिङ्गे प्रथमा-बहुवचनम्।

(6) द्विप + जस् । By 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टाभ्याम्भिस्ङेभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसिँभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसोसाम्ङ्योस्सुप्।

(7) द्विप + अस् । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-7 चुटू and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः। 1-3-4 न विभक्तौ तुस्माः prevents the ending सकारः of “जस्” from getting इत्-सञ्ज्ञा।

(8) द्विपास् । 6-1-102 प्रथमयो: पूर्वसवर्ण: – When an अक् letter is followed by a vowel (अच्) of the first (nominative) or second (accusative) case then for the two of them (अक् + अच्) there is a single substitute which is the elongated form of the first member (the अक् letter.)

(9) द्विपाः । रुँत्व-विसर्गौ by 8-2-66 ससजुषो रुः and 8-3-15 खरवसानयोर्विसर्जनीयः।

Questions:

1. Where has the सूत्रम् 3-2-4 सुपि स्थः (used in step 1) been used in the first ten verses of Chapter Seventeen of the गीता?

2. Commenting on the सूत्रम् 3-2-4 सुपि स्थः, the तत्त्वबोधिनी says सुबिति प्रत्याहारो गृह्यते, न तु सप्तमीबहुवचम्। Please explain.

3. Commenting on the सूत्रम् 3-2-4 सुपि स्थः, the काशिका says इत उत्तरं कर्मणीति च सुपीति च द्वयमप्यनुवर्तते। तत्र सकर्मकेषु धातुषु कर्मणीत्येतदुपतिष्ठते। अन्यत्र सुपीति। Please explain.

4. Which सूत्रम् is used for the घकारादेश: in the form न्यघ्नन् (used in the commentary)?

5. From which verbal root is समीयतुः derived?

6. How would you say this in this Sanskrit?
“An elephant drinks with his (own) trunk and mouth.”

Easy Questions:

1. Please list the steps in the सन्धि-कार्यम् between  न्यहन् + शरै: =  न्यहञ्छरै:।

2. Can you spot a place in the verses where a रेफ: (the letter ‘र्’) has been elided (लोप:)?

Today we will look at the form पुरुषादैः mIp from श्रीमद्भागवतम् 5.26.13.

एवमेव महारौरवो यत्र निपतितं पुरुषं क्रव्यादा नाम रुरवस्तं क्रव्येण घातयन्ति यः केवलं देहम्भरः ।। ५-२६-१२ ।।
यस्त्विह वा उग्रः पशून्पक्षिणो वा प्राणत उपरन्धयति तमपकरुणं पुरुषादैरपि विगर्हितममुत्र यमानुचराः कुम्भीपाके तप्ततैले उपरन्धयन्ति ।। ५-२६-१३ ।।

श्रीधर-स्वामि-टीका –
क्रव्येण निमित्तेन मांसार्थमित्यर्थः ।। १२ ।। प्राणतः सजीवान् उपरन्धयति पचति । अपकरुणं निष्कृपम् ।। १३ ।।

Gita Press translation – Quite similar is (the hell called) Mahāraurava (a class of Rurus), called Kravyādas (fleeaters, so-called because of their being carnivorous by nature) kill for the sake of flesh the man who solely nourishes (here) his own body (hating others,) and (consequently) falls into that region (12). Again, in (the hell called) Kumbhīpāka in the region, the servants of Yama fry in boiling oil that merciless fellow, censured even by the Rākṣasas (those feeding on the human flesh,) who is actually so cruel as to cook the beasts and birds alive (13).

पुरुषानत्तीति पुरुषादः।

“आद” is a कृदन्त-प्रातिपदिकम् (participle form) derived from the verbal root √अद् (अदादि-गणः, अदँ भक्षणे २. १).

The (compound) प्रातिपदिकम् “पुरुषाद” is derived as follows:

(1) पुरुष + आम् (ref: 2-3-65 कर्तृकर्मणोः कृति) + अद् + अण् । By 3-2-1 कर्मण्यण् – The affix “अण्” may be used after a verbal root when in composition with a पदम् which denotes the object (of the action.) Note: In the सूत्रम् 3-2-1 कर्मण्यण्, the term कर्मणि ends in the seventh (locative) case. Hence “पुरुष + आम्” (which is the object (कर्म-पदम्) of अत्ति) gets the उपपद-सञ्ज्ञा here by 3-1-92 तत्रोपपदं सप्तमीस्थम्‌ – The designation उपपदम् is applied to a term which denotes a thing – like a pot etc. – which is present (as the thing to be expressed) in a word ending in the locative case in the सूत्रम्।
Note: The affix आम् is used here as per 2-3-65 कर्तृकर्मणोः कृति – To express the agent or the object (of an action), a nominal stem takes a sixth case affix when the nominal stem is used in conjunction with a term which ends in a कृत् affix. (This is what is called as कृद्योगे षष्ठी)।

(2) पुरुष + आम् + अद् + अ । अनुबन्ध-लोप: by 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम् and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

(3) पुरुष + आम् + आद् + अ । By 7-2-116 अत उपधायाः – A penultimate (उपधा) अकार: of a अङ्गम् gets वृद्धिः as the substitute when followed by a प्रत्ययः which is a ञित् or a णित्।

(4) पुरुष + आम् + आद । We form a compound between “पुरुष + आम्” (which is the उपपदम्) and “आद” by using the सूत्रम् 2-2-19 उपपदमतिङ् – A सुबन्तम् (term ending in a सुँप् affix) having the designation “उपपद” (in this case “पुरुष + आम्”)  invariably compounds with a syntactically related term (in this case “आद”) as long as the compound does not end in a तिङ् affix.

