Today we will look at the form सुप्रजाः mNs from रघुवंशम् 8.32.
स कदाचिदवेक्षितप्रजः सह देव्या विजहार सुप्रजाः । नगरोपवने शचीसखो मरुतां पालयितेव नन्दने ॥ ८-३२ ॥
मल्लिनाथ-टीका
स इति । अवेक्षितप्रजोऽकुतोभयत्वेनानुसंहितप्रजः । न केवलं स्त्रैण इति भाव: । शोभना प्रजा यस्यासौ सुप्रजाः सुपुत्रवान् । ‘नित्यमसिच्प्रजामेधयोः’ इत्यसिच्प्रत्ययः । पुत्रन्यस्तभार इति भावः । सोऽजः कदाचिद्देव्या महिष्येन्दुमत्या सह नगरोपवने । नन्दने नन्दनाख्येऽमरावत्युपकण्ठवने शचीसखः । शच्या सहेत्यर्थः । मरुतां देवानां पालयितेन्द्र इव विजहार चिक्रीड ।। ३२ ।।
Translation – Once upon a time, he (the king Aja) who looked after his subjects, and who had a fine son, sported with his queen (Indumatī) in the city garden, like Indra (the protector of the gods) with Ṡaci in his company (sports) in the Nandana garden.
(1) सु (शोभना) प्रजा यस्य स: = सुप्रजा: – He whose offspring is good.
(2) सु + प्रजा सुँ । By 2-2-24 अनेकमन्यपदार्थे – Two or more terms having the designation पदम् and ending in the nominative case may optionally compound to yield a बहुव्रीहि: compound provided the terms are employed to denote the sense of another पदम् (which is not part of the compound.)
(3) The adjective ‘सु’ (meaning ‘शोभना’) is placed in the prior position in the compound as per the सूत्रम् 2-2-35 सप्तमीविशेषणे बहुव्रीहौ – In a बहुव्रीहि: compound the पदम् which ends in a seventh case affix or is an adjective takes the prior position.
Note: ‘सु + प्रजा सुँ’ gets the designation प्रातिपदिकम् by 1-2-46 कृत्तद्धितसमासाश्च। This allows 2-4-71 to apply in the next step.
(4) सु + प्रजा । By 2-4-71 सुपो धातुप्रातिपदिकयोः – A सुँप् affix takes a लुक् elision when it is a part of a धातुः or a प्रातिपदिकम्।
(5) सुप्रजा + असिँच् । By 5-4-122 नित्यमसिच् प्रजामेधयोः – Following a बहुव्रीहि: compound whose latter member is either ‘प्रजा’ or ‘मेधा’ and whose prior member is either (the negation particle) ‘नञ्’ or ‘दुस्’ or ‘सु’ the तद्धित: affix असिँच् is prescribed and this affix becomes the ending member of the compound.
See questions 2 and 3.
(6) सुप्रजा + अस् । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत्, 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम् and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।
Note: The अङ्गम् ‘सुप्रजा’ has the भ-सञ्ज्ञा here as per the सूत्रम् 1-4-18 यचि भम्। This allows the सूत्रम् 6-4-148 to apply in the next step.
(7) सुप्रज् + अस् । By 6-4-148 यस्येति च – When the letter ‘ई’ or a ‘तद्धित’ affix follows, the (ending) इ-वर्ण: (letter ‘इ’ or ‘ई’) or the (ending) अवर्ण: (letter ‘अ’ or ‘आ’) of a अङ्गम् with the भ-सञ्ज्ञा takes elision (लोपः)।
= सुप्रजस् ।
The gender of a बहुव्रीहि: compound matches that of which it qualifies. In the present example स: (the king) is being qualified. Hence we assign the masculine gender to the compound प्रातिपदिकम् ‘सुप्रजस्’। It declines like ‘वेधस्’-शब्द:।
The विवक्षा is प्रथमा-एकवचनम् ।
(8) सुप्रजस् + सुँ । By 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टाभ्याम्भिस्ङेभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसिँभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसोसाम्ङ्योस्सुप्।
(9) सुप्रजस् + स् । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत् and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।
(10) सुप्रजास् + स् । By 6-4-14 अत्वसन्तस्य चाधातोः – When the ‘सुँ’ affix which is not सम्बुद्धिः follows, a base that ends in ‘अतुँ’ or a base that ends in ‘अस्’ which is not of a verbal root, has its penultimate letter elongated.
