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तिर्यक्षु mLp
Today we will look at the form तिर्यक्षु from श्रीमद्भागवतम् SB 10-14-20
सुरेष्वृषिष्वीश तथैव नृष्वपि तिर्यक्षु यादस्स्वपि तेऽजनस्य ।
जन्मासतां दुर्मदनिग्रहाय प्रभो विधातः सदनुग्रहाय च ।। १०-१४-२० ।।
Gita Press translation – “In order to curb the foolish pride of the wicked, O Lord, as well as for showering Your grace on the righteous, O Maker of the universe, You appear among the gods, the Ṛṣis and even so among human beings, as well as among the beasts and birds and even among aquatic creatures, although You are birth-less (as a matter of fact), O Master!”
In order to derive the form तिर्यक्षु, we have to start with the धातु “अन्च्” preceded by “तिरस्” । “तिरस् + अन्च्” means one who moves horizontally.
By 3-2-59 ऋत्विग्दधृक्स्रग्दिगुष्णिगञ्चुयुजिक्रुञ्चां च, “तिरस् अन्च्” gets the क्विन्-प्रत्यय:। क्विन् takes सर्वापहारलोपः। The ककार: and नकार: are removed using 1-3-8 लशक्वतद्धिते and 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम् along with 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः। The इकारः in the क्विन्-प्रत्यय: is उच्चारणार्थः। The single letter वकार: that remains gets अपृक्त-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-2-41 अपृक्त एकाल् प्रत्ययः। By 6-1-67 वेरपृक्तस्य, this वकार: which is अपृक्तः takes लोपः।
Now, since क्विन् is a कित्-प्रत्ययः, by 6-4-24 अनिदितां हल उपधायाः क्ङिति, the उपधा-नकारः of अन्च् takes लोपः to give “तिरस् अच्”।
The क्विन्-प्रत्यय: has the कृत्-सञ्ज्ञा by 3-1-93 कृदतिङ् । By 1-1-62 प्रत्ययलोपे प्रत्ययलक्षणम्, even though the क्विन्-प्रत्ययः has taken लोपः, “तिरस् अच्” gets प्रातिपदिक-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-2-46 कृत्तद्धितसमासाश्च and hence it will take the affixes सुँ, औ, जस् etc. mandated by 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टाभ्याम्भिस्ङेभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसिँभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसोसाम्ङ्योस्सुप्। The विवक्षा here is सप्तमी-बहुवचनम्।
(1) तिरस् अच् + सुप् । The अङ्गम् has पद-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-4-17 स्वादिष्वसर्वनमस्थाने।
(2) तिरस् अच् + सु । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम् and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।
(3) तिरि अच्+ सु । तिरस् gets तिरि as its replacement by 6-3-94 तिरसस्तिर्यलोपे, when it is followed by the verb अन्चुँ (that has not taken अकार-लोप:) that ends in a affix that is a वकार:। (Here it ends in क्विन्-प्रत्ययः which, after removing the इत् letters, is a वकारः।)
(4) तिर्यच् + सु । यणादेशः by 6-1-77 इको यणचि ।
(5) तिर्यक् + सु । By 8-2-30 चोः कुः, the पदान्त-चकारः gets the क-वर्गः consonant as a replacement.
(6) तिर्यग् + सु । By 8-2-39 झलां जशोऽन्ते, a झल् letter occurring at the end of a पदम् is replaced by a जश् letter.
(7) तिर्यग् + षु । By 8-3-59 आदेशप्रत्यययोः , the letter स् is replaced by the cerebral ष्।
(8) तिर्यक्षु । By 8-4-55 खरि च, the गकारः (झल् letter) is replaced by ककारः (चर् letter) since षकारः (खर् letter) follows.
Questions:
1. Where has the सूत्रम् 8-2-2 नलोपः सुप्स्वरसंज्ञातुग्विधिषु कृति been used in this verse?
2. Where has the ङे-प्रत्यय: been used?
3. Can you spot a form of the युष्मद्-प्रातिपदिकम् in this verse?
4. Why did the सूत्रम् 6-4-138 अचः not apply in this example? Which condition was not satisfied?
5. Besides the प्रातिपदिकम् “नृ” can you find another ऋकारान्त-प्रातिपदिकम् in this verse?
6. Please state the one synonym for the word “याद:” (प्रातिपदिकम् “यादस्” neuter, meaning “aquatic creature”) as given in the अमरकोश:।
अथ यादांसि जलजन्तवः ।।१-१०-२०।।
(इति द्वे “जलचरमात्रस्य” नाम्नी)
7. Where is the प्रातिपदिकम् “यादस्” used in the गीता?
8. How would you ask the above question (#7) in Sanskrit? Use the adjective प्रातिपदिकम् “प्रयुक्त” for “used” and the अव्ययम् “कुत्र” for “where.”
