Today we will look at the form व्यूढोरस्कम् mAs from श्रीमद्-वाल्मीकि-रामायणम् 4.17.11.
तं तथा पतितं संख्ये गतार्चिषमिवानलम् । ययातिमिव पुण्यान्ते देवलोकादिह च्युतम् ।। ४-१७-९ ।।
आदित्यमिव कालेन युगान्ते भुवि पातितम् । महेन्द्रमिव दुर्धर्षमुपेन्द्रमिव दुस्सहम् ।। ४-१७-१० ।।
महेन्द्रपुत्रं पतितं वालिनं हेममालिनम् । व्यूढोरस्कं महाबाहुं दीप्तास्यं हरिलोचनम् ।। ४-१७-११ ।।
लक्ष्मणानुचरो रामो ददर्शोपससर्प च । तं तथा पतितं संख्ये गतार्चिषमिवानलम् ।। ४-१७-१२ ।।
Gita Press translation – Śrī Rāma, followed by Lakṣmaṇa, saw the aforesaid Vālī, son of the mighty Indra – who was adorned with a chain of gold, and was distinguished by a broad chest, long arms, a radiant face and yellow eyes, nay, who was difficult to overcome as the great Indra and hard to resist as Lord Viṣṇu (descended as a younger brother of Indra in the form of the Divine Dwarf) – fallen on the field of battle as mentioned in the foregoing lines like a fire without flame and resembling King Yayāti descended on earth from the realm of gods on the exhaustion of his merits (which entitled him to an abode in heaven) and (further) looking like the sun cast down on earth by the Time-Spirit at the end of the world cycle, and proceeded towards the aforesaid hero fallen as described above like a fire without flame (9-12).
(1) व्यूढमुरो यस्य स: = व्यूढोरस्क: – He who has a broad chest.
(2) व्यूढ सुँ + उरस् सुँ । By 2-2-24 अनेकमन्यपदार्थे – Two or more terms having the designation पदम् and ending in the nominative case may optionally compound to yield a बहुव्रीहि: compound provided the terms are employed to denote the sense of another पदम् (which is not part of the compound.)
(3) The adjective ‘व्यूढ सुँ’ is placed in the prior position in the compound as per the सूत्रम् 2-2-35 सप्तमीविशेषणे बहुव्रीहौ – In a बहुव्रीहि: compound the पदम् which ends in a seventh case affix or is an adjective takes the prior position.
Note: ‘व्यूढ सुँ + उरस् सुँ’ gets the designation प्रातिपदिकम् by 1-2-46 कृत्तद्धितसमासाश्च। This allows 2-4-71 to apply in the next step.
(4) व्यूढ + उरस् । By 2-4-71 सुपो धातुप्रातिपदिकयोः – A सुँप् affix takes a लुक् elision when it is a part of a धातुः or a प्रातिपदिकम्।
(5) व्यूढोरस् । By 6-1-87 आद्गुणः ।
(6) व्यूढोरस् + कप् । By 5-4-151 उरःप्रभृतिभ्यः कप् – Following a बहुव्रीहि: compound ending in one of the terms ‘उरस्’ etc the तद्धित: affix कप् is prescribed and this affix becomes the ending member of the compound.
Note: The उर:प्रभृतिगण: is listed as follows – उरस् । सर्पिस् । उपानह् । पुमान् । अनड्वान् । पय: । नौ: । लक्ष्मी: । दधि । मधु । शालि । अर्थान्नञ: (गणसूत्रम्)।
(7) व्यूढोरस् + क । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम् and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः। Now ‘व्यूढोरस्’ gets the designation पदम् as per 1-4-17 स्वादिष्वसर्वनामस्थाने।
(8) व्यूढोर: + क । रुँत्व-विसर्गौ – 8-2-66 ससजुषो रुः and 8-3-15 खरवसानयोर्विसर्जनीयः।
(9) व्यूढोरस्क । By 8-3-38 सोऽपदादौ – The literal meaning of this सूत्रम् is that a विसर्ग: is replaced by the letter ‘स्’ when followed by a letter which is not at the beginning of a पदम् and belongs to either the क-वर्ग: or प-वर्ग:। The only time these conditions are satisfied is when a विसर्ग: is followed by either the affix ‘पाश’ or ‘कल्प’ or ‘क’ or ‘काम्य’। Hence this सूत्रम् effectively means that – when followed by the affix ‘पाश’ or ‘कल्प’ or ‘क’ or ‘काम्य’ a विसर्ग: is replaced by the letter ‘स्’।
The gender of a बहुव्रीहि: compound matches that of which it qualifies. In the present example वाली is being qualified. Hence we assign the masculine gender to the compound प्रातिपदिकम् ‘व्यूढोरस्क’। It declines like राम-शब्द:।
The विवक्षा is द्वितीया-एकवचनम्।
(6) व्यूढोरस्क + अम् । By 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टाभ्याम्भिस्ङेभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसिभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसोसाम्ङ्योस्सुप्।
Note: 1-3-4 न विभक्तौ तुस्माः prevents the ending letter ‘म्’ of the affix ‘अम्’ from getting इत्-सञ्ज्ञा।
(7) व्यूढोरस्कम् । By 6-1-107 अमि पूर्वः – In place of a preceding अक् letter and the following vowel (अच्) belonging to the affix ‘अम्’ there is a single substitute of that preceding अक् letter.
