Today we will look at the form राजगुह्यम् nNs from श्रीमद्भागवद्गीता 9.2
राजविद्या राजगुह्यं पवित्रमिदमुत्तमम् । प्रत्यक्षावगमं धर्म्यं सुसुखं कर्तुमव्ययम् ।। ९-२ ।।
अश्रद्दधानाः पुरुषा धर्मस्यास्य परन्तप । अप्राप्य मां निवर्तन्ते मृत्युसंसारवर्त्मनि ।। ९-३ ।।
श्रीधर-स्वामि-टीका
किंच राजविद्येति । इदं ज्ञानं राजविद्या विद्यानां राजेति राजविद्या च । गुह्यानां राजेति राजगुह्यं विद्यासु गोप्येषु च रहस्यम् । अतिश्रेष्ठमित्यर्थः । राजदन्तादित्वादुपसर्जनस्य परत्वम् । राज्ञां विद्या राज्ञां गुह्यमिति वा उत्तमं पवित्रमत्यन्तपावनमिदं ज्ञानिनां प्रत्यक्षावगमं च प्रत्यक्षः स्पष्टोऽवगमोऽवबोधो यस्य तत्प्रत्यक्षावगमम् । दृष्टफलमित्यर्थः । धर्म्यं च धर्मादनपेतं, सर्वधर्मफलत्वात् । कर्तुं सुसुखं च । सुखेन कर्तुं शक्यमित्यर्थः । अव्ययमक्षयफलत्वात् ।। २ ।। नन्वेवमस्यातिसुकरत्वे के नाम संसारिणः स्युस्तत्राह – अश्रद्दधाना इति । अस्य भक्तिलक्षणज्ञानसहितस्य धर्मस्येति कर्मणि षष्ठ्यौ । इमं धर्ममश्रद्दधाना आस्तिक्येनास्वीकुर्वन्तः, उपायान्तरेण मत्प्राप्तये कृतप्रयत्ना अपि मामप्राप्य मृत्युयुक्ते संसारवर्त्मनि निवर्तन्ते । मृत्युव्याप्ते संसारमार्गे परिभ्रमन्तीत्यर्थः ।। ३ ।।
Gita Press translation – This knowledge (of both the Nirguṇa and Saguṇa aspects of Divinity) is a sovereign science, a sovereign secret, supremely holy, most excellent, directly enjoyable, attended with virtue, very easy to practice and imperishable (2). Arjuna, people having no faith in this Dharma, failing to reach Me, continue to revolve in the path of the world of birth and death (3).
(1) गुह्यानां राजा = राजगुह्यम् – the king of secrets. The word राजा has been used here in the sense of अतिश्रेष्ठम् (absolute best.)
See question 1.
(2) गुह्य आम् + राजन् सुँ । By 2-2-8 षष्ठी – A पदम् ending in a sixth case affix optionally compounds with a (syntactically related) पदम् ending in a सुँप् affix and the resulting compound gets the designation तत्पुरुष:।
(3) By the सूत्रम् 1-2-43 प्रथमानिर्दिष्टं समास उपसर्जनम् – ‘गुह्य आम्’ (which ends in a sixth case affix) gets the designation उपसर्जनम् because in the सूत्रम् 2-2-8 षष्ठी (which prescribes the compounding) the term षष्ठी ends in the nominative case.
And hence as per 2-2-30 उपसर्जनं पूर्वम् the term ‘गुह्य आम्’ should be placed in the prior position in the compound.
(4) राजन् सुँ + गुह्य आम् । By 2-2-31 राजदन्तादिषु परम् – In the list of compounds ‘राजदन्त’ etc the term which ought to be placed in the prior position in the compound is actually placed in the latter position. Note: आकृतिगणोऽयम् – the राजदन्तादि-गण: is a आकृतिगण: – which is a class or group of words in which some words are actually mentioned and room is left to include others which are found undergoing the same operations. Hence even though राजगुह्यम् is not specifically listed in the राजदन्तादि-गण: it is considered to be included there. This is confirmed by the commentator.
Note: ‘राजन् सुँ + गुह्य आम्’ gets the designation प्रातिपदिकम् by 1-2-46 कृत्तद्धितसमासाश्च। This allows 2-4-71 to apply in the next step.
(5) राजन् + गुह्य । By 2-4-71 सुपो धातुप्रातिपदिकयोः – A सुँप् affix takes a लुक् elision when it is a part of a धातुः or a प्रातिपदिकम्।
Note: Now ‘राजन्’ has the designation पदम् as per 1-4-14 सुप्तिङन्तं पदम् with the help of 1-1-62 प्रत्ययलोपे प्रत्ययलक्षणम्। This allows 8-2-7 नलोपः प्रातिपदिकान्तस्य to apply in the next step.
