Today we will look at the form दीनः mNs from श्रीमद्-वाल्मीकि-रामायणम् 2.103.3.
जघान बलिनं रामः सहस्रनयनात्मजम् । वालिनं मेरुसङ्काशं पर्याप्तं तन्निदर्शनम् ।। ६-९४-१७ ।।
ऋष्यमूके वसंश्चैव दीनो भग्नमनोरथः । सुग्रीवः प्रापितो राज्यं पर्याप्तं तन्निदर्शनम् ।। ६-९४-१८ ।।
धर्मार्थसहितं वाक्यं सर्वेषां रक्षसां हितम् । युक्तं विभीषणेनोक्तं मोहात्तस्य न रोचते ।। ६-९४-१९ ।।
विभीषणवचः कुर्याद्यदि स्म धनदानुजः । श्मशानभूता दुःखार्ता नेयं लङ्का भविष्यति ।। ६-९४-२० ।।
Gita Press translation – Rāma (also) killed the mighty Vālī, sprung from the loins of Indra (the thousand-eyed god), who resembled Mount Meru (in size). His example (too) should have been sufficient (to serve) as an eye-opener (to Rāvaṇa) (17). Living disconsolate on Mount Ṛṣyamūka, his ambitions dashed to pieces, Sugrīva too was restored to the throne. That example (too) should have proved sufficient (to make Rāvaṇa realize the greatness of Rāma) (18). “The reasonable advice tendered by Vibhīṣaṇa, which was not only in consonance with righteousness but rebounded to the (wordly) interest of Rāvaṇa, nay, which was conducive to the good of all the ogres, did not find favor with Rāvaṇa due to his folly (19). Had Rāvaṇa (the younger half-brother of Kubera) followed the advice of Vibhīṣaṇa, this (city of) Laṅkā would not have been afflicted with sorrow and turned a crematorium (20).
The प्रातिपदिकम् “दीन” is derived from the verbal root √दी (दीङ् क्षये ४. २९).
(1) दी + क्त । By 3-2-102 निष्ठा – The affix “निष्ठा” (ref.1-1-26 क्तक्तवतू निष्ठा) may be used following a verbal root when denoting an action in the past tense. Note: The affix ‘क्त’ has been used कर्तरि (to denote the agent) here as per 3-4-72 गत्यर्थाकर्मकश्लिषशीङ्स्थासवसजनरुहजीर्यतिभ्यश्च – When following one of the verbal roots listed below, the affix “क्त” may be used in the active voice (कर्तरि) as well as in the passive voice (भावकर्मणो:) –
(i) any verbal root used in the sense of motion (गत्यर्थ:)
(ii) any verbal root used intransitively (अकर्मक:)
(iii) the verbal roots √श्लिष् (श्लिषँ आलिङ्गने ४. ८३), √शी (शीङ् स्वप्ने २. २६), √स्था (ष्ठा गतिनिवृत्तौ १. १०७७), √आस् (आसँ उपवेशने २. ११), √वस् (वसँ निवासे १. ११६०), √जन् (जनीँ प्रादुर्भावे ४. ४४), √रुह् (रुहँ बीजजन्मनि प्रादुर्भावे च १. ९९५) and √जॄ (जॄष् वयोहानौ ४. २५)।
Note: The verbal roots listed in (iii) are intransitive. But when used with a उपसर्ग: they may become transitive. In that case they would not be covered by (ii). This is the reason for listing them separately in (iii).
(2) दी + त । अनुबन्ध-लोप: by 1-3-8 लशक्वतद्धिते and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः। Note: 7-2-10 एकाच उपदेशेऽनुदात्तात् prevents the affix ‘त’ from taking the augment ‘इट्’ which would have been done by 7-2-35 आर्धधातुकस्येड् वलादेः। The affix “क्त” is a कित्। Hence 1-1-5 क्क्ङिति च prevents 7-3-84 सार्वधातुकार्धधातुकयोः from applying.