Questions:
1. Commenting on the उर:प्रभृतिगण: (referred to in the सूत्रम् 5-4-151 उरःप्रभृतिभ्यः कप्) the सिद्धान्तकौमुदी says – इह पुमान्, अनड्वान्, पय:, नौ, लक्षमीरित्येकवचनान्तानि पठ्यन्ते। द्विवचनबहुवचनान्तेभ्यस्तु ‘शेषाद्विभाषा (५-४-१५४)’ इति विकल्पेन कप्। द्विपुमान्। द्विपुंस्क:। Please explain.
2. Commenting on the affix कप् (prescribed by the सूत्रम् 5-4-151 उरःप्रभृतिभ्यः कप्) the तत्त्वबोधिनी says – तद्धितत्वात्कस्य नेत्वम्। Please explain.
3. Which other (besides व्यूढोरस्कम्) compounds used in the verses are बहुव्रीहि: compounds?
4. Where has the सौनाग-वार्तिकम् (under 2-2-18) अत्यादयः क्रान्ताद्यर्थे द्वितीयया been used in the verses?
5. Can you spot the affix ‘खल्’ in the verses?
6. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“Seeing (having seen) the broad-chested Śrī Rāma, Śūrpaṇakhā became blinded by passion.” Form a तृतीया-समास: for ‘blinded by passion’ = ‘मदेनान्धा’।
Easy questions:
1. Which सूत्रम् prescribes the substitution ‘उवँङ्’ in the form भुवि (स्त्रीलिङ्ग-प्रातिपदिकम् ‘भू’, सप्तमी-एकवचनम्)?
2. In which two words in the verses has लिँट् been used?
1. Commenting on the उर:प्रभृतिगण: (referred to in the सूत्रम् 5-4-151 उरःप्रभृतिभ्यः कप्) the सिद्धान्तकौमुदी says – इह पुमान्, अनड्वान्, पय:, नौ, लक्षमीरित्येकवचनान्तानि पठ्यन्ते। द्विवचनबहुवचनान्तेभ्यस्तु ‘शेषाद्विभाषा (५-४-१५४)’ इति विकल्पेन कप्। द्विपुमान्। द्विपुंस्क:। Please explain.
Answer: In the listing of the उर:प्रभृतिगण: the five words पुमान्, अनड्वान्, पय:, नौ: and लक्षमी: are listed with a nominative singular ending. From this we conclude that the affix कप् (prescribed by the सूत्रम् 5-4-151) is applied following a बहुव्रीहि: compound ending in one of these five words only if one of these five words is used in the nominative singular in (the विग्रह: of) the compound. For example – प्रिया लक्ष्मीर्यस्य स: = प्रियलक्ष्मीक:।
द्विवचनबहुवचनान्तेभ्यस्तु शेषाद्विभाषा इति विकल्पेन कप्। Otherwise – if one of these words is used in the compound in the nominative dual or plural – the affix कप् is applied only optionally as per the सूत्रम् 5-4-154 शेषाद्विभाषा। For example, द्वौ पुमांसौ यस्य स: = द्विपुमान् or द्विपुंस्क:।
2. Commenting on the affix कप् (prescribed by the सूत्रम् 5-4-151 उरःप्रभृतिभ्यः कप्) the तत्त्वबोधिनी says – तद्धितत्वात्कस्य नेत्वम्। Please explain.