In the compound, “पुरुष + आम्” is placed in the prior position as per 2-2-30 उपसर्जनं पूर्वम्‌ – In a compound a term which has the designation “उपसर्जन” should be placed in the prior position. Note: Here “पुरुष + आम्” is the उपपदम् and hence it gets the उपसर्जन-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-2-43 प्रथमानिर्दिष्टं समास उपसर्जनम् – A term denoted by a word (in this case “उपपदम्”) ending in a nominative case in a सूत्रम् (in this case 2-2-19 उपपदमतिङ्) which prescribes a compound gets the designation “उपसर्जन”।

“पुरुष आम् + आद” gets प्रातिपदिक-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-2-46 कृत्तद्धितसमासाश्च – A word form that ends in a कृत्-प्रत्ययः or a तद्धित-प्रत्ययः and so also compounds get the name प्रातिपदिकम्।

(5) पुरुष + आद । By 2-4-71 सुपो धातुप्रातिपदिकयोः – A सुँप् affix takes a लुक् elision when it is a part of a धातुः or a प्रातिपदिकम्।

(6) पुरुषाद । By 6-1-101 अकः सवर्णे दीर्घः।

The विवक्षा is पुंलिङ्गे, तृतीया-बहुवचनम्।

(7) पुरुषाद + भिस् । By 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टाभ्याम्भिस्ङेभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसिँभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसोसाम्ङ्योस्सुप्। 1-3-4 न विभक्तौ तुस्माः prevents the ending सकारः of “भिस्” from getting इत्-सञ्ज्ञा।

(8) पुरुषाद + ऐस् । By 7-1-9 अतो भिस ऐस् – Following a अङ्गम् ending in a अकार:, the affix “भिस्” is replaced by “ऐस्”।

(9) पुरुषादैस् । By 6-1-88 वृद्धिरेचि।

(10) पुरुषादैः । रुँत्व-विसर्गौ by 8-2-66 ससजुषो रुः and 8-3-15 खरवसानयोर्विसर्जनीयः।

Questions:

1. Commenting on the सूत्रम् 3-2-1 कर्मण्यण् (used in step 1), the सिद्धान्तकौमुदी says – आदित्यं पश्यतीत्यादावनभिधानान्न। Please explain.

2. Where else (besides in पुरुषादैः) has 3-2-1 कर्मण्यण् been used in the verses?

3. Can you recall a सूत्रम् (which we have studied) which is a अपवाद: for 3-2-1 कर्मण्यण्?

4. From which verbal root is घातयन्ति derived?

5. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“This tiger is not a man-eater.”

Advanced question:

1. Can you find the सूत्रम् which prescribes the augment नुँम् in the form उपरन्धयति? We have not studied this सूत्रम् in the class. Hint: The topic of the augment नुँम् runs in the अष्टाध्यायी from 7-1-58 इदितो नुम् धातोः down to 7-1-83 दृक्स्ववस्स्वतवसां छन्दसि ।

Easy questions:

1. Can you spot a place in the verses where the सन्धि-कार्यम् has not been done?

2. Where has the सूत्रम् 6-1-103 तस्माच्छसो नः पुंसि been used in the verses?

Today we will look at the form कृतज्ञः mNs from श्रीमद्भागवतम् 4.31.22.

न भजति कुमनीषिणां स इज्यां हरिरधनात्मधनप्रियो रसज्ञः । श्रुतधनकुलकर्मणां मदैर्ये विदधति पापमकिञ्चनेषु सत्सु ।। ४-३१-२१ ।।
श्रियमनुचरतीं तदर्थिनश्च द्विपदपतीन्विबुधांश्च यत्स्वपूर्णः । न भजति निजभृत्यवर्गतन्त्रः कथममुमुद्विसृजेत्पुमान्कृतज्ञः ।। ४-३१-२२ ।।

श्रीधर-स्वामि-टीका –
सतामेव वश्योऽसावसतां तु पूजामपि न गृह्णातीत्याह – नेति । कुमनीषिणां कुत्सितमतीनाम् । अधनाश्च भगवद्धनास्ते प्रिया यस्य । रसज्ञो भक्तिसुखज्ञः । के कुमनीषिणस्तानाह । श्रुतादिनिमित्तैर्मदैर्ये सत्सु पापं तिरस्कारं कुर्वन्ति ।। २१ ।। भक्ताधीनत्वं प्रपञ्चयन्नाह । अनुवर्तमानामपि श्रियं तदर्थिनः सकामान् द्विपदपतीन्नरेन्द्रान्विबुधान् देवानपि यो नानुवर्तते । यतः स्वेनैव पूर्णोऽतः स्वभृत्यवर्गानुरक्त एव । एवंभूतममुमुत् ईषदपि कथं परित्यजेत् ।। २२ ।।

Gita Press translation – Śrī Hari, who loves the destitute looking upon Him as their (only) wealth, and knows the bliss inherent in Devotion, does not accept the worship of those foolish men who through their pride of learning, affluence, pedigree and (remarkable) deeds show disrespect to such destitute devotees (21). How can a man who has any sense of gratitude in him give up even for a while (the thought of) Him who has no regard (even) for Śrī (the goddess of beauty and prosperity and His own Consort) – even though She (ever) waits on Him – much less for kings (rulers of men) and gods seeking Her favor – inasmuch as He is perfect in Himself – but who is (nonetheless) subject to the will of His servants? (22)