(11) सुप्रजास् । By 6-1-68 हल्ङ्याब्भ्यो दीर्घात् सुतिस्यपृक्तं हल् – A single letter affix ‘सुँ’, ‘ति’ or ‘सि’ is dropped following a base ending in a consonant or in the long feminine affix ‘ङी’ or ‘आप्’।
Note: Now ‘सुप्रजास्’ gets पद-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-4-14 सुप्तिङन्तं पदम् with the help of 1-1-62 प्रत्ययलोपे प्रत्ययलक्षणम् । This allows the सूत्रम् 8-2-66 to apply in the next step.
(12) सुप्रजाः । रुँत्व-विसर्गौ – 8-2-66 ससजुषो रुः and 8-3-15 खरवसानयोर्विसर्जनीयः।
Questions:
1. Where has the सूत्रम् 5-4-122 नित्यमसिच् प्रजामेधयोः (used in step 5) been used in verses 30-35 of Chapter Eighteen of the गीता?
2. Commenting on the सूत्रम् 5-4-122 नित्यमसिच् प्रजामेधयोः the तत्त्वबोधिनी says – अकारोच्चारणं भत्वसम्पादनार्थम्, तेन सुप्रजसावित्यादौ ‘यस्येति च’ इत्याकारलोपः सिध्यति। Please explain.
3. Commenting further on the same सूत्रम् the तत्त्वबोधिनी says – अस्वरितत्वादेव अन्यतरस्यांग्रहणाननुवृत्तिसिद्धौ नित्यग्रहणमन्यतो विधानार्थम्। तेन ‘अल्पमेधस:’ इति सिध्यतीति वृत्तिकारादयः। Please explain.
4. In which compound in the verse has the affix ‘टच्’ been used?
5. In which compound in the verse has the first member of the compound taken पुंवद्भाव: (a masculine-like form)?
6. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“King Daśaratha, who had no offspring, performed a sacrifice for getting a son.” Construct a बहुव्रीहि: compound for ‘one who has no offspring’ = ‘अविद्यमाना प्रजा यस्य स:’। Use a causative form of the verbal root √वृत् (वृतुँ वर्तने १. ८६२) preceded by the उपसर्ग: ‘निर्’ for ‘to perform.’
Easy questions:
1. From which verbal root is the form विजहार derived?
2. Which सूत्रम् prescribes the substitution ‘च्’ in the form चिक्रीड used in the commentary?
1. Where has the सूत्रम् 5-4-122 नित्यमसिच् प्रजामेधयोः (used in step 5) been used in verses 30-35 of Chapter Eighteen of the गीता?
Answer: The सूत्रम् 5-4-122 नित्यमसिच् प्रजामेधयोः has been used in the form दुर्मेधाः (प्रातिपदिकम् ’दुर्मेधस्’, पुंलिङ्गे प्रथमा-एकवचनम्) in the following verse of the गीता –
यया स्वप्नं भयं शोकं विषादं मदमेव च ।
न विमुञ्चति दुर्मेधा धृतिः सा पार्थ तामसी ॥ 18-35 ॥
दु: (दुष्टा) मेधा यस्य स: = दुर्मेधा: – Dull-headed (He whose intelligence is spoiled)
Please see the following post for the derivation of the प्रातिपदिकम् ’दुर्मेधस्’ – https://avg-sanskrit.org/2015/12/28/दुर्मेधाः-mns
The gender of a बहुव्रीहि: compound matches that of which it qualifies. In the present example जनः (not explicitly stated) is being qualified. Hence we assign the masculine gender to the compound प्रातिपदिकम् ‘दुर्मेधस्’। It declines like ‘वेधस्’-शब्द:।
2. Commenting on the सूत्रम् 5-4-122 नित्यमसिच् प्रजामेधयोः the तत्त्वबोधिनी says – अकारोच्चारणं भत्वसम्पादनार्थम्, तेन सुप्रजसावित्यादौ ‘यस्येति च’ इत्याकारलोपः सिध्यति। Please explain.
