Today we will look at the form दुर्मेधाः mNs from श्रीमद्भागवतम् 10.44.33.
निःसारयत दुर्वृत्तौ वसुदेवात्मजौ पुरात् । धनं हरत गोपानां नन्दं बध्नीत दुर्मतिम् ।। १०-४४-३२ ।।
वसुदेवस्तु दुर्मेधा हन्यतामाश्वसत्तमः । उग्रसेनः पिता चापि सानुगः परपक्षगः ।। १०-४४-३३ ।।
श्रीधर-स्वामि-टीका
No commentary on these verses.
Gita Press translation – “Drive out of the city the two ill-behaved sons of Vasudeva; confiscate the wealth of the Gopas and put in bonds the wicked Nanda (32). On the other hand, let Vasudeva of evil mind, the vilest of all, be made short work of at once and so also Ugrasena, my father, who has sided with my enemy, along with his followers.” (33)
(1) दु: (दुष्टा) मेधा यस्य स: = दुर्मेधा: – He whose intelligence/mind is evil.
(2) दुस् + मेधा सुँ । By 2-2-24 अनेकमन्यपदार्थे – Two or more terms having the designation पदम् and ending in the nominative case may optionally compound to yield a बहुव्रीहि: compound provided the terms are employed to denote the sense of another पदम् (which is not part of the compound.)
(3) The adjective ‘दुस्’ (meaning ‘दुष्टा’) is placed in the prior position in the compound as per the सूत्रम् 2-2-35 सप्तमीविशेषणे बहुव्रीहौ – In a बहुव्रीहि: compound the पदम् which ends in a seventh case affix or is an adjective takes the prior position.
Note: ‘दुस् + मेधा सुँ’ gets the designation प्रातिपदिकम् by 1-2-46 कृत्तद्धितसमासाश्च। This allows 2-4-71 to apply in the next step.
(4) दुस् + मेधा । By 2-4-71 सुपो धातुप्रातिपदिकयोः – A सुँप् affix takes a लुक् elision when it is a part of a धातुः or a प्रातिपदिकम्।
(5) दुर् + मेधा । By 8-2-66 ससजुषो रुः । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत् and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।
(6) दुर्मेधा + असिँच् । By 5-4-122 नित्यमसिच् प्रजामेधयोः – Following a बहुव्रीहि: compound whose latter member is either ‘प्रजा’ or ‘मेधा’ and whose prior member is either (the negation particle) ‘नञ्’ or ‘दुस्’ or ‘सु’ the तद्धित: affix असिँच् is prescribed and this affix becomes the ending member of the compound.
(7) दुर्मेधा + अस् । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत्, 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम् and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।
Note: The अङ्गम् ‘दुर्मेधा’ has the भ-सञ्ज्ञा here as per the सूत्रम् 1-4-18 यचि भम्। This allows the सूत्रम् 6-4-148 to apply in the next step.
(8) दुर्मेध् + अस् । By 6-4-148 यस्येति च – When the letter ‘ई’ or a ‘तद्धित’ affix follows, the (ending) इ-वर्ण: (letter ‘इ’ or ‘ई’) or the (ending) अवर्ण: (letter ‘अ’ or ‘आ’) of a अङ्गम् with the भ-सञ्ज्ञा takes elision (लोपः)।
= दुर्मेधस् ।
The gender of a बहुव्रीहि: compound matches that of which it qualifies. In the present example वसुदेव: is being qualified. Hence we assign the masculine gender to the compound प्रातिपदिकम् ‘दुर्मेधस्’। It declines like ‘वेधस्’-शब्द:।
The विवक्षा is प्रथमा-एकवचनम् ।
(9) दुर्मेधस् + सुँ । By 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टाभ्याम्भिस्ङेभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसिँभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसोसाम्ङ्योस्सुप्।
(10) दुर्मेधस् + स् । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत् and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।
(11) दुर्मेधास् + स् । By 6-4-14 अत्वसन्तस्य चाधातोः – When the ‘सुँ’ affix which is not सम्बुद्धिः follows, a base that ends in ‘अतुँ’ or a base that ends in ‘अस्’ which is not of a verbal root, has its penultimate letter elongated.