Easy questions:
1. Find three places where the सूत्रम् 6-1-77 इको यणचि has been used.
2. Please do पदच्छेद: of तेऽजनस्य and mention the relevant rules.
3. Which सूत्रम् was used to get तथा + एव = तथैव?
महान् mNs
Today we will look at the form महान् from श्रीमद्भागवतम् SB 1-19-30
स संवृतस्तत्र महान् महीयसां ब्रह्मर्षिराजर्षिदेवर्षिसङ्घैः ।
व्यरोचतालं भगवान्यथेन्दुर्ग्रहर्क्षतारानिकरैः परीतः ।। १-१९-३० ।।
Gita Press translation “Surrounded by hosts of Brāhmaṇa sages, royal sages and celestial sages, the divine Śuka, who was greatest among the great, shone most resplendent even as the moon in the midst of other planets, constellations and stars.”
‘महत्’ gets प्रातिपदिकसंज्ञा by 1-2-45 अर्थवदधातुरप्रत्ययः प्रातिपदिकम्। The विवक्षा here is प्रथमा-एकवचनम्। 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टाभ्याम्भिस्ङेभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसिँभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसोसाम्ङ्योस्सुप् mandates the प्रत्ययाः सुँ, औ, जस् etc. after the प्रातिपदिकम् ‘महत् ‘।
(1) महत् + सुँ । By the उणादि-सूत्रम् “वर्तमाने पृषद्-बृहन्महज्जगद् शतृँवच्च।”, the प्रातिपदिकम् “महत्” will undergo the same operations as a शतृँ-प्रत्ययान्त-शब्द:। This makes it उगित् ।
(2) मह नुँम् त् + सुँ । By 7-1-70 उगिदचां सर्वनामस्थानेऽधातोः, the प्रातिपदिकम् “महत्” which is an उगित् takes the नुँम् augment when followed by a सर्वनामस्थानम् affix. By 1-1-47 मिदचोऽन्त्यात्परः, the नुँम्-आगम: is placed after the last अच् (the अकार: after the हकार:) in “महत्”।
(3) महन्त् + स् । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत्, 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम् and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।
(4) महान्त् + स् । By 6-4-10 सान्तमहतः संयोगस्य, since a सर्वनामस्थानम् affix which is not a सम्बुद्धिः follows, the letter preceding the नकारः in the word महत् is elongated.
(5) महान्त् । सकार-लोपः by 6-1-68 हल्ङ्याब्भ्यो दीर्घात् सुतिस्यपृक्तं हल्। Using 1-1-62 प्रत्ययलोपे प्रत्ययलक्षणम् महान्त् gets पद-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-4-14 सुप्तिङन्तं पदम्।
(6) महान् । By 8-2-23 संयोगान्तस्य लोपः, the संयोगान्तपदम् “महान्त्” takes लोपः। As per 1-1-52 अलोऽन्त्यस्य, only the ending letter (तकार:) of the पदम् will take लोपः।
Questions:
1. Where does the word “महान्” appear in the गीता?
2. Why didn’t 8-2-7 नलोपः प्रातिपदिकान्तस्य after step 6?
3. In which of the 21 places, does the declension of “महत्” differ from that of “धीमत्” in the masculine?
4. Where has the सूत्रम् 6-4-14 अत्वसन्तस्य चाधातोः been used in this verse?
5. Please list the eight synonyms of the adjective प्रातिपदिकम् “महत्” (meaning “large/great”) as given in the अमरकोश:।
विशङ्कटं पृथु बृहद् विशालं पृथुलं महत् ॥३-१-६०॥
वड्रोरुविपुलम् ॥३-१-६१॥
(इति नव “विस्तीर्णस्य” नामानि)
6. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“This (is) a great country.”