(3) दी + न । By 8-2-45 ओदितश्च – A नकार: is the replacement in place of a तकार: of a निष्ठा affix (ref. 1-1-26) which immediately follows a verbal root which has ओकार: as a इत्। Note: As per स्वादय ओदितः। गण-सूत्रम् (in the दिवादि-गण: of the धातुपाठ:) – The verbal roots (listed in order in the धातु-पाठ:) beginning with √सू (षूङ् प्राणिप्रसवे ४. २७) and ending with √व्री (व्रीङ् वृणोत्यर्थे ४. ३५) are considered to have ओकार: as a इत्। Hence √दी (दीङ् क्षये ४. २९) is considered to have ओकार: as a इत्। This allows 8-2-45 to apply here.
“दीन” gets प्रातिपदिक-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-2-46 कृत्तद्धितसमासाश्च – A word form that ends in a कृत्-प्रत्ययः or a तद्धित-प्रत्ययः and so also compounds gets the name प्रातिपदिकम्।
The विवक्षा is पुंलिङ्गे, प्रथमा-एकवचनम्।
(4) दीन + सुँ । By 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टाभ्याम्भिस्ङेभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसिँभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसोसाम्ङ्योस्सुप्।
(5) दीन + स् । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत् and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।
(6) दीनः । रुँत्व-विसर्गौ by 8-2-66 ससजुषो रुः and 8-3-15 खरवसानयोर्विसर्जनीयः।
Questions:
1. In Chapter Fourteen of the गीता, can you spot a प्रातिपदिकम् in which the गण-सूत्रम् (in the दिवादि-गण: of the धातुपाठ:) स्वादय ओदितः (used in step 3) could be used?
2. In which other प्रातिपदिकम् (besides ‘दीन’) in the verses has the सूत्रम् 8-2-45 ओदितश्च been used?
3. In the verses, can you spot a उपपद-समास: (which is part of a bigger compound) in which the affix ‘ड’ has been used?
4. Can you spot the affix ‘ल्यु’ in the verses?
5. Which सूत्रम् is used for the कवर्गादेश: in the form जघान?
6. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
‘I notice that you are dejected.’ Paraphrase to ‘That you are dejected is noticed by me.’ Use the verbal root √लक्ष् (लक्षँ आलोचने १०. २१९, लक्षँ दर्शनाङ्कनयोः १०. ६) for ‘to notice.’
Easy questions:
1. Where has the सूत्रम् 7-2-110 यः सौ been used in the verses?
2. Can you spot the augment ‘सुँट्’ in the verses?
1. In Chapter Fourteen of the गीता, can you spot a प्रातिपदिकम् in which the गण-सूत्रम् (in the दिवादि-गण: of the धातुपाठ:) स्वादय ओदितः (used in step 3) could be used?
Answer: The गण-सूत्रम् (in the दिवादि-गण: of the धातुपाठ:) स्वादय ओदितः could be used in the प्रातिपदिकम् ‘लीन’(as part of a compound) in the form प्रलीनः in the following verse –
रजसि प्रलयं गत्वा कर्मसङ्गिषु जायते |
तथा प्रलीनस्तमसि मूढयोनिषु जायते || 14-15||
The गण-सूत्रम् (in the दिवादि-गण: of the धातुपाठ:) स्वादय ओदितः is required when the प्रातिपदिकम् ‘लीन’ is derived from the verbal root √ली (लीङ् श्लेषणे ४. ३४). The derivation is similar to the derivation of the प्रातिपदिकम् ‘दीन’ as shown in the post.
Note: The प्रातिपदिकम् ‘लीन’ could also be derived from the verbal root √ली (ली श्लेषणे ९. ३६). Please see the following post for this derivation – http://avg-sanskrit.org/2012/11/30/लीनेषु-nlp/