(12) दुर्मेधास् । By 6-1-68 हल्ङ्याब्भ्यो दीर्घात् सुतिस्यपृक्तं हल् – A single letter affix ‘सुँ’, ‘ति’ or ‘सि’ is dropped following a base ending in a consonant or in the long feminine affix ‘ङी’ or ‘आप्’।
Note: Now ‘दुर्मेधास्’ gets पद-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-4-14 सुप्तिङन्तं पदम् with the help of 1-1-62 प्रत्ययलोपे प्रत्ययलक्षणम् । This allows the सूत्रम् 8-2-66 to apply in the next step.
(13) दुर्मेधाः । रुँत्व-विसर्गौ – 8-2-66 ससजुषो रुः and 8-3-15 खरवसानयोर्विसर्जनीयः।
Questions:
1. Where has the सूत्रम् 5-4-122 नित्यमसिच् प्रजामेधयोः (used in step 6) been used (by extension) in verses 20-25 of Chapter Seven of the गीता?
2. In which word in the verses has the affix ‘क’ been used?
3. Where has the सूत्रम् 6-3-82 वोपसर्जनस्य been used in the verses?
4. Which वार्तिकम् may be used to justify the use of the affix ‘ड’ in the compound परपक्षगः?
5. In the verses can you spot a compound in which the पूर्वपदम् (the first member) has taken पुंवद्भाव: (a masculine-like form)?
6. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
On hearing the words of Śrī Hanumān, the enraged Rāvaṇa ordered, “Kill this evil-minded monkey.” Paraphrase to – On hearing the words of Śrī Hanumān, the enraged Rāvaṇa ordered, “Let this evil-minded monkey be killed.” Use the verbal root √क्रुध् (क्रुधँ क्रोधे (कोपे) ४. ८६) preceded by the उपसर्ग: ‘सम्’ for ‘to be enraged’ and the verbal root √दिश् (दिशँ अतिसर्जने ६. ३) preceded by the उपसर्ग: ‘आङ्’ (‘आ’) for ‘to order.’
Easy questions:
1. Which सूत्रम् prescribes the substitution ‘आम्’ in the form हन्यताम्?
2. Where has the सूत्रम् 6-4-113 ई हल्यघोः been used in the verses?
1. Where has the सूत्रम् 5-4-122 नित्यमसिच् प्रजामेधयोः (used in step 6) been used (by extension) in verses 20-25 of Chapter Seven of the गीता?
Answer: The सूत्रम् 5-4-122 नित्यमसिच् प्रजामेधयोः has been used in the form अल्पमेधसाम् (प्रातिपदिकम् ’अल्पमेधस्’, पुंलिङ्गे षष्ठी-बहुवचनम्) in the following verse of the गीता –
अन्तवत्तु फलं तेषां तद्भवत्यल्पमेधसाम् |
देवान्देवयजो यान्ति मद्भक्ता यान्ति मामपि || 7-23||
The लौकिक-विग्रहः is –
अल्पा मेधा यस्य स: = अल्पमेधाः – He who is of small understanding
The अलौकिक-विग्रहः is –
अल्पा सुँ + मेधा सुँ । By 2-2-24 अनेकमन्यपदार्थे।
The adjective ‘अल्पा सुँ’ is placed in the prior position in the compound as per the सूत्रम् 2-2-35 सप्तमीविशेषणे बहुव्रीहौ।
Note: ‘अल्पा सुँ + मेधा सुँ’ gets the designation प्रातिपदिकम् by 1-2-46 कृत्तद्धितसमासाश्च। This allows 2-4-71 to apply in the next step.
= अल्पा + मेधा । By 2-4-71 सुपो धातुप्रातिपदिकयोः।
= अल्प + मेधा । By 6-3-34 स्त्रियाः पुंवद्भाषितपुंस्कादनूङ् समानाधिकरणे स्त्रियामपूरणीप्रियादिषु।
In the present example the feminine adjective ‘अल्पा’ which does not end in the feminine affix ‘ऊङ्’ and is formed from the masculine base ‘अल्प’ denoting the same meaning becomes masculine-like (‘अल्प’) because it is followed by the feminine final member ’मेधा’ which has समानाधिकरणम् (same locus/reference).