कृतं जानातीति कृतज्ञः।

“ज्ञ” is a कृदन्त-प्रातिपदिकम् (participle form) derived from the verbal root √ज्ञा (क्र्यादि-गणः, ज्ञा अवबोधने, धातु-पाठः # ९. ४३) – in composition with “कृत”।

The (compound) प्रातिपदिकम् “कृतज्ञ” is derived as follows:

(1) कृत + ङस् (ref: 2-3-65 कर्तृकर्मणोः कृति) + ज्ञा + क । By 3-2-3 आतोऽनुपसर्गे कः – When in composition with a पदम् which denotes the object (of the action) a verbal root which ends in a आकारः may take the affix “क” as long as there is no उपसर्गः (ref: 1-4-59 उपसर्गाः क्रियायोगे) associated with the verbal root. Note: The affix “क” (prescribed by this सूत्रम्) is an exception to the affix “अण्” prescribed by 3-2-1 कर्मण्यण्।
Note: The term कर्मणि (which comes as अनुवृत्ति: in to the सूत्रम् 3-2-3 आतोऽनुपसर्गे कः from the सूत्रम् 3-2-1 कर्मण्यण्) ends in the seventh (locative) case. Hence “कृत + ङस्” (which is the object (कर्म-पदम्) of जानाति) gets the उपपद-सञ्ज्ञा here by 3-1-92 तत्रोपपदं सप्तमीस्थम्‌ – The designation उपपदम् is applied to a term which denotes a thing – like a pot etc. – which is present (as the thing to be expressed) in a word ending in the locative case in the सूत्रम्।
Note: The affix “ङस्” is used here as per 2-3-65 कर्तृकर्मणोः कृति – To express the agent or the object (of an action), a nominal stem takes a sixth case affix when the nominal stem is used in conjunction with a term which ends in a कृत् affix. (This is what is called as कृद्योगे षष्ठी)।

(2) कृत + ङस् + ज्ञा + अ । अनुबन्ध-लोप: by 1-3-8 लशक्वतद्धिते and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

(3) कृत + ङस् + ज्ञ् + अ । By 6-4-64 आतो लोप इटि च – The ending आकार: of an अङ्गम् takes लोप: when followed by a vowel-beginning आर्धधातुक-प्रत्यय: that has either: (i) a “इट्”-आगम: or (ii) a ककार: or ङकार: as a इत्।

(4) कृत + ङस् + ज्ञ । We form a compound between “कृत + ङस्” (which is the उपपदम्) and “ज्ञ” by using the सूत्रम् 2-2-19 उपपदमतिङ् – A सुबन्तम् (term ending in a सुँप् affix) having the designation “उपपद” (in this case “कृत + ङस्”) invariably compounds with a syntactically related term (in this case “ज्ञ”) as long as the compound does not end in a तिङ् affix.
In the compound, “कृत + ङस्” is placed in the prior position as per 2-2-30 उपसर्जनं पूर्वम्‌ – In a compound a term which has the designation “उपसर्जन” should be placed in the prior position. Note: Here “कृत + ङस्” is the उपपदम् and hence it gets the उपसर्जन-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-2-43 प्रथमानिर्दिष्टं समास उपसर्जनम् – A term denoted by a word (in this case “उपपदम्”) ending in a nominative case in a सूत्रम् (in this case 2-2-19 उपपदमतिङ्) which prescribes a compound gets the designation “उपसर्जन”। “कृत + ङस् + ज्ञ” gets प्रातिपदिक-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-2-46 कृत्तद्धितसमासाश्च – A word form that ends in a कृत्-प्रत्ययः or a तद्धित-प्रत्ययः and so also compounds get the name प्रातिपदिकम्।

(5) कृतज्ञ । By 2-4-71 सुपो धातुप्रातिपदिकयोः – A सुँप् affix takes a लुक् elision when it is a part of a धातुः or a प्रातिपदिकम्।

The विवक्षा is पुंलिङ्गे, प्रथमा-एकवचनम्।

(6) कृतज्ञ + सुँ । By 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टाभ्याम्भिस्ङेभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसिँभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसोसाम्ङ्योस्सुप्।

(7) कृतज्ञ + स् । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत्, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

(8) कृतज्ञ: । रुँत्व-विसर्गौ by 8-2-66 ससजुषो रुः and 8-3-15 खरवसानयोर्विसर्जनीयः।

Questions:

1. In the first verse of which chapter of the गीता has the सूत्रम् 3-2-3 आतोऽनुपसर्गे कः been used?

2. Where else (besides in कृतज्ञ:) in the verses has the the सूत्रम् 3-2-3 आतोऽनुपसर्गे कः been used?

3. Which सूत्रम् is used to derive the प्रातिपदिकम् “प्रिय”?

4. Can you spot the affix “झि” in the verses?

5. Why doesn’t the सूत्रम् 8-2-77 हलि च apply in कुर्वन्ति (used in the commentary)?

6. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“No one knows everything.” Paraphrase to “No one is a knower of everything.”

Easy Questions:

1. Where has the सर्वनाम-प्रातिपदिकम् “अदस्” been used in the verses?

2. Can you spot the affix शप् in the verses?

Today we will look at the form धनदम् mAs from श्रीमद्भागवतम् 9.2.32.

