Today we will look at the form विनाशधर्मसु mLp from रघुवंशम् verse 8-10.
अथ वीक्ष्य रघुः प्रतिष्ठितं प्रकृतिष्वात्मजमात्मवत्तया ।
विषयेषु विनाशधर्मसु त्रिदिवस्थेष्वपि निःस्पृहोऽभवत् ॥ ८-१० ॥
मल्लिनाथ-टीका
अथेति । अथ रघुरात्मजं पुत्रमात्मवत्तया निर्विकारमनस्कतयेत्यर्थः । ‘उदयादिष्वविकृतिर्मनसः सत्त्वमुच्यते । आत्मवान्सत्त्ववानुक्तः’ इत्युत्पलमालायाम् । प्रकृतिष्वमात्यादिषु प्रतिष्ठितं रूढमूलं वीक्ष्य ज्ञात्वा विनाशो धर्मो येषां तेषु विनाशधर्मसु । अनित्येष्वित्यर्थः । ‘5-4-124 धर्मादनिच् केवलात्’ इत्यनिच्प्रत्ययः समासान्तः । त्रिदिवस्थेष्वपि विषयेषु शब्दादिषु निःस्पृहो निर्गतेच्छोऽभवत् ।। १० ।।
Translation – Raghu, seeing that his son with an undisturbed mind was now well established among his subjects (ministers etc), became indifferent towards objects of sense which are perishable by nature – even though they might belong to heavenly regions (10).
(1) विनाशो धर्मो यस्य स: = विनाशधर्मा – One whose nature is perishing (impermanent.)
(2) विनाश सुँ + धर्म सुँ । By 2-2-24 अनेकमन्यपदार्थे – Two or more terms having the designation पदम् and ending in the nominative case may optionally compound to yield a बहुव्रीहि: compound provided the terms are employed to denote the sense of another पदम् (which is not part of the compound.)
(3) The adjective ‘विनाश सुँ’ is placed in the prior position in the compound as per the सूत्रम् 2-2-35 सप्तमीविशेषणे बहुव्रीहौ – In a बहुव्रीहि: compound the पदम् which ends in a seventh case affix or is an adjective takes the prior position.
Note: ‘विनाश सुँ + धर्म सुँ’ gets the designation प्रातिपदिकम् by 1-2-46 कृत्तद्धितसमासाश्च। This allows 2-4-71 to apply in the next step.
(4) विनाश + धर्म । By 2-4-71 सुपो धातुप्रातिपदिकयोः – A सुँप् affix takes a लुक् elision when it is a part of a धातुः or a प्रातिपदिकम्।
(5) विनाशधर्म + अनिँच् । By 5-4-124 धर्मादनिच् केवलात् Following a बहुव्रीहि: compound in which the prior member is a single पदम् and the final member is ‘धर्म’ the तद्धित: affix अनिँच् is prescribed and this affix becomes the ending member of the compound.
(6) विनाशधर्म + अन् । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत्, 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम् and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।
Note: The अङ्गम् ‘विनाशधर्म’ has the भ-सञ्ज्ञा here as per the सूत्रम् 1-4-18 यचि भम्। This allows the सूत्रम् 6-4-148 to apply in the next step.