= अल्पमेधा + असिँच् । By 5-4-122 नित्यमसिच् प्रजामेधयोः।
Note: The term अन्यतरस्याम् in the सूत्रम् 5-4-121 नञ्दुःसुभ्यो हलिसक्थ्योरन्यतरस्याम् (which immediately precedes the सूत्रम् 5-4-122 नित्यमसिच् प्रजामेधयोः) is not marked with a स्वरित: accent (ref. 1-3-11 स्वरितेनाधिकारः।) Hence the term अन्यतरस्याम् does not come down into the सूत्रम् 5-4-122. Then what is the point of mentioning नित्यम् in 5-4-122? As per the काशिका – नित्यग्रहणादन्यत्रापि भवतीति सूच्यते। The mention of नित्यम् in 5-4-122 suggests that the affix असिँच् may occur in situations other than those mentioned in 5-4-122. In the present example, the latter member ‘मेधा’ is preceded by ‘अल्प’ (and not by ‘नञ्’ or ‘दुस्’ or ‘सु’) but still the affix असिँच् has been applied.
= अल्पमेधा + अस् । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत्, 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।
Note: The अङ्गम् ‘अल्पमेधा’ has the भ-सञ्ज्ञा here as per the सूत्रम् 1-4-18 यचि भम्। This allows the सूत्रम् 6-4-148 to apply in the next step
= अल्पमेध् + अस् । By 6-4-148 यस्येति च।
= अल्पमेधस् ।
The gender of a बहुव्रीहिः compound matches that of which it qualifies. In the present example, ’अल्पमेधस्’ is qualifying ’जन’ (not explicitly stated.) Hence we assign the masculine gender to the compound प्रातिपदिकम् ‘अल्पमेधस्’। It declines like वेधस्-शब्द:। षष्ठी-बहुवचनम् is अल्पमेधसाम्।
2. In which word in the verses has the affix ‘क’ been used?
Answer: The affix ‘क’ has been used in the form गोपानाम् (प्रातिपदिकम् ’गोप’, पुंलिङ्गे षष्ठी-बहुवचनम्)।
Please see the answer to question 5 in the following comment for the derivation of the प्रातिपदिकम् ’गोप’ – https://avg-sanskrit.org/2014/07/31/वृन्दावनात्-n-ab-s/#comment-35092
3. Where has the सूत्रम् 6-3-82 वोपसर्जनस्य been used in the verses?
Answer: The सूत्रम् 6-3-82 वोपसर्जनस्य has been used in the verses in the form सानुगः (प्रातिपदिकम् ’सानुग’, पुंलिङ्गे प्रथमा-एकवचनम्)।
अनुगैः सह (उग्रसेनो हन्यताम्) = सानुगः (उग्रसेनो हन्यताम्) – (Let Ugrasena,) who is along with his followers, (be killed.)
Note: The third case affix used in अनुगैः is as per the सूत्रम् 2-3-19 सहयुक्तेऽप्रधाने।
The derivation of the compound प्रातिपदिकम् ’सानुग’ is similar to the derivation of the compound प्रातिपदिकम् ‘सार्जुन’ as shown in the following post – https://avg-sanskrit.org/2015/12/07/सार्जुनः-mns/
The gender of a बहुव्रीहि: compound matches that of which it qualifies. In the present example सानुगः is qualifying उग्रसेनः। Hence the compound प्रातिपदिकम् ‘सानुग’ is used in the masculine gender. It declines like राम-शब्द:।