Answer: As per the सूत्रम् 1-3-8 लशक्वतद्धिते – When the letter ‘ल्’ or ‘श्’ or any letter of the क-class (‘क्’, ‘ख्’, ‘ग्’, ‘घ्’, ‘ङ्’) occurs at the beginning of an affix, which is not a तद्धितः, then it is designated as a इत्। The affix कप् prescribed by the सूत्रम् 5-4-151 उरःप्रभृतिभ्यः कप् is in the अधिकारः of तद्धिताः which starts from 4-1-76 and runs to the end of the Fifth Chapter. Therefore, the letter ‘क्’ of the affix ‘कप्’ does not get the इत्-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-3-8 लशक्वतद्धिते।
3. Which other (besides व्यूढोरस्कम्) compounds used in the verses are बहुव्रीहि: compounds?
Answer: The following compounds also used in the verses are बहुव्रीहि: compounds –
गतार्चिषम् (प्रातिपदिकम् ‘गतार्चिस्’, पुंलिङ्गे द्वितीया-एकवचनम्), महाबाहुम् (प्रातिपदिकम् ‘महाबाहु’, पुंलिङ्गे द्वितीया-एकवचनम्), दीप्तास्यम् (प्रातिपदिकम् ‘दीप्तास्य’, पुंलिङ्गे द्वितीया-एकवचनम्) and हरिलोचनम् (प्रातिपदिकम् ‘हरिलोचन’, पुंलिङ्गे द्वितीया-एकवचनम्)।
गतमर्चिर्यस्य सः = गतार्ची: – one who is without flame
The derivation of the compound प्रातिपदिकम् ‘गतार्चिस्’ is similar to the derivation of the compound प्रातिपदिकम् ‘कृतकृत्य’ as shown in the following post – https://avg-sanskrit.org/2015/11/19/कृतकृत्यम्-mas/
Except that after step 4, we apply 6-1-101 to get –
गत + अर्चिस् = गतार्चिस् । By 6-1-101 अकः सवर्णे दीर्घः।
The gender of a बहुव्रीहि: compound matches that of which it qualifies. In the present example महेन्द्रपुत्रं वालिनम् is being qualified. Hence we assign the masculine gender to the compound प्रातिपदिकम् ‘गतार्चिस्’। द्वितीया-एकवचनम् is गतार्चिषम्।
महान्तौ बाहू यस्य सः = महाबाहुः – one who has (two) mighty arms
Please see the answer to question 1 in the following comment for the derivation of the compound प्रातिपदिकम् ‘महाबाहु’ – https://avg-sanskrit.org/2015/10/29/दत्तराज्यः-mns/#comment-35681
The gender of a बहुव्रीहि: compound matches that of which it qualifies. In the present example महेन्द्रपुत्रं वालिनम् is being qualified. Hence we assign the masculine gender to the compound प्रातिपदिकम् ‘महाबाहु’। It declines like गुरु-शब्द:। द्वितीया-एकवचनम् is महाबाहुम्।
दीप्तमास्यं यस्य सः = दीप्तास्यः – one who has a radiant face
The derivation of the compound प्रातिपदिकम् ‘दीप्तास्य’ is similar to the derivation of the compound प्रातिपदिकम् ‘कृतकृत्य’ as shown in the following post – https://avg-sanskrit.org/2015/11/19/कृतकृत्यम्-mas/
Except that after step 4, we apply 6-1-101 to get –
दीप्त + आस्य = दीप्तास्य । By 6-1-101 अकः सवर्णे दीर्घः।
The gender of a बहुव्रीहि: compound matches that of which it qualifies. In the present example महेन्द्रपुत्रं वालिनम् is being qualified. Hence we assign the masculine gender to the compound प्रातिपदिकम् ‘दीप्तास्य’। It declines like राम-शब्द:। द्वितीया-एकवचनम् is दीप्तास्यम्।
हरिणी लोचने यस्य सः = हरिलोचनः – one who has (two) yellow eyes
हरि औ + लोचन औ । By 2-2-24 अनेकमन्यपदार्थे।
The adjective ‘हरि औ’ is placed in the prior position in the compound as per the सूत्रम् 2-2-35 सप्तमीविशेषणे बहुव्रीहौ।
Note: ‘हरि औ + लोचन औ’ gets the designation प्रातिपदिकम् by 1-2-46 कृत्तद्धितसमासाश्च। This allows 2-4-71 to apply in the next step.