(7) विनाशधर्म् + अन् । By 6-4-148 यस्येति च – When the letter ‘ई’ or a ‘तद्धित’ affix follows, the (ending) इ-वर्ण: (letter ‘इ’ or ‘ई’) or the (ending) अवर्ण: (letter ‘अ’ or ‘आ’) of a अङ्गम् with the भ-सञ्ज्ञा takes elision (लोपः)।
= विनाशधर्मन् ।
The gender of a बहुव्रीहि: compound matches that of which it qualifies. In the present example विषय: is being qualified. Hence we assign the masculine gender to the compound प्रातिपदिकम् ‘विनाशधर्मन्’। It declines like ‘आत्मन्’-शब्द:।
The विवक्षा is सप्तमी-बहुवचनम्।
(8) विनाशधर्मन् + सुप् । By 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टाभ्याम्भिस्ङेभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसिँभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसोसाम्ङ्योस्सुप्।
(9) विनाशधर्मन् + सु । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम् and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।
Note: ‘विनाशधर्मन्’ gets the पद-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-4-17 स्वादिष्वसर्वनामस्थाने – Excluding the affixes that have the सर्वनामस्थान-सञ्ज्ञा, when any of the other affixes from ‘सुँ’ up to ‘कप्’ follow, the base gets the पद-सञ्ज्ञा।
This allows 8-2-7 to apply in the next step.
(10) विनाशधर्म + सु । By 8-2-7 नलोप: प्रातिपदिकान्तस्य – The ending letter ‘न्’ of a पदम् is dropped when the पदम् also has the designation प्रातिपदिकम्।
= विनाशधर्मसु ।
Questions:
1. Commenting on the सूत्रम् 5-4-124 धर्मादनिच् केवलात् (used in step 5) the सिद्धान्तकौमुदी says – केवलात् किम्? परम: स्वो धर्मो यस्येति त्रिपदे बहुव्रीहौ मा भूत्। Please explain.
2. Commenting on the same सूत्रम् the तत्त्वबोधिनी says – अनिचोऽकारश्चिन्त्यप्रयोजन इत्येके। Please explain.
3. Which compound used in the verse may be justified using the सौनाग-वार्तिकम् (under 2-2-18 कुगतिप्रादयः in the महाभाष्यम्) निरादयः क्रान्ताद्यर्थे पञ्चम्या?
4. Can you spot the affix ‘ड’ in the verse?
5. Which two compounds used in the commentary are नञ्-तत्पुरुष: compounds?
6. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“Even though we know that sense objects are by nature perishable still we are attached to (towards) them.” Use the verbal root √सञ्ज् (षञ्जँ सङ्गे १. ११४२) preceded by the उपसर्ग: ‘आङ्’ (‘आ’) for ‘to be attached.’
Easy questions:
1. Where has the सूत्रम् 6-4-71 लुङ्लङ्लृङ्क्ष्वडुदात्तः been used in the verse?
2. Which सूत्रम् prescribes सम्प्रसारणम् in the form उच्यते used in the commentary?
1. Commenting on the सूत्रम् 5-4-124 धर्मादनिच् केवलात् (used in step 5) the सिद्धान्तकौमुदी says – केवलात् किम्? परम: स्वो धर्मो यस्येति त्रिपदे बहुव्रीहौ मा भूत्। Please explain.
Answer: As per the सूत्रम् 5-4-124 धर्मादनिच् केवलात् – Following a बहुव्रीहि: compound in which the prior member is a single पदम् and the final member is ‘धर्म’ the तद्धित: affix अनिँच् is prescribed and this affix becomes the ending member of the compound.
केवलात् किम्? To understand the importance of the condition केवलात् (which specifies that the the prior member should be a single पदम्) mentioned in this सूत्रम्, consider the example – परमः स्वो धर्मो यस्य सः = परमस्वधर्मः – He for whom his own duty is supreme. This is a बहुव्रीहिः compound composed of three members. So even though the final member is ‘धर्म’ we cannot apply 5-4-124 because the prior member is not a single पदम्। There are two prior members ‘परम’ and ‘स्व’।
Note: But if we first form परमश्चासौ स्वश्च = परमस्व: as a कर्मधारय: compound and then form a बहुव्रीहि: compound परमस्वो धर्मो यस्य स: we can use 5-4-124 to get the form परमस्वधर्मा because the prior member is a single (compound) पदम् ‘परमस्व’।