7. Which entire सूत्रम् comes as अनुवृत्ति: in to 6-4-10 सान्तमहतः संयोगस्य?
8. Can you recall a नियम-सूत्रम् (limiting rule) that we have studied for 8-2-23 संयोगान्तस्य लोपः?
Easy questions:
1. Which सूत्रम् is used to give ग्रह + ऋक्ष = ग्रहर्क्ष?
2. Which one for यथा + इन्दु: = यथेन्दु:?
वाग्भिः fIp
Today we will look at the form वाग्भिः from श्रीमद्वाल्मीकि-रामायणम् ।
ततो मया वाग्भिरदीनभाषिणी शिवाभिरिष्टाभिरभिप्रसादिता |
उवाह शान्तिं मम मैथिलात्मजा तवातिशोकेन तथातिपीडिता || ५-६८-२९||
Gita Press translation “Cheered by me with gladdening and agreeable words, Sītā (a princess of Mithilā), who, though sore afflicted with the thought of your excessive grief (on her account), never speaks pitiful words, derived solace in my presence.”
‘वाच्’ gets प्रातिपदिकसंज्ञा by 1-2-45 अर्थवदधातुरप्रत्ययः प्रातिपदिकम्। The विवक्षा here is तृतीया-बहुवचनम्। 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टाभ्याम्भिस्ङेभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसिँभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसोसाम्ङ्योस्सुप् mandates the प्रत्ययाः सुँ, औ, जस् etc. after the प्रातिपदिकम् ‘वाच्’।
(1) वाच् + भिस् । The अङ्गम् has पद-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-4-17 स्वादिष्वसर्वनमस्थाने। 1-3-4 न विभक्तौ तुस्माः prevents the ending सकारः of भिस् from getting इत्-सञ्ज्ञा ।
(2) वाक् + भिस् । By 8-2-30 चोः कुः, the पदान्त-चकारः gets the क-वर्गः consonant as a replacement.
(3) वाग् + भिस् । By 8-2-39 झलां जशोऽन्ते, a झल् letter occurring at the end of a पदम् is replaced by a जश् letter.
(4) वाग्भिः । रुँत्व-विसर्गौ 8-2-66 ससजुषो रुः and 8-3-15 खरवसानयोर्विसर्जनीयः।
Questions:
1. Where has the अस्मद्-प्रातिपदिकम् been used in this verse?
2. Could the short form “ते” have been used in the place of “तव” in this example?
3. Which प्रातिपदिकम् used in the verse has the नदी-सञ्ज्ञा? Which सूत्रम् defines the नदी-सञ्ज्ञा?
4. Which words have समानाधिकरणम् with वाग्भि:?
5. Where has the प्रातिपदिकम् “वाच्” been used in the गीता in प्रथमा-एकवचनम्?
6. Please list the six synonyms for “वाक्” (प्रातिपदिकम् “वाच्” feminine, meaning “Goddess of speech – Sarasvati”) as given in the अमरकोश:।
ब्राह्मी तु भारती भाषा गीर्वाग्वाणी सरस्वती ।।१-६-१।।
(इति सप्त “सरस्वतीदेव्या:” नामानि)
7. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“Arjuna was soothed by Sri Krishna’s words.” Use the adjective प्रातिपदिकम् “प्रसादित” for “was soothed.”
8. What will be the सप्तमी-बहुवचनम् of the प्रातिपदिकम् “वाच्”?
Easy questions:
1. Please do पदच्छेद: of ततो मया and mention the relevant rules.
2. Can you spot the places where 6-1-101 अकः सवर्णे दीर्घः has been used in this example?
3. List the letters in the जश्-प्रत्याहार: and in the झल्-प्रत्याहार:।
रुक् fNs
Today we will look at the form रुक् from श्रीमद्भागवतम् SB 1-14-44
कच्चित् प्रेष्ठतमेनाथ हृदयेनात्मबन्धुना ।
शून्योऽस्मि रहितो नित्यं मन्यसे तेऽन्यथा न रुक् ।। १-१४-४४ ।।
Gita Press translation “Or is it that you have been torn from your ever most beloved and intimate friend and relation (Śrī Kṛṣṇa) and thus consider yourself desolate; for there can be no other cause of your agony.”
‘रुज्’ gets प्रातिपदिकसंज्ञा by 1-2-45 अर्थवदधातुरप्रत्ययः प्रातिपदिकम्। The विवक्षा here is प्रथमा-एकवचनम्। 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टाभ्याम्भिस्ङेभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसिँभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसोसाम्ङ्योस्सुप् mandates the प्रत्ययाः सुँ, औ, जस् etc. after the प्रातिपदिकम् ‘रुज्’।
(1) रुज् + सुँ ।
(2) रुज् + स् । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत् and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।
(3) रुज् । सकार-लोपः by 6-1-68 हल्ङ्याब्भ्यो दीर्घात् सुतिस्यपृक्तं हल्। Using 1-1-62 प्रत्ययलोपे प्रत्ययलक्षणम् रुज् gets पद-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-4-14 सुप्तिङन्तं पदम्।
(4) रुग् । By 8-2-30 चोः कुः, the पदान्त-जकारः gets the क-वर्गः consonant (गकार:) as a replacement. See question 7.