4. Which वार्तिकम् may be used to justify the use of the affix ‘ड’ in the compound परपक्षगः?
Answer: The वार्तिकम् (under 3-2-48 अन्तात्यन्ताध्वदूरपारसर्वानन्तेषु डः) अन्यत्रापि दृश्यत इति वक्तव्यम् may be used to justify the use of the affix ‘ड’ in the compound परपक्षगः (प्रातिपदिकम् ‘परपक्षग’, पुंलिङ्गे प्रथमा-एकवचनम्)।
परपक्षं गच्छतीति परपक्षगः – one who sides with the enemy
The (compound) प्रातिपदिकम् ‘परपक्षग’ is derived as follows:
परपक्ष + ङस् + गम् + ड । By the वार्तिकम् (under 3-2-48 अन्तात्यन्ताध्वदूरपारसर्वानन्तेषु डः) अन्यत्रापि दृश्यत इति वक्तव्यम् – The affix ‘ड’ may be used after the verbal root √गम् (गमॢँ गतौ १. ११३७) when in composition with a उपपदम् which could be other than those specifically listed in 3-2-48 अन्तात्यन्ताध्वदूरपारसर्वानन्तेषु डः।
In the above वार्तिकम्, the term अन्यत्र is in the seventh (locative) case. Hence ‘परपक्ष + ङस्’ gets the उपपद-सञ्ज्ञा here by 3-1-92 तत्रोपपदं सप्तमीस्थम्।
Note: The affix ‘ङस्’ is used here as per 2-3-65 कर्तृकर्मणोः कृति।
= परपक्ष + ङस् + गम् + अ । अनुबन्ध-लोप: by 1-3-7 चुटू and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।
= परपक्ष + ङस् + ग् + अ । By 6-4-143 टेः। Note: The अङ्गम् does not have the भ-सञ्ज्ञा here. But still टि-लोप: is done because otherwise no purpose would be served by having the letter ‘ड्’ as a इत् in the affix ‘ड’। डित्वसामर्थ्यादभस्यापि टेर्लोपः।
= परपक्ष + ङस् + ग ।
We form a compound between ‘परपक्ष + ङस्’ (which is the उपपदम्) and ‘ग’ by using the सूत्रम् 2-2-19 उपपदमतिङ्।
Note: Here ‘परपक्ष + ङस्’ is the उपपदम् and hence it gets the उपसर्जन-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-2-43 प्रथमानिर्दिष्टं समास उपसर्जनम् because in the सूत्रम् 2-2-19 उपपदमतिङ् (which prescribes the compounding) the term उपपदम् ends in the nominative case. In the compound, ‘परपक्ष + ङस्‘ is placed in the prior position as per 2-2-30 उपसर्जनं पूर्वम्।
The compound ‘परपक्ष + ङस् + ग’ gets प्रातिपदिक-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-2-46 कृत्तद्धितसमासाश्च। This allows 2-4-71 to apply in the next step.
= परपक्षग । By 2-4-71 सुपो धातुप्रातिपदिकयोः।
5. In the verses can you spot a compound in which the पूर्वपदम् (the first member) has taken पुंवद्भाव: (a masculine-like form)?
Answer: The पूर्वपदम् (the first member) has taken पुंवद्भाव: in the compound उग्रसेनः (प्रातिपदिकम् ’उग्रसेन’, पुंलिङ्गे प्रथमा-एकवचनम्)।
उग्रा सेना यस्य सः = उग्रसेनः – one who has a formidable army
उग्रा सुँ + सेना सुँ । By 2-2-24 अनेकमन्यपदार्थे।
The adjective ‘उग्रा सुँ’ is placed in the prior position in the compound as per the सूत्रम् 2-2-35 सप्तमीविशेषणे बहुव्रीहौ।
Note: ‘उग्रा सुँ + सेना सुँ’ gets the designation प्रातिपदिकम् by 1-2-46 कृत्तद्धितसमासाश्च। This allows 2-4-71 to apply in the next step.
= उग्रा + सेना । By 2-4-71 सुपो धातुप्रातिपदिकयोः।
= उग्र + सेना । By 6-3-34 स्त्रियाः पुंवद्भाषितपुंस्कादनूङ् समानाधिकरणे स्त्रियामपूरणीप्रियादिषु – A feminine adjective which does not end in the feminine affix ‘ऊङ्’ (ref. 4-1-66 ऊङुतः etc) and is formed from a masculine base denoting the same meaning becomes masculine-like when it is followed by a feminine final member (of a compound) which has समानाधिकरणम् (same locus/reference) but not if the final member denotes an ordinal number or belongs to the class of words ‘प्रिया’ etc.
In the present example the feminine adjective ‘उग्रा’ which does not end in the feminine affix ‘ऊङ्’ and is formed from the masculine base ‘उग्र’ denoting the same meaning becomes masculine-like (‘उग्र’) because it is followed by the feminine final member ’सेना’ which has समानाधिकरणम् (same locus/reference).
= उग्रसेन । By 1-2-48 गोस्त्रियोरुपसर्जनस्य।
The gender of a बहुव्रीहिः compound matches that of which it qualifies. In the present example, उग्रसेनः is qualifying पिता। Hence we assign the masculine gender to the compound प्रातिपदिकम् ‘उग्रसेन’। It declines like राम-शब्द:।
6. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
On hearing the words of Śrī Hanumān, the enraged Rāvaṇa ordered, “Kill this evil-minded monkey.” Paraphrase to – On hearing the words of Śrī Hanumān, the enraged Rāvaṇa ordered, “Let this evil-minded monkey be killed.” Use the verbal root √क्रुध् (क्रुधँ क्रोधे (कोपे) ४. ८६) preceded by the उपसर्ग: ‘सम्’ for ‘to be enraged’ and the verbal root √दिश् (दिशँ अतिसर्जने ६. ३) preceded by the उपसर्ग: ‘आङ्’ (‘आ’) for ‘to order.’