= हरिलोचन । By 2-4-71 सुपो धातुप्रातिपदिकयोः।
The gender of a बहुव्रीहि: compound matches that of which it qualifies. In the present example महेन्द्रपुत्रं वालिनम् is being qualified. Hence we assign the masculine gender to the compound प्रातिपदिकम् ‘हरिलोचन’। It declines like राम-शब्द:। द्वितीया-एकवचनम् is हरिलोचनम्।
4. Where has the सौनाग-वार्तिकम् (under 2-2-18) अत्यादयः क्रान्ताद्यर्थे द्वितीयया been used in the verses?
Answer: The सौनाग-वार्तिकम् (under 2-2-18) अत्यादयः क्रान्ताद्यर्थे द्वितीयया has been used in the form उपेन्द्रम् (प्रातिपदिकम् ‘उपेन्द्र’, पुंलिङ्गे द्वितीया-एकवचनम्)।
Please see the following post for the derivation of the form उपेन्द्रम् – https://avg-sanskrit.org/2015/10/12/उपेन्द्रम्-mas/
5. Can you spot the affix ‘खल्’ in the verses?
Answer: The affix ‘खल्’ occurs in the forms दुर्धर्षम् (प्रातिपदिकम् ‘दुर्धर्ष’, पुंलिङ्गे द्वितीया-एकवचनम्) and दुस्सहम् (प्रातिपदिकम् ‘दुस्सह’, पुंलिङ्गे द्वितीया-एकवचनम्)।
दु:खेन धृष्यते = दुर्धर्षः – who is difficult to overcome
The form ‘दुर्धर्ष’ is derived from the verbal root √धृष् (ञिधृषाँ प्रागल्भ्ये ५. २५) in composition with the उपसर्गः ‘दुर्’/’दुस्’ as follows –
दुर्/दुस् धृष् + खल् । By 3-3-126 ईषद्दु:सुषु कृच्छ्राकृच्छ्रार्थेषु खल् – The affix खल् is used following a verbal root when in composition with either ‘ईषत्’ or ‘दुर्’/’दुस्’ or ‘सु’ used in the sense of ‘difficulty’ or ‘ease.’
Note: In the सूत्रम् 3-3-126 ईषद्दु:सुषु कृच्छ्राकृच्छ्रार्थेषु खल्, the term ईषद्दु:सुषु ends in the seventh (locative) case. Hence ‘दुर्/दुस्’ gets the उपपद-सञ्ज्ञा here by 3-1-92 तत्रोपपदं सप्तमीस्थम्।
= दुर्/दुस् धृष् + अ । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-8 लशक्वतद्धिते, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।
= दुर्/दुस् धर्ष् + अ । By 7-3-86 पुगन्तलघूपधस्य च, 1-1-51 उरण् रपरः।
= दुर्/दुस् धर्ष ।
Now we form the compound between ‘दुर्/दुस्’ (which is the उपपदम्) and ‘धर्ष’ using the सूत्रम् 2-2-19 उपपदमतिङ्। Note: The उपपदम् ‘दुर्/दुस्’ gets the designation उपसर्जनम् as per the सूत्रम् 1-2-43 प्रथमानिर्दिष्टं समास उपसर्जनम् because in the सूत्रम् 2-2-19 उपपदमतिङ् (which prescribes the compounding) the term उपपदम् ends in the nominative case. And hence ‘दुर्/दुस्’ is placed in the prior position in the compound as per the सूत्रम् 2-2-30 उपसर्जनं पूर्वम्।
= दुर्/दुरुँ धर्ष । By 8-2-66 ससजुषो रुः।
= दुर् + धर्ष । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत्, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।
= दुर्धर्ष ।
‘दुर्धर्ष’ gets प्रातिपदिक-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-2-46 कृत्तद्धितसमासाश्च। This is an adjective. It is qualifying ‘महेन्द्र’ here. Hence it is masculine in gender. It declines like ‘राम’-शब्दः। द्वितीया-एकवचनम् is दुर्धर्षम्।
दु:खेन सह्यते = दुस्सहः – one who is difficult to resist.
The form ‘दुस्सह’ is derived from the verbal root √सह् (षहँ मर्षणे १. ९८८) in composition with the उपसर्गः ‘दुर्’/’दुस्’ as follows –
दुर्/दुस् सह् + खल् । By 3-3-126 ईषद्दु:सुषु कृच्छ्राकृच्छ्रार्थेषु खल् – The affix खल् is used following a verbal root when in composition with either ‘ईषत्’ or ‘दुर्’/’दुस्’ or ‘सु’ used in the sense of ‘difficulty’ or ‘ease.’