तं भेजेऽलम्बुषा देवी भजनीयगुणालयम् । वराप्सरा यतः पुत्राः कन्या चेडविडाभवत् ।। ९-२-३१ ।।
तस्यामुत्पादयामास विश्रवा धनदं सुतम् । प्रादाय विद्यां परमामृषिर्योगेश्वरात् पितुः ।। ९-२-३२ ।।

श्रीधर-स्वामि-टीका –
यतो यस्यां तृणबिन्दोः पुत्रा अभवन् ।। ३१ ।। ३२ ।।

Gita Press translation – A heavenly damsel, Alambuṣā, the foremost of the celestial nymphs, chose for her husband Tṛṇabindu, who was a repository of qualities worth acquiring. From their union were born a number of sons as well as a girl Iḍaviḍā (by name) (31). Through her the sage Viśravā begot a son in the person of the god Kubera (the lord and bestower of riches) after receiving the highest knowledge (of the Self or of Brahma) from his father, the sage Pulastya (a mind-born son of Brahmā and a master of Yoga) (32).

धनं ददातीति धनदः।

“द” is a कृदन्त-प्रातिपदिकम् (participle form) derived from the verbal root √दा (जुहोत्यादि-गणः, डुदाञ् दाने, धातु-पाठः #३. १०).

The (compound) प्रातिपदिकम् “धनद” is derived as follows:

(1) धन + ङस् (ref: 2-3-65 कर्तृकर्मणोः कृति) + दा + क । By 3-2-3 आतोऽनुपसर्गे कः – When in composition with a पदम् which denotes the object (of the action) a verbal root which ends in a आकारः may take the affix “क” as long as there is no उपसर्गः (ref: 1-4-59 उपसर्गाः क्रियायोगे) associated with the verbal root. Note: The affix “क” (prescribed by this सूत्रम्) is an exception to the affix “अण्” prescribed by 3-2-1 कर्मण्यण्।

Note: In the सूत्रम् 3-2-3 आतोऽनुपसर्गे कः, the term कर्मणि (which comes as अनुवृत्ति: in to the सूत्रम् 3-2-3 आतोऽनुपसर्गे कः from the सूत्रम् 3-2-1 कर्मण्यण्) ends in the seventh (locative) case. Hence “धन + ङस्” (which is the object (कर्म-पदम्) of ददाति) gets the उपपद-सञ्ज्ञा here by 3-1-92 तत्रोपपदं सप्तमीस्थम्‌ – The designation उपपदम् is applied to a term which denotes a thing – like a pot etc. – which is present (as the thing to be expressed) in a word ending in the locative case in the सूत्रम्।
Note: The affix “ङस्” is used here as per 2-3-65 कर्तृकर्मणोः कृति – To express the agent or the object (of an action), a nominal stem takes a sixth case affix when the nominal stem is used in conjunction with a term which ends in a कृत् affix. (This is what is called as कृद्योगे षष्ठी)।

(2) धन + ङस् + दा + अ । अनुबन्ध-लोप: by 1-3-8 लशक्वतद्धिते and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

(3) धन + ङस् + द् + अ । By 6-4-64 आतो लोप इटि च – The ending आकार: of an अङ्गम् takes लोप: when followed by a vowel-beginning आर्धधातुक-प्रत्यय: that has either:
(i) a “इट्”-आगम: or (ii) a ककार: or ङकार: as an इत्।

(4) धन + ङस् + द । We form a compound between “धन + ङस्” (which is the उपपदम्) and “द” by using the सूत्रम् 2-2-19 उपपदमतिङ् – A सुबन्तम् (term ending in a सुँप् affix) having the designation “उपपद” (in this case “धन + ङस्”) invariably compounds with a syntactically related term (in this case “द”) as long as the compound does not end in a तिङ् affix.

In the compound, “धन + ङस्” is placed in the prior position as per 2-2-30 उपसर्जनं पूर्वम्‌ – In a compound a term which has the designation “उपसर्जन” should be placed in the prior position. Note: Here “धन + ङस्” is the उपपदम् and hence it gets the उपसर्जन-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-2-43 प्रथमानिर्दिष्टं समास उपसर्जनम् – A term denoted by a word (in this case “उपपदम्”) ending in a nominative case in a सूत्रम् (in this case 2-2-19 उपपदमतिङ्) which prescribes a compound gets the designation “उपसर्जन”।

“धन + ङस् + द” gets प्रातिपदिक-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-2-46 कृत्तद्धितसमासाश्च – A word form that ends in a कृत्-प्रत्ययः or a तद्धित-प्रत्ययः and so also compounds get the name प्रातिपदिकम्।

(5) धनद । By 2-4-71 सुपो धातुप्रातिपदिकयोः – A सुँप् affix takes a लुक् elision when it is a part of a धातुः or a प्रातिपदिकम्।

The विवक्षा is पुंलिङ्गे, द्वितीया-एकवचनम्।

(6) धनद + अम् । By 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टाभ्याम्भिस्ङेभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसिँभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसोसाम्ङ्योस्सुप्। 1-3-4 न विभक्तौ तुस्माः prevents the ending मकारः of “अम्” from getting इत्-सञ्ज्ञा ।

(7) धनदम् । By 6-1-107 अमि पूर्वः – In place of a preceding अक् letter and the following vowel (अच्) belonging to the affix “अम्” there is a single substitute of that preceding अक् letter.

Questions:

1. Where has the सूत्रम् 3-2-3 आतोऽनुपसर्गे कः (used in step 1) been used in Chapter Nine of the गीता?

2. Commenting on the सूत्रम् 3-2-3 आतोऽनुपसर्गे कः, the सिद्धान्तकौमुदी says अनुपसर्गे किम्? गोसंदाय:। Please explain.

3. Which सूत्रम् is used for the अभ्यासलोप: in भेजे?

4. In the verses, in which प्रातिपदिकम् (used as part of a compound) has a कृत्य-प्रत्यय: been used?

5. Can you spot the affix णिच् in a तिङन्तं पदम् in the verses?

6. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“May Kubera make you rich.” In this sentence “May” has been used in the sense of a blessing. So use a आशीर्लिँङ् form of √कृ (डुकृञ् करणे, # ८. १०) to express the meaning of “May make.” Use the adjective प्रातिपदिकम् “धनवत्” for “rich.”