(6) राजगुह्य । By 8-2-7 नलोपः प्रातिपदिकान्तस्य – The ending letter ‘न्’ of a पदम् is dropped when the पदम् also has the designation प्रातिपदिकम्।
As per the सूत्रम् 2-4-26 परवल्लिङ्गं द्वन्द्वतत्पुरुषयोः, the compound प्रातिपदिकम् ‘राजगुह्य’ is neuter since the final member ‘गुह्य’ of the compound is used here in the neuter. It declines like वन-शब्द:।
The विवक्षा is प्रथमा-एकवचनम्।
(7) राजगुह्य + सुँ । By 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टाभ्याम्भिस्ङेभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसिभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसोसाम्ङ्योस्सुप्।
(8) राजगुह्य + अम् । By 7-1-24 अतोऽम् – The affixes ‘सुँ’ and ‘अम्’ that follow a neuter अङ्गम् ending in the short vowel ‘अ’ take ‘अम्’ as their replacement. 1-3-4 न विभक्तौ तुस्माः prevents the ending letter ‘म्’ of the affix ‘अम्’ from getting इत्-सञ्ज्ञा।
(9) राजगुह्यम् । By 6-1-107 अमि पूर्वः – In place of a preceding अक् letter and the following vowel (अच्) belonging to the affix ‘अम्’ there is a single substitute of that preceding अक् letter.
Questions:
1. What is an alternate way of analyzing the compound राजगुह्यम्? (Hint: See commentary.)
2. In which word in the verses has the affix ‘खच्’ been used?
3. Why does the सूत्रम् 7-1-37 समासेऽनञ्पूर्वे क्त्वो ल्यप् apply in the form अप्राप्य in spite of the exclusion अनञ्पूर्वे?
4. Which सूत्रम् justifies the formation of the compound उपायान्तरेण (तृतीया-एकवचनम्) used in the commentary?
5. Which type of compound is मृत्युयुक्ते (सप्तमी-एकवचनम्) used in the commentary?
i. द्वन्द्व:
ii. बहुव्रीहि:
iii. कर्मधारय:
iv. तृतीया-तत्पुरुष:
6. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“My two front middle teeth (on the top row) are broken.” Use the verbal root √भन्ज् (भन्जोँ आमर्दने ७. १६) for ‘to break.’ Note: A front middle tooth (on the top row) is considered to be ‘king of teeth.’
Easy questions:
1. Where has the सूत्रम् 7-2-113 हलि लोपः been used in the verses?
2. Which सूत्रम् prescribes the elision of the letter ‘अ’ in the form स्यु: (used in the commentary)?
1. What is an alternate way of analyzing the compound राजगुह्यम्? (Hint: See commentary.)
Answer: An alternative way of analyzing the compound राजगुह्यम् is –
राज्ञां गुह्यम् = राजगुह्यम् – secret of the kings
The अलौकिक-विग्रह: is –
राजन् आम् + गुह्य सुँ । By 2-2-8 षष्ठी।
The derivation of the compound प्रातिपतिकम् ’राजगुह्य’ is similar to the derivation of the compound प्रातिपतिकम् ’राजपुत्री’ as shown in the following post – https://avg-sanskrit.org/2015/03/12/राजपुत्रीम्-fas
Note: As per the सूत्रम् 2-4-26 परवल्लिङ्गं द्वन्द्वतत्पुरुषयोः, the compound प्रातिपदिकम् ‘राजगुह्य’ is neuter since the final member ‘गुह्य’ of the compound is used here in the neuter. It declines like वन-शब्द:। प्रथमा-एकवचनम् is राजगुह्यम्।
2. In which word in the verses has the affix ‘खच्’ been used?
Answer: The affix ‘खच्’ has been used in the verses in the word परन्तप (प्रातिपदिकम् ‘परन्तप’, पुंलिङ्गे सम्बुद्धिः)।
Please refer to the following post for the derivation of the प्रातिपदिकम् ‘परन्तप’ – http://avg-sanskrit.org/2012/10/29/परंतपः-mns/
3. Why does the सूत्रम् 7-1-37 समासेऽनञ्पूर्वे क्त्वो ल्यप् apply in the form अप्राप्य in spite of the exclusion अनञ्पूर्वे?
Answer: As per the सूत्रम् 7-1-37 समासेऽनञ्पूर्वे क्त्वो ल्यप् – When the affix ‘क्त्वा’ occurs at the end of a compound, it is replaced by ‘ल्यप्’ provided the prior member of the compound is a अव्ययम् other than ‘नञ्’ (ref. 2-2-6).