2. Commenting on the same सूत्रम् the तत्त्वबोधिनी says – अनिचोऽकारश्चिन्त्यप्रयोजन इत्येके। Please explain.
Answer: तत्त्वबोधिनी says that some grammarians question the purpose of having the letter ’अ’ in the affix ‘अनिँच्’।
Consider the derivation of the compound ’विनाशधर्मन्’ shown in the post. The addition of the affix ‘अनिँच्’ in step 5 causes the elision of ending the letter ‘अ’ of the अङ्गम् ‘विनाशधर्म’ by 6-4-148 यस्येति च in step 7. Any compound that ends with the word ‘धर्म’ is always अकारान्तः (ending in the letter ‘अ’।) Hence for the sake of brevity, पाणिनिः could have just mandated the affix ‘निँच्’ (which is simply ‘न्’ after अनुबन्धलोपः) instead of ‘अनिँच्’ and every compound constructed with this affix would be exactly the same as that derived from using ‘अनिँच्’।
The derivation would have been as follows if the affix ‘निँच्’ were to be used –
विनाशधर्म + निँच्
= विनाशधर्म + न् । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत्, 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।
= विनाशधर्मन् ।
That’s the reason तत्त्वबोधिनी quotes – some grammarians are of the opinion that the purpose of the letter ‘अ’ in ‘अनिँच्’ is questionable.
3. Which compound used in the verse may be justified using the सौनाग-वार्तिकम् (under 2-2-18 कुगतिप्रादयः in the महाभाष्यम्) निरादयः क्रान्ताद्यर्थे पञ्चम्या?
Answer: The compound निःस्पृहः (प्रातिपदिकम् ’निःस्पृह’, पुंलिङ्गे प्रथमा-एकवचनम्) may be justified by the सौनाग-वार्तिकम् (under 2-2-18 कुगतिप्रादयः in the महाभाष्यम्) निरादयः क्रान्ताद्यर्थे पञ्चम्या।
The लौकिक-विग्रहः is –
निष्क्रान्तः स्पृहायाः = निःस्पृहः – one (Raghu) who has departed from desire.
निर् + स्पृहा ङसिँ । By the सौनाग-वार्तिकम् (under 2-2-18 कुगतिप्रादयः in the महाभाष्यम्) निरादयः क्रान्ताद्यर्थे पञ्चम्या – As per 1-2-43 प्रथमानिर्दिष्टं समास उपसर्जनम् the term ‘निर्’ gets the designation उपसर्जनम् because in the वार्तिकम् (which prescribes the compounding) the term निरादयः ends in the nominative case. And hence as per 2-2-30 उपसर्जनं पूर्वम् the term ‘निर्’ is placed in the prior position in the compound.
Note: ‘निर् + स्पृहा ङसिँ’ gets the designation प्रातिपदिकम् by 1-2-46 कृत्तद्धितसमासाश्च। This allows 2-4-71 to apply in the next step.
= निर् + स्पृहा । By 2-4-71 सुपो धातुप्रातिपदिकयोः। Note: As per the सूत्रम् 1-2-44 एकविभक्ति चापूर्वनिपाते, ‘स्पृहा’ gets the designation उपसर्जनम् (but this designation cannot be used for the purpose of placing ‘स्पृहा’ in the prior position in the compound.) This allows the सूत्रम् 1-2-48 गोस्त्रियोरुपसर्जनस्य to apply in the next step.
= निर् स्पृह । By 1-2-48 गोस्त्रियोरुपसर्जनस्य।
= निःस्पृह । By 8-3-15 खरवसानयोर्विसर्जनीयः and 8-3-36 वा शरि।
As per the वार्तिकम् (under 2-4-26 परवल्लिङ्गं द्वन्द्वतत्पुरुषयोः) द्विगुप्राप्तापन्नालम्पूर्वगतिसमासेषु प्रतिषेधो वाच्यः, the compound प्रातिपदिकम् ‘निःस्पृह’ is masculine here since the term being qualified by the compound is ‘रघु’ which is masculine. The compound declines like राम-शब्द:।