Answer: The purpose of having the letter ‘अ’ in the affix ‘असिँच्’ is to facilitate the assignment of the भ-सञ्ज्ञा (ref: 1-4-18 यचि भम्) to the अङ्गम्। This in turn facilitates the elision of the ending letter ‘आ’ of the अङ्गम् by 6-4-148 यस्येति च (which requires the अङ्गम् to have the भ-सञ्ज्ञा), as shown in step 7 in the post. Thus we can arrive at forms such as (सुप्रजस् + औ =) सुप्रजसौ (प्रथमा-द्विवचनम्।)
Note: Had the letter ‘अ’ not been included in the affix ‘असिँच्’, 6-4-148 यस्येति च wouldn’t apply and we would end up with the incorrect form (सुप्रजास् + औ =) सुप्रजासौ।
3. Commenting further on the same सूत्रम् the तत्त्वबोधिनी says – अस्वरितत्वादेव अन्यतरस्यांग्रहणाननुवृत्तिसिद्धौ नित्यग्रहणमन्यतो विधानार्थम्। तेन ‘अल्पमेधस:’ इति सिध्यतीति वृत्तिकारादयः। Please explain.
Answer: As per the सूत्रम् 5-4-122 नित्यमसिच् प्रजामेधयोः – Following a बहुव्रीहि: compound whose latter member is either ‘प्रजा’ or ‘मेधा’ and whose prior member is either (the negation particle) ‘नञ्’ or ‘दुस्’ or ‘सु’ the तद्धित: affix असिँच् is prescribed and this affix becomes the ending member of the compound.
How do we then justify forms such as अल्पमेधस: – where the compound’s prior member ‘अल्प’ is neither ‘नञ्’ nor ‘दुस्’ nor ‘सु’?
The तत्त्वबोधिनी explains as follows – The term अन्यतरस्याम् in the prior सूत्रम् (5-4-121 नञ्दुःसुभ्यो हलिसक्थ्योरन्यतरस्याम्) is not marked with a स्वरित: accent (ref. 1-3-11 स्वरितेनाधिकारः।) Hence the अनुवृत्ति: of the term अन्यतरस्याम् does not come down into the सूत्रम् 5-4-122. Then what is the point of mentioning नित्यम् in 5-4-122? The answer is नित्यग्रहणमन्यतो विधानार्थम् – The mention of नित्यम् in the सूत्रम् 5-4-122 suggests that the affix असिँच् may occur in situations other than those mentioned in 5-4-122. तेन ‘अल्पमेधस:’ इति सिध्यति – Hence we can arrive at forms such as अल्पमेधस: (प्रातिपदिकम् ‘अल्पमेधस्’, षष्ठी-एकवचनम्) where the compound’s latter member ‘मेधा’ is preceded by ‘अल्प’ (and not by ‘नञ्’ or ‘दुस्’ or ‘सु’) but still the affix असिँच् has been applied. This is as per the opinion of the वृत्तिकारः (author of काशिका) and others.
4. In which compound in the verse has the affix ‘टच्’ been used?
Answer: The affix ‘टच्’ has been used in the formation of the compound शचीसखः (पुंलिङ्ग-प्रातिपदिकम् ’शचीसख’, प्रथमा-एकवचनम्)।
The लौकिक-विग्रहः is –
शच्याः सखा = शचीसखः – Indra (the consort of Ṡacī)
Note: The sixth case affix in शच्याः is as per the सूत्रम् 2-3-50 षष्ठी शेषे।
The अलौकिक-विग्रह: is –
शची ङस् + सखि सुँ । By 2-2-8 षष्ठी।
The derivation of the compound प्रातिपदिकम् ’शचीसख’ is similar to the derivation of the compound प्रातिपदिकम् ’नरसख’ as shown in the following post –
https://avg-sanskrit.org/2015/03/23/नरसखम्-mas
Note: As per the सूत्रम् 2-4-26 परवल्लिङ्गं द्वन्द्वतत्पुरुषयोः, the compound प्रातिपदिकम् ’शचीसख’ is masculine since the latter member ‘सखि’ of the compound is masculine. The compound declines like राम-शब्द:।