(5) रुक् / रुग् । By 8-4-56 वाऽवसाने, the झल् letter is optionally replaced by a चर् letter when nothing follows.
Questions:
1. The अमरकोश: gives six synonyms for the word “रोग:” (प्रातिपदिकम् “रोग” masculine, meaning “sickness.”) One of them is “रुक्” (प्रातिपदिकम् “रुज्” feminine) used in this verse. Please list the other five.
स्त्री रुग्रुजा चोपतापरोगव्याधिगदामयाः ।।२-६-५१।।
(इति सप्त “रोगस्य” नामानि)
2. Apte’s dictionary gives the following meaning for the indeclinable कच्चित् – A particle of interrogation (often translatable by ‘I hope’). A good example is in the गीता 18-72. Please use कच्चित् to form the following sentence in Sanskrit:
“I hope the गीता has been read by you.” Use the adjective प्रातिपदिकम् “पठित” for “read.”
3. Where has the युष्मद्-प्रातिपदिकम् been used in this verse?
4. Why didn’t the नकार: in the word हृदयेन change to a णकार: even though there is a ऋकार: prior to it in the same पदम्? Which intervening letter blocked the change?
5. Where has the सूत्रम् 7-3-120 आङो नाऽस्त्रियाम् been used?
6. Can you spot where the सूत्रम् 8-2-30 चोः कुः has been used with a चकारान्त-स्त्रीलिङ्ग-प्रातिपदिकम् in the tenth chapter of the गीता? (Steps will be same as in this example.)
7. Which सूत्रम् should actually be applied after step 4? (The application of this सूत्रम् will not change the form.)
8. Can you recall a सूत्रम् (that we have studied) which contains an अपवाद: for 8-2-30 चोः कुः?
Easy questions:
1. Which सूत्रम् was used to get प्रेष्ठतमेन + अथ = प्रेष्ठतमेनाथ? (Same one is used in हृदयेन + आत्मबन्धुना = हृदयेनात्मबन्धुना।)
2. Where has 6-1-109 एङः पदान्तादति been used?
नौ mAd
Today we will look at the form नौ from श्रीमद्भागवतम् SB 10-10-37
अनुजानीहि नौ भूमंस्तवानुचरकिङ्करौ ।
दर्शनं नौ भगवत ऋषेरासीदनुग्रहात् ।। १०-१०-३७ ।।
Gita Press translation “(Pray,) allow us, servants of Your servant (Lord Śiva), to depart, O perfect One! Your (auspicious) sight has been possible for us (only) through the grace of the divine sage (Nārada).”
‘अस्मद्’ gets प्रातिपदिकसंज्ञा by 1-2-45 अर्थवदधातुरप्रत्ययः प्रातिपदिकम् and सर्वनाम-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-1-27 सर्वादीनि सर्वनामानि । The विवक्षा here is द्वितीया-द्विवचनम् । 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टाभ्याम्भिस्ङेभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसिँभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसोसाम्ङ्योस्सुप् mandates the प्रत्ययाः सुँ, औ, जस् etc. after the प्रातिपदिकम् ‘अस्मद्’ ।
(1) अस्मद् + औट् ।
(2) नौ । By 8-1-20 युष्मदस्मदोः षष्ठीचतुर्थीद्वितीयास्थयोर्वान्नावौ, the अस्मद्-प्रातिपदिकम् along with the औट्-प्रत्यय: (द्वितीया-द्विवचनम्), gets नौ as replacement, since the following conditions are met:
a) There is a पदम् in the same sentence preceding अस्मद्-शब्दः। Here in this example we have अनुजानीहि preceding.
b) अस्मद्-शब्दः is not at the beginning of the metrical पाद:।
Questions:
1. Could the short form “ते” have been used in the place of the word “तव” (प्रातिपदिकम् “युष्मद्”, षष्ठी-एकवचनम्) in this verse?