Note: In the सूत्रम् 3-3-126 ईषद्दु:सुषु कृच्छ्राकृच्छ्रार्थेषु खल्, the term ईषद्दु:सुषु ends in the seventh (locative) case. Hence ‘दुर्/दुस्’ gets the उपपद-सञ्ज्ञा here by 3-1-92 तत्रोपपदं सप्तमीस्थम्।
= दुर्/दुस् सह् + अ । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-8 लशक्वतद्धिते, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।
Now we form the compound between ‘दुर्/दुस्’ (which is the उपपदम्) and ‘सह’ using the सूत्रम् 2-2-19 उपपदमतिङ्। Note: The उपपदम् ‘दुर्/दुस्’ gets the designation उपसर्जनम् as per the सूत्रम् 1-2-43 प्रथमानिर्दिष्टं समास उपसर्जनम् because in the सूत्रम् 2-2-19 उपपदमतिङ् (which prescribes the compounding) the term उपपदम् ends in the nominative case. And hence ‘दुर्/दुस्’ is placed in the prior position in the compound as per the सूत्रम् 2-2-30 उपसर्जनं पूर्वम्।
= दुर्/दुरुँ सह । By 8-2-66 ससजुषो रुः।
= दुर् + सह । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत्, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।
= दुः + सह । By 8-3-15 खरवसानयोर्विसर्जनीयः।
= दुस्सह/दुःसह । By 8-3-34 विसर्जनीयस्य सः, 8-3-36 वा शरि।
‘दुस्सह/दुःसह’ gets प्रातिपदिक-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-2-46 कृत्तद्धितसमासाश्च। This is an adjective. It is qualifying ‘उपेन्द्र’ here. Hence it is masculine in gender. It declines like ‘राम’-शब्दः। द्वितीया-एकवचनम् is दुस्सहम्/दुःसहम्।
6. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“Seeing (having seen) the broad-chested Śrī Rāma, Śūrpaṇakhā became blinded by passion.” Form a तृतीया-समास: for ‘blinded by passion’ = ‘मदेनान्धा’।
Answer: व्यूढोरस्कम् श्रीरामम् दृष्ट्वा शूर्पणखा मदान्धा बभूव = व्यूढोरस्कं श्रीरामं दृष्ट्वा शूर्पणखा मदान्धा बभूव।
Easy questions:
1. Which सूत्रम् prescribes the substitution ‘उवँङ्’ in the form भुवि (स्त्रीलिङ्ग-प्रातिपदिकम् ‘भू’, सप्तमी-एकवचनम्)?
Answer: The सूत्रम् 6-4-77 अचि श्नुधातुभ्रुवां य्वोरियङुवङौ prescribes the substitution ‘उवँङ्’ in the form भुवि (स्त्रीलिङ्ग-प्रातिपदिकम् ‘भू’, सप्तमी-एकवचनम्)।
Please see the answer to easy question 2 in the following comment for the derivation of the form भुवि – http://avg-sanskrit.org/2013/02/05/खनित्रैः-nip/#comment-18319
2. In which two words in the verses has लिँट् been used?
Answer: लिँट् has been used in the forms ददर्श and उपससर्प।
The form ददर्श is derived from the verbal root √दृश् (दृशिँर् प्रेक्षणे १. ११४३).
Please see the answer to question 5 in the following comment for the derivation of the form ददर्श – https://avg-sanskrit.org/2012/08/22/क्रमते-3as-लँट्/#comment-4284
The form उपससर्प is derived from the verbal root √सृप् (सृपॢँ गतौ १.११३८).
The विवक्षा is लिँट्, कर्तरि प्रयोग:, प्रथम-पुरुषः, एकवचनम्।
सृप् + लिँट् । By 3-2-115 परोक्षे लिँट्।
= सृप् + ल् । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत्, 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।
= सृप् + तिप् । By 3-4-78 तिप्तस्झिसिप्थस्थमिब्वस्मस्तातांझथासाथांध्वमिड्वहिमहिङ्, 1-3-78 शेषात् कर्तरि परस्मैपदम्।
= सृप् + णल् । By 3-4-82 परस्मैपदानां णलतुसुस्थलथुसणल्वमाः, 1-3-10 यथासंख्यमनुदेशः समानाम्।
= सृप् + अ । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-7 चुटू, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।
= सृप् सृप् + अ । By 6-1-8 लिटि धातोरनभ्यासस्य। Note: As per 1-1-59 द्विर्वचनेऽचि, we apply 6-1-10 before applying 7-3-86.
= सर्प् सृप् + अ । By 7-4-66 उरत्, 1-1-51 उरण् रपरः।
= स सृप् + अ । By 7-4-60 हलादिः शेषः।
= स सर्प् + अ । By 7-3-86 पुगन्तलघूपधस्य च, 1-1-51 उरण् रपरः।
= ससर्प ।
’उप’ is the उपसर्ग: (ref. 1-4-59 उपसर्गाः क्रियायोगे, 1-4-80 ते प्राग्धातोः।)
उप + ससर्प = उपससर्प।