Answer: श्रीहनुमतः वचांसि श्रुत्वा संक्रुद्धः रावणः अयम् दुर्मेधाः वानरः हन्यताम् इति आदिदेश = श्रीहनुमतो वचांसि श्रुत्वा संक्रुद्धो रावणोऽयं दुर्मेधा वानरो हन्यतामित्यादिदेश।
Easy questions:
1. Which सूत्रम् prescribes the substitution ‘आम्’ in the form हन्यताम्?
Answer: The सूत्रम् 3-4-90 आमेतः prescribes the substitution ‘आम्’ in the form हन्यताम् – derived from the verbal root √हन् (हनँ हिंसागत्योः २. २).
The विवक्षा is लोँट्, कर्मणि प्रयोग:, प्रथम-पुरुषः, एकवचनम्।
हन् + लोँट् । By 3-3-162 लोट् च।
= हन् + ल् । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत्, 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।
= हन् + त । By 3-4-78 तिप्तस्झिसिप्थस्थमिब्वस्मस्तातांझथासाथांध्वमिड्वहिमहिङ्, 1-3-13 भावकर्मणोः।
= हन् + ते । By 3-4-79 टित आत्मनेपदानां टेरे।
= हन् + ताम् । By 3-4-90 आमेतः – The letter ‘ए’ of लोँट् is replaced by ‘आम्’। Note: 1-3-4 न विभक्तौ तुस्माः prevents the ending letter ‘म्’ of ‘आम्’ from getting the इत्-सञ्ज्ञा।
= हन् + यक् + ताम् । By 3-1-67 सार्वधातुके यक्।
= हन्यताम् । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।
2. Where has the सूत्रम् 6-4-113 ई हल्यघोः been used in the verses?
Answer: The सूत्रम् 6-4-113 ई हल्यघोः has been used in the verses in the form बध्नीत – derived from the verbal root is √बन्ध् (बन्धँ बन्धने ९. ४४).
The विवक्षा is लोँट्, कर्तरि प्रयोगः, मध्यम-पुरुषः, बहुवचनम्।
बन्ध् + लोँट् । By 3-3-162 लोट् च।
= बन्ध् + ल् । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत्, 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।
= बन्ध् + थ । By 3-4-78 तिप्तस्झिसिप्थस्थमिब्वस्मस्तातांझथासाथांध्वमिड्वहिमहिङ्, 1-3-78 शेषात्कर्तरि परस्मैपदम्।
= बन्ध् + त । By 3-4-85 लोटो लङ्वत्, 3-4-101 तस्थस्थमिपां तांतंतामः।
= बन्ध् + श्ना + त । By 3-1-81 क्र्यादिभ्यः श्ना।
= बन्ध् + ना + त । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-8 लशक्वतद्धिते, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।
= बध् + ना + त । By 6-4-24 अनिदितां हल उपधायाः क्ङिति। Note: Since the सार्वधातुकम् affix ‘श्ना’ is अपित् (does not have the letter ‘प्’ as a इत्), by 1-2-4 सार्वधातुकमपित् it behaves ङिद्वत् (as if it has the letter ‘ङ्’ as a इत्)। This allows 6-4-24 to apply.
= बध् + नी + त । By 6-4-113 ई हल्यघोः – When followed by a हलादि: (beginning with a consonant) सार्वधातुकम् affix which is a कित् (has the letter ‘क्’ as a इत्) or a ङित् (has the letter ‘ङ्’ as a इत्), the letter ‘आ’ of the affix ‘श्ना’ or of a reduplicated root (अभ्यस्तम्) is substituted by the letter ‘ई’ excepting the letter ‘आ’ of the verbal roots having the घु-सञ्ज्ञा।
Note: Since the सार्वधातुकम् affix ‘त’ is अपित् (does not have the letter ‘प्’ as a इत्), by 1-2-4 सार्वधातुकमपित् it behaves ङिद्वत् (as if it has the letter ‘ङ्’ as a इत्)। This allows 6-4-113 to apply.
= बध्नीत ।