2. Why is 8-1-20 युष्मदस्मदोः षष्ठीचतुर्थीद्वितीयास्थयोर्वान्नावौ used only in the case of a द्विवचन-प्रत्यय:?
3. Please do पदच्छेद: of भूमंस्तव and mention the relevant rules.
4. Where has the सूत्रम् 6-1-104 नादिचि been used?
5. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“This knowledge of grammar has been obtained by us through the grace of the sage पाणिनि:।” Use a word from the example for “through the grace” and use the adjective प्रातिपदिकम् “प्राप्त” for “obtained.”
6. Please state the one synonym for the word “अनुग्रह:” (प्रातिपदिकम् “अनुग्रह” masculine, meaning “grace/favor”) as given in the अमरकोश:।
अभ्युपपत्तिरनुग्रहः ।।३-२-१३।।
(इति द्वे “हितसम्पादनाहितनिवारणप्रवृत्ते:” नाम्नी)
7. Where has the ङसिँ-प्रत्यय: been used?
8. Which word in the verse gives us the clue that द्वितीया-विभक्ति: (and not चतुर्थी or षष्ठी) has been used in the form नौ in this example?
Easy questions:
1. Which सूत्रम् was used to get तव + अनुचरकिङ्करौ = तवानुचरकिङ्करौ ?
2. Can you spot a place where the सूत्रम् 8-3-19 लोपः शाकल्यस्य has been used?
मे mGs
Today we will look at the form मे from श्रीमद्वाल्मीकि-रामायणम् ।
एतदिच्छाम्यहं श्रोतुं परं कौतूहलं हि मे |
महर्षे त्वं समर्थोऽसि ज्ञातुमेवंविधं नरम् || १-१-५||
Gita Press translation “I wish to hear this; for there is a great curiosity in my mind about it, while you are capable of knowing such a man. O eminent seer!”
‘अस्मद्’ gets प्रातिपदिकसंज्ञा by 1-2-45 अर्थवदधातुरप्रत्ययः प्रातिपदिकम् and सर्वनाम-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-1-27 सर्वादीनि सर्वनामानि । The विवक्षा here is षष्ठी-एकवचनम् । 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टाभ्याम्भिस्ङेभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसिँभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसोसाम्ङ्योस्सुप् mandates the प्रत्ययाः सुँ, औ, जस् etc. after the प्रातिपदिकम् ‘अस्मद्’ ।
(1) अस्मद् + ङस् ।
(2) मे । By 8-1-22 तेमयावेकवचनस्य, the अस्मद्-प्रातिपदिकम् along with the ङस्-प्रत्यय: (षष्ठी-एकवचनम्), gets मे as replacement, since the following conditions are met:
a) There is a पदम् in the same sentence preceding अस्मद्-शब्दः। Here in this example we have हि preceding.
b) अस्मद्-शब्दः is not at the beginning of the metrical पाद:।
Questions:
1. In which chapter of the गीता is “मे” used in the first verse? Is it चतुर्थी-एकवचनम् or षष्ठी-एकवचनम्?
2. Which प्रातिपदिकम् is present the form “नरम्”? (Is there more than one choice?)
3. Use some words from the verse to compose the following sentence in Sanskrit:
“You are capable of knowing the answer to this question.”
4. Which सूत्रम् is an अपवाद: for 8-1-22 तेमयावेकवचनस्य?
5. Where has the “युष्मद्” प्रातिपदिकम् been used in this verse?
6. Where has the सूत्रम् 7-1-23 स्वमोर्नपुंसकात् been used?
7. Which प्रातिपदिकम् used in the verse has the घि-सञ्ज्ञा?
8. Please list the three synonyms for the word कौतूहलम् (प्रातिपदिकम् “कौतूहल” neuter, meaning “curiosity”) as given in the अमरकोश:।
कौतूहलं कौतुकं च कुतुकं च कुतूहलम् ।।१-७-३१।।
(इति चत्वारि “कौतुकस्य” नामानि)
Easy questions:
1. Which सूत्रम् was used to get इच्छामि + अहम् = इच्छाम्यहम्?
2. Which सूत्रम् was used to get महा + ऋषि = महर्षि?
3. Please do पदच्छेद: of समर्थोऽसि and mention the relevant rules.
हव्यवाट् mNs
Today we will look at the form हव्यवाट्-mNs from श्रीमद्वाल्मीकि-रामायणम् ।
इत्युक्तः स तु तारेयो रामेणाक्लिष्टकर्मणा |
जगामाकाशमाविश्य मूर्तिमानिव हव्यवाट् || ६-४१-७३ ||
Gita Press translation “Ascending into the air when tutored in these words by Śrī Rāma, who was unwearied in action, Aṅgada (son of Tārā) for his part, who resembled fire incarnate, left (for Laṅkā).”