2. In which other प्रातिपदिकम् (besides ‘दीन’) in the verses has the सूत्रम् 8-2-45 ओदितश्च been used?
Answer: Besides in the प्रातिपदिकम् ‘दीन’, the सूत्रम् 8-2-45 ओदितश्च has been used in the प्रातिपदिकम् ‘भग्न’ in the compound भग्नमनोरथः।
The प्रातिपदिकम् ‘भग्न’ is derived from the verbal root √भन्ज् (भन्जोँ आमर्दने ७. १६) as follows:
भन्ज् + क्त । By 3-2-102 निष्ठा, 3-4-70 तयोरेव कृत्यक्तखलर्थाः।
= भन्ज् + त । अनुबन्ध-लोप: by 1-3-8 लशक्वतद्धिते and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः। Note: 7-2-10 एकाच उपदेशेऽनुदात्तात् prevents the affix ‘त’ from taking the augment ‘इट्’ which would have been done by 7-2-35 आर्धधातुकस्येड् वलादेः। The affix ‘क्त’ is a कित्। This allows us to apply 6-4-24 अनिदितां हल उपधायाः क्ङिति in the following step.
= भज् + त । By 6-4-24 अनिदितां हल उपधायाः क्ङिति।
= भग् + त । By 8-2-30 चोः कुः।
= भग् + न । By 8-2-45 ओदितश्च। The verbal root √भन्ज् (भन्जोँ आमर्दने ७. १६) has the letter ‘ओ’ as a इत्। This allows 8-2-45 to apply.
= भग्न ।
“भग्न” gets प्रातिपदिक-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-2-46 कृत्तद्धितसमासाश्च।
3. In the verses, can you spot a उपपद-समास: (which is part of a bigger compound) in which the affix ‘ड’ has been used?
Answer: The affix ‘ड’ has been used in the प्रातिपदिकम् ‘आत्मज’ in the compound सहस्रनयनात्मजम्।
Please see the following post for the derivation of the प्रातिपदिकम् ‘आत्मज’ –
http://avg-sanskrit.org/2012/11/15/आत्मजः-mns/
4. Can you spot the affix ‘ल्यु’ in the verses?
Answer: The affix ‘ल्यु’ has been used in the प्रातिपदिकम् ‘विभीषण’ used in विभीषणेन (तृतीया-एकवचनम्) as well as in the compound विभीषणवचः।
The word विभीषणः is listed in the नन्द्यादि-गण:। ‘विभीषण’ is derived by adding the affix ‘ल्यु’ to a causative form of the verbal root √भी (जुहोत्यादि-गणः, ञिभी भये, धातु-पाठः #३. २). For the detailed derivation please refer to the following post – http://avg-sanskrit.org/2012/09/26/विभीषणस्य-mgs/
5. Which सूत्रम् is used for the कवर्गादेश: in the form जघान?
Answer: The सूत्रम् 7-3-54 हो हन्तेर्ञ्णिन्नेषु is used for the घकारादेशः in the form जघान derived from √हन् (हनँ हिंसागत्योः २. २).
The derivation of जघान is shown in answer to question 5 in the following comment –
http://avg-sanskrit.org/2012/04/18/अद्राक्षीत्-3as-लुँङ्/#comment-3649
6. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
‘I notice that you are dejected.’ Paraphrase to ‘That you are dejected is noticed by me.’ Use the verbal root √लक्ष् (लक्षँ आलोचने १०. २१९, लक्षँ दर्शनाङ्कनयोः १०. ६) for ‘to notice.’
Answer: दीनः असि इति मया लक्ष्यते = दीनोऽसीति मया लक्ष्यते ।
Easy questions:
1. Where has the सूत्रम् 7-2-110 यः सौ been used in the verses?
Answer: The सूत्रम् 7-2-110 यः सौ has been used in the form इयम् (सर्वनाम-प्रातिपदिकम् “इदम्”, स्त्रीलिङ्गे प्रथमा-एकवचनम्)।
The derivation of इयम् is shown in answer to easy question 1 in the following comment –
http://avg-sanskrit.org/2012/10/18/यशस्करम्-nns/#comment-5584
2. Can you spot the augment ‘सुँट्’ in the verses?
Answer: The augment ‘सुँट्’ has been used in the form सर्वेषाम् (सर्वनाम-प्रातिपदिकम् “सर्व”, पुंलिङ्गे षष्ठी-बहुवचनम्)।
The derivation of सर्वेषाम् is shown in answer to easy question 2 in the following comment –
http://avg-sanskrit.org/2011/08/07/हन्यात्-3as-विधिलिँङ्/#comment-1260