The form अप्राप्य is derived in two steps – First a compound is formed between the अव्ययम् ‘प्र’ and ‘आप्त्वा’ using the सूत्रम् 2-2-18 कुगतिप्रादयः। It is at this stage (where there is no negation particle ‘नञ्’ present) that the सूत्रम् 7-1-37 समासेऽनञ्पूर्वे क्त्वो ल्यप् applies to replace the affix ‘क्त्वा’ by ‘ल्यप्’ to give the form प्राप्य। Now प्राप्य is compounded with the negation particle ‘नञ्’ using the सूत्रम् 2-2-6 नञ्। At this stage there is no affix ‘क्त्वा’ present and hence no question of applying the सूत्रम् 7-1-37.
So in essence, the negation particle ‘नञ्’ does not come in to the picture until after the affix ‘क्त्वा’ has been replaced by ‘ल्यप्’ and hence the exclusion अनञ्पूर्वे cannot prevent the application of the सूत्रम् 7-1-37 समासेऽनञ्पूर्वे क्त्वो ल्यप् in the form अप्राप्य।
4. Which सूत्रम् justifies the formation of the compound उपायान्तरेण (तृतीया-एकवचनम्) used in the commentary?
Answer: अन्य उपायः = उपायान्तरम् – another/different way.
The compounding is justified by the सूत्रम् 2-1-72 मयूरव्यंसकादयश्च – ‘मयूरव्यंसक’ etc are given as ready-made तत्पुरुषः compounds.
Note: अविहितलक्षणस्तत्पुरुषो मयूरव्यंसकादिषु द्रष्टव्य: – A तत्पुरुषः compound that is accepted in usage but is not prescribed by any rule should be considered to be part of the मयूरव्यंसकादि-गण:।
Note: ‘अन्तर’ is used in the sense of ‘अन्य’ (another)/ ‘भिन्न’ (different) here and it has been placed in the latter position in the compound even though it is the adjective. (This is why the सूत्रम् 2-1-57 विशेषणं विशेष्येण बहुलम् cannot be used to form the compound उपायान्तरम्, because in that case the adjective ‘अन्तर’ would have to be placed in the prior position as per 1-2-43 प्रथमानिर्दिष्टं समास उपसर्जनम्, 2-2-30 उपसर्जनं पूर्वम्।) The compound has taken the neuter gender even though ‘उपाय’ is masculine.
Note: This is a नित्य-समास: (obligatory compound) and hence the लौकिक-विग्रह: cannot be composed by using only those words which are part of the compound.
5. Which type of compound is मृत्युयुक्ते (सप्तमी-एकवचनम्) used in the commentary?
i. द्वन्द्व:
ii. बहुव्रीहि:
iii. कर्मधारय:
iv. तृतीया-तत्पुरुष:
Answer: The compound ‘मृत्युयुक्त’ is a तृतीया-तत्पुरुष:।
मृत्युना युक्तम् = मृत्युयुक्तम्।
The derivation of the compound प्रातिपदिकम् ‘मृत्युयुक्त’ is similar to the derivation of the compound प्रातिपदिकम् ‘देवकृत’ as shown in the following post – https://avg-sanskrit.org/2015/02/12/देवकृतः-mns
As per the सूत्रम् 2-4-26 परवल्लिङ्गं द्वन्द्वतत्पुरुषयोः, the compound प्रातिपदिकम् ‘मृत्युयुक्त’ is neuter here since the latter member ‘युक्त’ of the compound is used here in the neuter. (The entire compound मृत्युयुक्ते is qualifying the neuter noun संसारवर्त्मनि।)
6. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“My two front middle teeth (on the top row) are broken.” Use the verbal root √भन्ज् (भन्जोँ आमर्दने ७. १६) for ‘to break.’ Note: A front middle tooth (on the top row) is considered to be ‘king of teeth.’
Answer: मम राजदन्तौ भग्नौ (स्तः) = मम राजदन्तौ भग्नौ।
Easy questions:
1. Where has the सूत्रम् 7-2-113 हलि लोपः been used in the verses?
Answer: The सूत्रम् 7-2-113 हलि लोपः has been used in the verses in the form अस्य (सर्वनाम-प्रातिपदिकम् ’इदम्’, पुंलिङ्गे षष्ठी-एकवचनम्।)
Please see the answer to easy question 1 in the following comment for the derivation of the form अस्य – https://avg-sanskrit.org/2012/02/20/आहर्तास्मि-1as-लुँट्/#comment-3332
2. Which सूत्रम् prescribes the elision of the letter ‘अ’ in the form स्यु: (used in the commentary)?
Answer: The सूत्रम् 6-4-111 श्नसोरल्लोपः prescribes the elision of the letter ‘अ’ in the form स्यु: – derived from the verbal root √अस् (असँ भुवि २. ६०).
Please see the answer to question 4 in the following comment for the derivation of the form स्यु: – https://avg-sanskrit.org/2012/10/04/गृहेषु-nlp/#comment-5084