‘हव्यवाह्’ gets प्रातिपदिकसंज्ञा by 1-2-46 कृत्तद्धितसमासाश्च। The विवक्षा here is प्रथमा-एकवचनम्। 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टाभ्याम्भिस्ङेभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसिँभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसोसाम्ङ्योस्सुप् mandates the प्रत्ययाः सुँ, औ, जस् etc. after the प्रातिपदिकम् ‘हव्यवाह्’।
(1) हव्यवाह् + सुँ ।
(2) हव्यवाह् + स् । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत् and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।
(3) हव्यवाह् । सकार लोपः by 6-1-68 हल्ङ्याब्भ्यो दीर्घात् सुतिस्यपृक्तं हल्।
(4) हव्यवाढ् । ‘हव्यवाह्’ gets the पद-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-4-14 सुप्तिङन्तं पदम् and hence by 8-2-31 हो ढः , the हकारः gets ढकारः as replacement.
(5) हव्यवाड् । By 8-2-39 झलां जशोऽन्ते, a झल् letter that occurs at the end of a पदम् it is replaced by a जश् letter.
(6) हव्यवाट्/हव्यवाड् । By 8-4-56 वाऽवसाने, a झल् letter is optionally replaced by a चर् letter when nothing follows.
Questions:
1. Please list the fifteen synonyms of the word आकाश:/आकाशम् (प्रातिपदिकम् “आकाश” masculine/neuter, meaning “sky”) as given in the अमरकोश:।
द्योदिवौ द्वे स्त्रियामभ्रं व्योम पुष्करमम्बरम् ।
नभोऽन्तरीक्षं गगनमनन्तं सुरवर्त्म खम् ।।१-२-१।।
वियद् विष्णुपदं वा तु पुंस्याकाशविहायसी।
(इति षोडश “आकाशस्य” नामानि)
Note: Some editions of अमरकोश: have “अन्तरिक्षम्” instead of “अन्तरीक्षम्”।
2. Where is the प्रातिपदिकम् “आकाश” used in the neuter gender in the गीता?
3. Can you spot the word in the verse which ends in the ल्यप्-प्रत्यय:? (Ref. 3-4-21 समानकर्तृकयोः पूर्वकाले, 7-1-37 समासेऽनञ्पूर्वे क्त्वो ल्यप्) Who is the common doer? Which is the later action of the common doer?
4. Where is the सूत्रम् 7-2-106 तदोः सः सावनन्त्ययोः used in this verse?
5. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“There are no errors in this sentence.” Use the masculine प्रातिपदिकम् “दोष” for “error” and a verb for “are” from the Jan 14, 2011 post – http://avg-sanskrit.org/2011/01/14/
6. Can you recall a सूत्रम् that we have studied which is an अपवाद: for 8-2-31 हो ढः?
7. Please do पदच्छेद: of the सूत्रम् 8-2-31 हो ढः and give the प्रातिपदिकम् and विभक्ति: of each पदम्।
8. In commenting on the सूत्रम् 8-2-39 झलां जशोऽन्ते, the काशिका says “अन्तग्रहणं झलि इत्येतस्य निवृत्त्यर्थम्।” Please explain.
Easy questions:
1. Which सूत्रम् is used to give इति + उक्तः = इत्युक्तः?
2. Where has the सूत्रम् 6-1-132 एतत्तदोः सुलोपोऽकोरनञ्समासे हलि been used in this verse?
त्वा mAs
Today we will look at the form त्वा from श्रीमद्वाल्मीकि-रामायणम् ।
क्षिप्रं विसृज वैदेहीं मा त्वा घोरेण चक्षुषा |
दहेद् दहनभूतेन वृत्रमिन्द्राशनिर्यथा || ३-५०-१६||
Gita Press translation “Release Sītā (a princess of the Videha territory) at once. Let not Śrī Rāma consume you with his fearful eye converted into fire, as the thunderbolt of Indra consumed (the demon) Vṛtra.”