Easy Questions:

1. Where has the सूत्रम् 6-1-111 ऋत उत्‌ been used in the verses?

2. In the verses, can you spot two प्रातिपदिके which end in a सकार:?

 

Today we will look at the form नृशंसम् nAs from श्रीमद्भागवतम् 6.11.13

न सन्नवाहाय विषण्णचेतसे प्रायुङ्क्त भूयः स गदां महात्मा । इन्द्रोऽमृतस्यन्दिकराभिमर्शवीतव्यथक्षतवाहोऽवतस्थे ।। ६-११-१२ ।।
स तं नृपेन्द्राहवकाम्यया रिपुं वज्रायुधं भ्रातृहणं विलोक्य । स्मरंश्च तत्कर्म नृशंसमंहः शोकेन मोहेन हसन्जगाद ।। ६-११-१३ ।।

श्रीधर-स्वामि-टीका –
सन्नोऽवसन्नो वाहो यस्य तस्मै न प्रायुङ्क्त । अमृतस्यन्दी अमृतस्रावी यः स्वकरस्तेनाभिमर्शः स्पर्शस्तेन वीतव्यथो गतदुःखः क्षतो वाहो यस्येन्द्रस्य स तथाभूतोऽवतस्थे ।। १२ ।। स वृत्रः हे नृपेन्द्र, आहवकाम्यया युद्धेच्छयावस्थितम् । भ्रातृहणं भ्राता विश्वरूपस्तस्य हन्तारम् । नृशंसं क्रूरं तदेवांहः पापं तस्य कर्म स्मरन् ।। १३ ।।

Gita Press translation – That noble soul (Vṛtra) did not aim the mace for a second time at Indra, who felt dejected in mind and whose elephant was stunned (with the blow.) (Meanwhile,) O king of kings, Indra, whose wounded elephant was rid of its pain by the (very) touch of his hand, that shed drops of nectar, stood (once more) before Vṛtra (12). Seeing the aforesaid Indra (his own enemy and) the slayer of his (elder) brother (Viśwarūpa,) standing (before him) armed with the thunderbolt and seeking a (single) combat with him, O king of kings, Vṛtra was filled with grief and infatuation as he recollected that cruel and sinful deed of his adversary, and spoke laughing (13).

नॄञ्शंसतीति नृशंसः।

“शंस” is a कृदन्त-प्रातिपदिकम् (participle form) derived from the verbal root √शंस् (शंसुँ स्तुतौ | दुर्गतावपीत्येके (इति दुर्गः)१. ८२९). Note: This verbal root has been used here in the sense of हिंसायाम्।

The (compound) प्रातिपदिकम् “नृशंस” is derived as follows:

(1) नृ + आम् (ref: 2-3-65 कर्तृकर्मणोः कृति) + शंस् + अण् । By 3-2-1 कर्मण्यण् – The affix “अण्” may be used after a verbal root when in composition with a पदम् which denotes the object (of the action.) Note: In the सूत्रम् 3-2-1 कर्मण्यण्, the term कर्मणि ends in the seventh (locative) case. Hence “नृ + आम्” (which is the object (कर्म-पदम्) of शंसति) gets the उपपद-सञ्ज्ञा here by 3-1-92 तत्रोपपदं सप्तमीस्थम्‌ – The designation उपपदम् is applied to a term which denotes a thing – like a pot etc. – which is present (as the thing to be expressed) in a word ending in the locative case in the सूत्रम्।
Note: The affix आम् is used here as per 2-3-65 कर्तृकर्मणोः कृति – To express the agent or the object (of an action), a nominal stem takes a sixth case affix when the nominal stem is used in conjunction with a term which ends in a कृत् affix. (This is what is called as कृद्योगे षष्ठी)।

(2) नृ + आम् +शंस । अनुबन्ध-लोप: by 1-3-7 चुटू and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

(3) नृ + आम् + शंस । We form a compound between “नृ + आम्” (which is the उपपदम्) and “शंस” by using the सूत्रम् 2-2-19 उपपदमतिङ् – A सुबन्तम् (term ending in a सुँप् affix) having the designation “उपपद” (in this case “नृ + आम्”)  invariably compounds with a syntactically related term (in this case “शंस”) as long as the compound does not end in a तिङ् affix.

In the compound, “नृ + आम्” is placed in the prior position as per 2-2-30 उपसर्जनं पूर्वम्‌ – In a compound a term which has the designation “उपसर्जन” should be placed in the prior position. Note: Here “नृ + आम्” is the उपपदम् and hence it gets the उपसर्जन-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-2-43 प्रथमानिर्दिष्टं समास उपसर्जनम् – A term denoted by a word (in this case “उपपदम्”) ending in a nominative case in a सूत्रम् (in this case 2-2-19 उपपदमतिङ्) which prescribes a compound gets the designation “उपसर्जन”।

“नृ आम् + शंस” gets प्रातिपदिक-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-2-46 कृत्तद्धितसमासाश्च – A word form that ends in a कृत्-प्रत्ययः or a तद्धित-प्रत्ययः and so also compounds get the name प्रातिपदिकम्।