4. Can you spot the affix ‘ड’ in the verse?
Answer: The affix ‘ड’ occurs in the form आत्मजम् (प्रातिपदिकम् ’आत्मज’, पुंलिङ्गे द्वितीया-एकवचनम्)।
Please see the following post for the derivation of the प्रातिपदिकम् ‘आत्मज’ –
http://avg-sanskrit.org/2012/11/15/आत्मजः-mns/
5. Which two compounds used in the commentary are नञ्-तत्पुरुष: compounds?
Answer: The compounds अनित्येषु (प्रातिपदिकम् ’अनित्य’, पुंलिङ्गे सप्तमी-बहुवचनम्) and अविकृतिः (स्त्रीलिङ्ग-प्रातिपदिकम् ’अविकृति’, प्रथमा-एकवचनम्) are नञ्-तत्पुरुष: compounds.
The लौकिक-विग्रहः is –
न नित्यः = अनित्यः – not permanent
न विकृतिः = अविकृतिः – no change/perturbation
Here the negation particle नञ् conveys the sense of विरोध: – opposite of that which is being negated.
The derivation of the compound प्रातिपदिकम् ‘अनित्य’ as well as ‘अविकृति’ is similar to the derivation of the compound प्रातिपदिकम् ‘अपर्याप्त’ shown in answer to question 1 in the following comment – https://avg-sanskrit.org/2015/08/10/अब्राह्मणः-mns/#comment-35496
As per the सूत्रम् 2-4-26 परवल्लिङ्गं द्वन्द्वतत्पुरुषयोः, the compound प्रातिपदिकम् ‘अनित्य’ is an adjective since the latter member ‘नित्य’ of the compound is an adjective. Since the compound is qualifying the masculine noun ‘विषय’, it is used in the masculine here. The compound declines like राम-शब्द:। सप्तमी-बहुवचनम् is अनित्येषु।
As per the सूत्रम् 2-4-26 परवल्लिङ्गं द्वन्द्वतत्पुरुषयोः, the compound प्रातिपदिकम् ‘अविकृति’ is feminine since the latter member ‘विकृति’ of the compound is feminine. The compound declines like मति-शब्द:। प्रथमा-एकवचनम् is अविकृतिः।
6. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“Even though we know that sense objects are by nature perishable still we are attached to (towards) them.” Use the verbal root √सञ्ज् (षञ्जँ सङ्गे १. ११४२) preceded by the उपसर्ग: ‘आङ्’ (‘आ’) for ‘to be attached.’
Answer: यद्यपि विषयाः विनाशधर्माण: सन्ति इति जानीम: तथापि वयम् तेषु आसक्ता: (स्म:) = यद्यपि विषया विनाशधर्माण: सन्तीति जानीमस्तथापि वयं तेष्वासक्ता:।
Easy questions:
1. Where has the सूत्रम् 6-4-71 लुङ्लङ्लृङ्क्ष्वडुदात्तः been used in the verse?
Answer: The सूत्रम् 6-4-71 लुङ्लङ्लृङ्क्ष्वडुदात्तः has been used in the form अभवत् – derived from the verbal root √भू (भू सत्तायाम् १. १).
Please see the answer to easy question 1 in the following comment for the derivation of the form अभवत् – http://avg-sanskrit.org/2012/10/24/जनमेजयः-mns/#comment-5711
2. Which सूत्रम् prescribes सम्प्रसारणम् in the form उच्यते used in the commentary?
Answer: The सूत्रम् 6-1-15 वचिस्वपियजादीनां किति prescribes सम्प्रसारणम् in the form उच्यते – derived from the verbal root √वच् (वचँ परिभाषणे २. ५८).
Please see the answer to question 1 in the following comment for the derivation of the form उच्यते –
https://avg-sanskrit.org/2011/08/04/उष्यताम्-3ps-लोँट्/#comment-1257