‘युष्मद्’ gets प्रातिपदिकसंज्ञा by 1-2-45 अर्थवदधातुरप्रत्ययः प्रातिपदिकम् and सर्वनाम-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-1-27 सर्वादीनि सर्वनामानि । The विवक्षा here is द्वितीया-एकवचनम् । 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टाभ्याम्भिस्ङेभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसिँभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसोसाम्ङ्योस्सुप् mandates the प्रत्ययाः सुँ, औ, जस् etc. after the प्रातिपदिकम् ‘युष्मद्’ ।
(1) युष्मद् + अम् ।
(2) त्वा । By 8-1-23 त्वामौ द्वितीयायाः, the युष्मद्-प्रातिपदिकम् along with the अम्-प्रत्यय: (द्वितीया-एकवचनम्), gets त्वा as replacement, since the following conditions are met:
a) There is a पदम् in the same sentence preceding युष्मद्-शब्दः। Here in this example we have मा preceding.
b) युष्मद्-शब्दः is not at the beginning of the metrical पाद:।
Questions:
1. 8-1-23 त्वामौ द्वितीयायाः is an अपवाद: for which सूत्रम्?
2. Is the त्वा-आदेश: compulsory? If not, what would have been the other form (instead of त्वा) in this example?
3. Where is त्वा used in the गीता?
4. The अमरकोश: gives nine synonyms for the word वज्र:/वज्रम् (प्रातिपदिकम् “वज्र” masculine/neuter, meaning “thunderbolt”). One of them is अशनि: (प्रातिपदिकम् “अशनि” masculine/feminine) used in this verse. Please list the remaining eight.
ह्रादिनी वज्रमस्त्री स्यात् कुलिशं भिदुरं पविः।
शतकोटिः स्वरुः शम्बो दम्भोलिरशनिर्द्वयोः ।।१-१-४७।।
(इति दश “वज्रस्य” नामानि)
5. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“Give up laziness.” Use a verb from the verse for “give up” and use the प्रातिपदिकम् “आलस्य” (neuter) for “laziness.”
6. Where has the सूत्रम् 7-1-12 टाङसिङसामिनात्स्याः been used in this verse?
7. Which प्रातिपदिकम् used in the verse has the नदी-सञ्ज्ञा?
8. Condition b) is step 2 says that in order to take the form त्वा, युष्मद्-शब्द: should not be at the beginning of a metrical पाद:। Please state the पाद: that contains त्वा। Which word is at the beginning of this पाद:?
Easy questions:
1. Where has the सूत्रम् 6-1-107 अमि पूर्वः been used in this verse?
2. Which word in the verse translates to “at once”? (Use Apte dictionary for help.) Where does this word come in the गीता?
न: mDp
Today we will look at the form नः from श्रीमद्भागवतम् SB 8- 1-1
श्रीराजोवाच
स्वायम्भुवस्येह गुरो वंशोऽयं विस्तराच्छ्रुतः ।
यत्र विश्वसृजां सर्गो मनूनन्यान्वदस्व नः ।। ८-१-१ ।।
Gita Press translation “The king (Parīkṣit) submitted: I have heard at length in this context, O preceptor, (an account) of the line (daughter’s children) of Swāyambhuva Manu (just narrated by you), in which figured by the posterity (sons and grandsons) of Marīci and others (the creators of the universe). (Pray,) speak to us (now) about the other Manus (as well). “
‘अस्मद्’ gets प्रातिपदिकसंज्ञा by 1-2-45 अर्थवदधातुरप्रत्ययः प्रातिपदिकम् and सर्वनाम-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-1-27 सर्वादीनि सर्वनामानि । The विवक्षा here is चतुर्थी-बहुवचनम् । 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टाभ्याम्भिस्ङेभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसिँभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसोसाम्ङ्योस्सुप् mandates the प्रत्ययाः सुँ, औ, जस् etc. after the प्रातिपदिकम् ‘अस्मद्’ ।
(1) अस्मद् + भ्यस् ।
(2) नस् । By 8-1-21 बहुवचने वस्नसौ, the अस्मद्-प्रातिपदिकम् along with the भ्यस्-प्रत्यय: (चतुर्थी-बहुवचनम्), gets नस् as replacement, since the following conditions are met:
a) There is a पदम् in the same sentence preceding अस्मद्-शब्दः। Here in this example we have वदस्व preceding.
b) अस्मद्-शब्दः is not at the beginning of the metrical पाद:।
(3) नः । रुँत्व-विसर्गौ 8-2-66 ससजुषो रुः and 8-3-15 खरवसानयोर्विसर्जनीयः।
Questions:
1. In step 2, the condition a) is due to the अनुवृत्ति: of “पदात्” and condition b) is due to the अनुवृत्ति: of “अपादादौ”. From which सूत्रम् does each अनुवृत्ति: come into 8-1-21 बहुवचने वस्नसौ?