(4) नृशंस । By 2-4-71 सुपो धातुप्रातिपदिकयोः – A सुँप् affix takes a लुक् elision when it is a part of a धातुः or a प्रातिपदिकम्।

The विवक्षा is नपुंसकलिङ्गे, द्वितीया-एकवचनम्।

(5) नृशंस + अम् । By 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टाभ्याम्भिस्ङेभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसिँभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसोसाम्ङ्योस्सुप्।

(6) नृशंस + अम् । By 7-1-24 अतोऽम् – The affixes “सुँ” and “अम्” that follow a neuter अङ्गम् ending in the short vowel “अ” take “अम्” as their replacement. 1-3-4 न विभक्तौ तुस्माः prevents the ending मकार: of “अम्” from getting the इत्-सञ्ज्ञा।

(7) नृशंसम् । By 6-1-107 अमि पूर्वः – In place of a preceding अक् letter and the following vowel (अच्) belonging to the affix “अम्” there is a single substitute of that preceding अक् letter.

Questions:

1. Commenting on the सूत्रम् 2-2-19 उपपदमतिङ्, the सिद्धान्तकौमुदी says – अतिङ्ग्रहणं ज्ञापयति सुपेत्येतन्नेहानुवर्तत इति। Please explain.

2. Which सूत्रम् is used for the affix “काम्यच्” in the word आहवकाम्यया?

3. Where has the सूत्रम् 1-3-22 समवप्रविभ्यः स्थः been used in the verses?

4. Can you spot the affix “श्नम्” in the verses?

5. Can you spot the affix “तृच्” in the commentary?

6. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“Where there is smoke there must be fire.” Paraphrase to “Where smoke is there fire must be.” Use the अव्ययम् “एव” to express the meaning of “must.” Use a उपपद-समास: for “fire” = “one who bears (carries) the oblation.” (हव्यं वहति)।

Easy Questions:

1. Which सूत्रम् is used for the णकारादेश: in the word भ्रातृहणम्?

2. Can you spot a place in the verses where a सन्धि-कार्यम् has not been done?

Today we will look at the form गृहेषु nLp from श्रीमद्भागवतम् 10.60.44

तं त्वानुरूपमभजं जगतामधीशमात्मानमत्र च परत्र च कामपूरम् । स्यान्मे तवाङ्घ्रिररणं सृतिभिर्भ्रमन्त्या यो वै भजन्तमुपयात्यनृतापवर्गः ।। १०-६०-४३ ।।
तस्याः स्युरच्युत नृपा भवतोपदिष्टाः स्त्रीणां गृहेषु खरगोश्वविडालभृत्याः । यत्कर्णमूलमरिकर्षण नोपयायाद् युष्मत्कथा मृडविरिञ्चसभासु गीता ।। १०-६०-४४ ।।

श्रीधर-स्वामि-टीका –
अतस्त्वामेवाहमभजमित्याह – तं त्वेति । किंच प्रार्थयते – स्यादिति । अरणं शरणम् । सृतिभिर्देवतिर्यगादिभिर्जन्मभिः । पाठान्तरे त्वर्थवादबहुलकर्मश्रवणैरित्यर्थः । कथंभूतस्य तव । यस्त्वमनृतस्य संसारस्यापवर्गो नाशो यस्मात्स भजन्तमुपयात्यात्मसात्करोति तस्य तवाङ्घ्रिरिति । भीतस्य हि शरणमेवानुरूपं भजनयोग्यमतस्त्वामहमभजमित्यर्थः ।। ४३ ।। ये चोक्ता राज्ञां बहवो गुणा ‘राजपुत्रीप्सिता भूपैर्लोकपालविभूतिभिः’ इत्यादिना तत्र सेर्ष्यं सशापं साङ्गुलिभङगं चाह द्वाभ्याम् – तस्याः स्युरिति । खरा इव केवलं भारवाहा गावो बलिवर्दा इव नित्यं व्यापारक्लिष्टाः, श्वान इवावमताः, बिडाला इव कृपणा हिंस्राश्च, भृत्या इव किंकरा नृपास्तस्या दुर्भाग्याः पतयः स्युः । यस्याः कर्णपथं त्वत्कथा न प्राप्नुयादिति ।। ४४ ।।

Gita Press translation – I have sought as my befitting partner You, who are the suzerain lord of the universe, (nay,) my own Self and the granter of (all) desired boons both here as well as hereafter. May Your feet, which seek him who worships You and release him from the deceptive cycle of births and deaths, prove to be an asylum to me, who have been wandering through (repeated) births (43). O infallible One, O Destroyer of foes, let the kings (Śiśupāla and others) suggested by You be the choice of that woman into whose ears has not entered a lay pertaining to You and sung in the courts of Śiva and Brahmā. Within their homes those kings behave towards the ladies like a donkey, an ox, a dog, a cat and a slave (44).

गृह्णाति (धान्यादिकम्) इति गृहम्।

“गृह” is a कृदन्त-प्रातिपदिकम् (participle form) derived from the verbal root √ग्रह् (ग्रहँ उपादाने ९.७१).

The प्रातिपदिकम् “गृह” is derived as follows:

(1) ग्रह् + क । By 3-1-144 गेहे कः – The affix ‘क’ is used following the verbal root √ग्रह् (ग्रहँ उपादाने ९. ७१) when the agent (of the action) denotes a house.

(2) ग्रह् + अ । अनुबन्ध-लोप: by 1-3-8 लशक्वतद्धिते and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः। Note: The affix ‘क’ is a कित् (has the letter ‘क्’ as a इत्)। This allows 6-1-16 ग्रहिज्यावयिव्यधिवष्टिविचतिवृश्चतिपृच्छतिभृज्जतीनां ङिति च to apply in the next step.