5. In which compound in the verse has the first member of the compound taken पुंवद्भाव: (a masculine-like form)?
Answer: In the compound अवेक्षितप्रजः (प्रातिपदिकम् ‘अवेक्षितप्रज’, पुंलिङ्गे प्रथमा-एकवचनम्) the first member of the compound has taken the पुंवद्भाव:।
The लौकिक-विग्रह: is –
अवेक्षिताः प्रजा येन सः = अवेक्षितप्रजः – one by whom the subjects have been looked after. It refers to the king Aja
The अलौकिक-विग्रह: is –
अवेक्षिता जस् + प्रजा जस् । By 2-2-24 अनेकमन्यपदार्थे।
The adjective ‘प्रजा जस्’ is placed in the prior position in the compound as per the सूत्रम् 2-2-35 सप्तमीविशेषणे बहुव्रीहौ।
Note: ‘अवेक्षिता जस् + प्रजा जस्’ gets the designation प्रातिपदिकम् by 1-2-46 कृत्तद्धितसमासाश्च। This allows 2-4-71 to apply in the next step.
= अवेक्षिता + प्रजा । By 2-4-71 सुपो धातुप्रातिपदिकयोः।
= अवेक्षित + प्रजा । By 6-3-34 स्त्रियाः पुंवद्भाषितपुंस्कादनूङ् समानाधिकरणे स्त्रियामपूरणीप्रियादिषु – A feminine adjective which does not end in the feminine affix ‘ऊङ्’ (ref. 4-1-66 ऊङुतः etc) and is formed from a masculine base denoting the same meaning becomes masculine-like when it is followed by a feminine final member (of a compound) which has समानाधिकरणम् (same locus/reference) but not if the final member denotes an ordinal number or belongs to the class of words ‘प्रिया’ etc.
In the present example the feminine adjective ‘अवेक्षिता’ does not end in the feminine affix ‘ऊङ्’ and is formed from the masculine base ‘अवेक्षित’ denoting the same meaning. And, hence becomes masculine-like (‘अवेक्षित’) because it is followed by the feminine final member ’प्रजा’ which has समानाधिकरणम् (same locus/reference).
= अवेक्षित + प्रज । By 1-2-48 गोस्त्रियोरुपसर्जनस्य, 1-1-52 अलोऽन्त्यस्य।
= अवेक्षितप्रज ।
The gender of a बहुव्रीहि: compound matches that of which it qualifies. In the present example, the king Aja is being qualified. Hence we assign the masculine gender to the compound प्रातिपदिकम् ‘अवेक्षितप्रज’। It declines like राम-शब्द:।
6. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“King Daśaratha, who had no offspring, performed a sacrifice for getting a son.” Construct a बहुव्रीहि: compound for ‘one who has no offspring’ = ‘अविद्यमाना प्रजा यस्य स:’। Use a causative form of the verbal root √वृत् (वृतुँ वर्तने १. ८६२) preceded by the उपसर्ग: ‘निर्’ for ‘to perform.’
Answer: अप्रजाः राजा दशरथः पुत्रम् प्राप्तुम् यज्ञम् निर्वर्तयामास = अप्रजा राजा दशरथः पुत्रं प्राप्तुं यज्ञं निर्वर्तयामास।
Easy questions:
1. From which verbal root is the form विजहार derived?
Answer: The form विजहार is derived from the verbal root √हृ (हृञ् हरणे १. १०४६).
Please see the answer to question 3 in the following comment for the derivation of the form विजहार – https://avg-sanskrit.org/2012/01/11/जगौ-3as-लिँट्/#comment-3121
2. Which सूत्रम् prescribes the substitution ‘च्’ in the form चिक्रीड used in the commentary?
Answer: The सूत्रम् 7-4-62 कुहोश्चुः prescribes the substitution ‘च्’ in the form चिक्रीड – derived from the verbal root √क्रीड् (क्रीडृँ विहारे १. ४०५).
Please see the answer to question 5 in the following comment for the derivation of the form चिक्रीड – https://avg-sanskrit.org/2012/01/11/जगौ-3as-लिँट्/#comment-3121