2. 8-1-21 बहुवचने वस्नसौ is an अपवाद: for which सूत्रम्?
3. Please list the eight synonyms for the word “वंश:” (प्रातिपदिकम् “वंश” masculine – meaning “lineage”) as given in the अमरकोश:।
We’ve already seen these in a prior example.
4. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“This word has not been heard by you before.”
5. Where does “नस्” come in the first chapter of the गीता? Please identify the विभक्ति: in each occurrence.
6. Where has the सूत्रम् 7-3-108 ह्रस्वस्य गुणः been used in this verse?
7. Where has the शस्-प्रत्यय: been used?
8. In which sections of the अष्टाध्यायी (in 7-1 and 7-2) do we have the rules required for declining अस्मद्/युष्मद्?
Easy questions:
1. Please do पदच्छेद: of विस्तराच्छ्रुतः।
2. Can you spot a place where the सूत्रम् 6-1-87 आद्गुणः has been used?
वणिजः mNp
Today we will look at the form वणिजः from श्रीमद्भागवतम् SB 10-87-33
विजितहृषीकवायुभिरदान्तमनस्तुरगं य इह यतन्ति यन्तुमतिलोलमुपायखिदः।
व्यसनशतान्विताः समवहाय गुरोश्चरणं वणिज इवाज सन्त्यकृतकर्णधरा जलधौ ।। १०-८७-३३ ।।
Gita Press translation “They who endeavor to break the most restless steed of their mind – unsubdued (even) by those who have controlled their senses and breath (too) – neglecting the feet of their preceptor, and taking (great) pains over other devices (for mind control), remain beset with a hundred and one calamities in this world like merchants that have not secured a pilot (for their vessel) in the sea, O birth-less Lord!”
‘वणिज्’ gets प्रातिपदिकसंज्ञा by 1-2-45 अर्थवदधातुरप्रत्ययः प्रातिपदिकम्। The विवक्षा here is प्रथमा-बहुवचनम्। 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टाभ्याम्भिस्ङेभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसिँभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसोसाम्ङ्योस्सुप् mandates the प्रत्ययाः सुँ, औ, जस् etc. after the प्रातिपदिकम् ‘वणिज्’।
(1) वणिज् + जस् ।
(2) वणिज् + अस् । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-7 चुटू and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः। 1-3-4 न विभक्तौ तुस्माः prevents the ending सकारः of जस् from getting इत्-सञ्ज्ञा ।
(3) वणिजः । रुँत्व-विसर्गौ 8-2-66 ससजुषो रुः and 8-3-15 खरवसानयोर्विसर्जनीयः।
Questions:
1. Why didn’t 8-2-30 चोः कुः apply in this example (to change the ending जकार: of “वणिज्” to a गकार:)? Which condition was not satisfied?
2. Can you spot the word in the verse which ends in the ल्यप्-प्रत्यय:? (Ref. 3-4-21 समानकर्तृकयोः पूर्वकाले, 7-1-37 समासेऽनञ्पूर्वे क्त्वो ल्यप्). Who is (are) the common doer(s)? Which is the later action of the common doer(s)?
3. Please list the seven synonyms for the word वणिक् (प्रातिपदिकम् “वणिज्” masculine, meaning “merchant”) as given in the अमरकोश:।
वैदेहकः सार्थवाहो नैगमो वाणिजो वणिक् ।
पण्याजीवो ह्यापणिकः क्रयविक्रयिकश्च सः ।।२-९-७८।।
(इति अष्टौ “क्रयविक्रयाभ्यां वर्तमानस्य” नामानि)
4. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“There are forty-seven verses in the first chapter of the गीता।” Use the verb सन्ति (“are”) from this example and the feminine noun सप्त-चत्वारिंशत् (to be used in the singular) for “forty-seven.”
5. Where has the सूत्रम् 7-1-17 जसः शी been used in this verse?
6. Where has सम्बुद्धि: been used in this verse?
7. 8-2-66 ससजुषो रुः is an अपवाद: for which सूत्रम्?
8. Derive the form जलधौ (सप्तमी-एकवचनम्) from the प्रातिपदिकम् “जलधि”.
Easy questions:
1. Where has the सूत्रम् 8-3-19 लोपः शाकल्यस्य been used in this verse?
2. Please do पदच्छेद: of गुरोश्चरणम्।
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