(3) ग् ऋ अ ह् + अ । By 6-1-16 ग्रहिज्यावयिव्यधिवष्टिविचतिवृश्चतिपृच्छतिभृज्जतीनां ङिति च – The verbal roots √ग्रह (ग्रहँ उपादाने ९. ७१), √ज्या (ज्या वयोहानौ ९. ३४), √वय् (वयँ गतौ १. ५४७), √व्यध् (व्यधँ ताडने ४. ७८), √वश् (वशँ कान्तौ २. ७५), √व्यच् (व्यचँ व्याजीकरणे ६. १३), √व्रश्च् (ओँव्रश्चूँ छेदने ६. १२), √प्रच्छ् (प्रच्छँ ज्ञीप्सायाम् ६.१४९) and √भ्रस्ज् (भ्रस्जँ पाके ६. ४) take सम्प्रसारणम् (ref. 1-1-45 इग्यणः सम्प्रसारणम्) when followed by an affix which is a कित् or a ङित्।

(4) गृह । By 6-1-108 सम्प्रसारणाच्च – When a सम्प्रसारणम् is followed by a अच् (vowel), there is a single replacement (in place of both the सम्प्रसारणम् and the following अच्) of the prior letter (the सम्प्रसारणम्)।

“गृह” gets प्रातिपदिक-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-2-46 कृत्तद्धितसमासाश्च। It is a नपुंसकलिङ्ग-प्रातिपदिकम्।

The विवक्षा is सप्तमी-बहुवचनम्।

(5) गृह + सुप् । By 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टाभ्याम्भिस्ङेभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसिँभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसोसाम्ङ्योस्सुप्।

(7) गृह + सु । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम् and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

(8) गृहे + सु । By 7-3-103 बहुवचने झल्येत् – The ending “अ” of a अङ्गम् changes to “ए” when followed by a plural सुँप् affix beginning with a झल् letter.

(9) गृहेषु । By 8-3-59 आदेशप्रत्यययोः ।

Questions:

1. In the गीता where has the प्रातिपदिकम् “गृह” been used (as part of a compound)?

2. Commenting on the सूत्रम् 3-1-144  गेहे कः (used in step 1), the तत्त्वबोधिनी says – गेह इति प्रत्ययार्थस्य कर्तुर्विशेषणं, नोपपदम्। ‘४-४-९० गृहपतिना संयुक्ते ञ्यः’ इति निर्देशात्। Please explain.

3. Commenting further on the सूत्रम् 3-1-144, the तत्त्वबोधिनी says – एतत्सूत्रं तु शक्यमकर्तुम्। ‘गृहूँ ग्रहणे’ इति भ्वादेरिगुपधलक्षणे कप्रत्यये कृते गृहशब्दस्य सिद्धेः। Please explain.

4. Which सूत्रम् is used for the अकार-लोप: in the form स्युः?

5. Can you spot an augment यासुट् in the verses? Can you spot one in the commentary?

6. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“My home is on the left side of the temple.” Use the masculine/neuter प्रातिपदिकम् “पार्श्व” for “side.”

Easy Questions:

1. The word श्वानः (used in the commentary) is derived from the प्रातिपदिकम् “श्वन्”। Can you recall a सूत्रम् in which पाणिनि: specifically mentions this प्रातिपदिकम्?

2. Commenting on the सूत्रम् 7-3-103 बहुवचने झल्येत् (used in step 8), the सिद्धान्तकौमुदी says – बहुवचने किम्? राम:। रामस्य। Please explain.

Today we will look at the form निशायाम् fLs from श्रीमद्-वाल्मीकि-रामायणम् 1.35.1

उपास्य रात्रिशेषं तु शोणाकूले महर्षिभिः | निशायां सुप्रभातायां विश्वामित्रोऽभ्यभाषत || १-३५-१ ||
सुप्रभाता निशा राम पूर्वा सन्ध्या प्रवर्तते | उत्तिष्ठोत्तिष्ठ भद्रं ते गमनायाभिरोचय || १-३५-२ ||
तच्छ्रुत्वा वचनं तस्य कृतपूर्वाह्णिकक्रियः | गमनं रोचयामास वाक्यं चेदमुवाच ह || १-३५-३ ||
अयं शोणः शुभजलो गाधः पुलिनमण्डितः | कतरेण पथा ब्रह्मन्सन्तरिष्यामहे वयम् || १-३५-४ ||

Gita Press translation – Having reposed for the rest of the night on the bank of Ṣoṇa along with the great Ṛṣis (who accompanied him on the journey,) Viśwāmitra spoke (as follows) on the night having culminated in a beautiful sunrise: – (1) “The night has ended in a lovely dawn, O Rāma! The morning twilight has set in. Get up, arise and make yourself inclined to proceed (further.) May prosperity attend you!” (2) Hearing his instruction as aforesaid and having finished his morning duties (Sandhyā etc.,) Śrī Rāma made himself inclined to leave (for the journey) and spoke the following words: so the tradition goes: – (3) “The river Sona, whose waters are so holy, is fordable here and (as such) adorned with sandy banks. By which of the two fords (appearing before us) shall we wade through it, O holy sir?” (4)

नितरां श्यति (नाशयति व्यापारान्) इति निशा।

“निश” is a कृदन्त-प्रातिपदिकम् (participle form) derived from the verbal root √शो (शो तनूकरणे ४. ४०) along with the उपसर्गः “नि”।

(1) In the सूत्रम् 3-1-136 आतश्चोपसर्गे (to be used in the next step) the term उपसर्गे ends in the seventh (locative) case. Hence “नि” (which is a उपसर्ग: by 1-4-59 उपसर्गाः क्रियायोगे) gets the उपपद-सञ्ज्ञा here by 3-1-92 तत्रोपपदं सप्तमीस्थम्‌ – The designation उपपदम् is applied to a term which denotes a thing – like a pot etc. – which is present (as the thing to be expressed) in a word ending in the locative case in the सूत्रम्। (The affixes which are prescribed from this सूत्रम् onward only apply in the presence of the उपपदम् when applicable.) Note: This is a अधिकार-सूत्रम् which runs up to the end of Chapter Three of the अष्टाध्यायी। Note: The term उपपदम् is derived as follows: उप (= समीपे) उच्चारितं पदम् = उपपदम्।

(2) नि शा + क । By 3-1-136 आतश्चोपसर्गे – The affix “क” may be used after a verbal root ending in a आकार:, when in composition with a उपसर्गः (ref: 1-4-59 उपसर्गाः क्रियायोगे)। By 6-1-45 आदेच उपदेशेऽशिति – The ending एच् (“ए”, “ओ”, “ऐ”, “औ”) letter of a धातु: in the धातु-पाठ: is replaced by a आकार:, but not in the context where a शकार: which is a इत् follows. Hence the ending ओकार: of the verbal root “शो” is replaced by a आकार: here.

(3) नि शा + अ । अनुबन्ध-लोप: by 1-3-8 लशक्वतद्धिते and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

(4) नि श् + अ । By 6-4-64 आतो लोप इटि च – The ending आकार: of an अङ्गम् takes लोप: when followed by a vowel-beginning आर्धधातुक-प्रत्यय: that has either:
(i) a “इट्”-आगम: or
(ii) a ककार: or ङकार: as an इत्।

(5) निश । We form a compound between “नि” (which is the उपपदम्) and “श” by using the सूत्रम् 2-2-19 उपपदमतिङ् – A सुबन्तम् (term ending in a सुँप् affix) having the designation “उपपद” (in this case “नि”)  invariably compounds with a syntactically related term (in this case “श”) as long as the compound does not end in a तिङ् affix.

In the compound, “नि” is placed in the prior position as per 2-2-30 उपसर्जनं पूर्वम्‌ – In a compound a term which has the designation “उपसर्जन” should be placed in the prior position. Note: Here “नि” is the उपपदम् and hence it gets the उपसर्जन-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-2-43 प्रथमानिर्दिष्टं समास उपसर्जनम् – A term denoted by a word (in this case “उपपदम्”) ending in a nominative case in a सूत्रम् (in this case 2-2-19 उपपदमतिङ्) which prescribes a compound gets the designation “उपसर्जन”।

“निश” gets प्रातिपदिक-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-2-46 कृत्तद्धितसमासाश्च।

The feminine प्रातिपदिकम् “निशा” is derived as follows:

(6) निश + टाप् । By 4-1-4 अजाद्यतष्टाप्‌ – The प्रातिपदिकानि “अज” etc. and प्रातिपदिकानि ending in अकारः get the टाप् affix in the feminine gender.

(7) निश + आ । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-7 चुटू, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

(8) निशा । By 6-1-101 अकः सवर्णे दीर्घः।

The विवक्षा is स्त्रीलिङ्गे, सप्तमी-एकवचनम्।

(9) निशा + ङि । By 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टाभ्याम्भिस्ङेभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसिभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसोसाम्ङ्योस्सुप्‌।

(10) निशा + आम् । By 7-3-116 ङेराम्नद्याम्नीभ्यः – The affix “ङि”, following a base ending in “नदी” or “आप्” or following the term “नी”, gets “आम्” as the substitute. The entire प्रत्ययः is replaced as per the परिभाषा-सूत्रम् 1-1-55 अनेकाल्शित्सर्वस्य। 1-3-4 न विभक्तौ तुस्माः prevents the ending मकार: of “आम्” from getting the इत्-सञ्ज्ञा।

(11) निशा + याट् आम् । By 7-3-113 याडापः – The ङित् affixes following a base ending in an “आप्” affix get the augment “याट्”। As per 1-1-46 आद्यन्तौ टकितौ, the “याट्”-आगम: joins at the beginning of the प्रत्ययः “आम्”।

(12) निशा + या आम् । अनुबन्ध-लोप: by 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम् and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

(13) निशायाम् । By 6-1-101 अकः सवर्णे दीर्घः।

Questions:

1. Where has the प्रातिपदिकम् “निशा” been used in Chapter Two of the गीता?

2. Commenting on the सूत्रम्  2-2-19 उपपदमतिङ् (used in step 5), the सिद्धान्त-कौमुदी says – अतिङ् किम्? मा भवान् भूत्। ‘3-3-175 माङि लुङ्’  इति सप्तमीनिर्देशान्माङुपपदम्। Please explain.

3. Which सूत्रम् is used for the ककारादेश: in the word वाक्यम्?

4. What would be an alternate form for सन्तरिष्यामहे?

5. Can you spot the affix णिच् in a तिङन्तं पदम् in the verses?

6. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
Śrī Hanumān thought – “I should enter Laṅkā at night.”

Easy Questions:

1. Can you spot an augment अट् in the verses?

2. From which प्रातिपदिकम् is the word पथा derived? Can you recall a सूत्रम् (which we have studied) in which पाणिनि: specifically mentions this प्रातिपदिकम्?