Today we will look at the form छिन्नम् mAs from श्रीमद्भागवतम् 10.50.18.
तव राम यदि श्रद्धा युध्यस्व धैर्यमुद्वह । हित्वा वा मच्छरैश्छिन्नं देहं स्वर्याहि मां जहि ।। १०-५०-१९ ।।
श्रीभगवानुवाच
न वै शूरा विकत्थन्ते दर्शयन्त्येव पौरुषम् । न गृह्णीमो वचो राजन्नातुरस्य मुमूर्षतः ।। १०-५०-२० ।।
श्रीधर-स्वामि-टीका –
अच्छेद्यदेहोऽसाविति स्वयमेव मत्वाऽपरितोषात्पक्षान्तरमाह – यद्वा मां जहीति ।। १९ ।। यथाश्रुतार्थग्रहणेन भगवत उत्तरम् – न शूरा इति । विकत्थन्ते श्लाघन्ते ।। २० ।।
Gita Press translation – If there is an itching in you (for a combat), O Balarāma, offer battle to me and have patience (to see the result.) Casting off your body torn with my shafts, (either) ascend to heaven or slay me (if you can.) (19) The glorious Lord replied : The valiant never brag; they only exhibit their manliness. We do not (however) take your words to heart, O king, full of grief as you are (over the death of your son-in-law, Kaṁsa) and about to die (20).
The प्रातिपदिकम् “छिन्न” is derived from the verbal root √छिद् (छिदिँर् द्वैधीकरणे ७. ३). The “इर्” at the end of the verbal root gets the इत्-सञ्ज्ञा by the वार्तिकम् “इर इत्सञ्ज्ञा वाच्या” and takes लोप: by 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।
(1) छिद् + क्त । By 3-2-102 निष्ठा – The affix “निष्ठा” (ref.1-1-26 क्तक्तवतू निष्ठा) may be used following a verbal root when denoting an action in the past tense. Note: The affix ‘क्त’ has been used कर्मणि (to denote the object) here as per 3-4-70 तयोरेव कृत्यक्तखलर्थाः – The affixes having the designation “कृत्य”, the affix “क्त” and the affixes that have the sense of “खल्” (ref: 3-3-126) are only used to denote the action (भावः) or the object (कर्म)।
(2) छिद् + त । अनुबन्ध-लोप: by 1-3-8 लशक्वतद्धिते and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः। Note: 7-2-10 एकाच उपदेशेऽनुदात्तात् prevents the affix ‘त’ from taking the augment ‘इट्’ which would have been done by 7-2-35 आर्धधातुकस्येड् वलादेः। The affix “क्त” is a कित्। Hence 1-1-5 क्क्ङिति च prevents 7-3-86 पुगन्तलघूपधस्य च from applying.
(3) छिन् + न । By 8-2-42 रदाभ्यां निष्ठातो नः पूर्वस्य च दः – A नकार: is the replacement in place of a तकार: of a निष्ठा affix (ref. 1-1-26) which immediately follows a रेफ: or a दकार: and also in place of a दकार: which immediately precedes a निष्ठा affix.
Thus there are two cases:
(i) The तकार: of a निष्ठा affix is immediately following a रेफ:। In this case the तकार: is replaced by a नकार:।
(ii) The तकार: of a निष्ठा affix is immediately following a दकार:। In this case the तकार: (of the निष्ठा affix) as well as the दकार: (of the धातु:) is replaced by a नकार:।
“छिन्न” gets प्रातिपदिक-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-2-46 कृत्तद्धितसमासाश्च – A word form that ends in a कृत्-प्रत्ययः or a तद्धित-प्रत्ययः and so also compounds get the name प्रातिपदिकम्।
The विवक्षा is पुंलिङ्गे/नपुंसकलिङ्गे, द्वितीया-एकवचनम्।
(4) छिन्न + अम् । By 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टाभ्याम्भिस्ङेभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसिँभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसोसाम्ङ्योस्सुप्। 1-3-4 न विभक्तौ तुस्माः prevents the ending मकारः of “अम्” from getting इत्-सञ्ज्ञा । Note: नपुंसकलिङ्गे we have to also apply 7-1-24 अतोऽम् – The affixes “सुँ” and “अम्” that follow a neuter अङ्गम् ending in the short vowel “अ” take “अम्” as their replacement.
(5) छिन्नम् । By 6-1-107 अमि पूर्वः – In place of a preceding अक् letter and the following vowel (अच्) belonging to the affix “अम्” there is a single substitute of that preceding अक् letter.
Questions:
1. Where has the प्रातिपदिकम् ‘छिन्न’ been used (as part of a compound) in Chapter Eighteen of the गीता?
2. Up to which सूत्रम् in the अष्टाध्यायी does the अनुवृत्ति: of ‘निष्ठातो नः’ run from 8-2-42 रदाभ्यां निष्ठातो नः पूर्वस्य च दः (used in step 3)?
3. Commenting on the सूत्रम् 8-2-42 रदाभ्यां निष्ठातो नः पूर्वस्य च दः, the तत्त्वबोधिनी says – इह रदाभ्यामित्यनेन तकारो विशेष्यते, न निष्ठा, तेन चरितमुदितमित्यत्र न, तकारस्येटा व्यवहितत्वात्। Please explain.
4. Which सूत्रम् is used for the ईकारादेश: in the form गृह्णीम:?
5. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“By reading the Geeta all my doubts have been removed (cut.)” Paraphrase to “By reading of the Geeta all my doubts have been removed (cut.)” Use the neuter प्रातिपदिकम् ‘पठन’ for ‘reading.’
6. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“I wonder who cut this tree.” Paraphrase to “I wonder by whom this tree was cut.” Use the अव्ययम् ‘नु’ to express the meaning ‘I wonder.’
Easy questions:
1. Where has the सूत्रम् 3-4-91 सवाभ्यां वामौ been used in the verses?
2. In the verses, can you spot a word in which the affix ‘हि’ has been elided?
1. Where has the प्रातिपदिकम् ‘छिन्न’ been used (as part of a compound) in Chapter Eighteen of the गीता?
Answer: The प्रातिपदिकम् ‘छिन्न’ has been used (as part of a compound) in the following verse –
न द्वेष्ट्यकुशलं कर्म कुशले नानुषज्जते |
त्यागी सत्त्वसमाविष्टो मेधावी छिन्नसंशयः || 18-10||
2. Up to which सूत्रम् in the अष्टाध्यायी does the अनुवृत्ति: of ‘निष्ठातो नः’ run from 8-2-42 रदाभ्यां निष्ठातो नः पूर्वस्य च दः (used in step 3)?
Answer: The अनुवृत्ति: of ‘निष्ठातो नः’ runs from 8-2-42 रदाभ्यां निष्ठातो नः पूर्वस्य च दः upto 8-2-61 नसत्तनिषत्तानुत्तप्रतूर्तसूर्तगूर्तानि छन्दसि in the अष्टाध्यायी।
3. Commenting on the सूत्रम् 8-2-42 रदाभ्यां निष्ठातो नः पूर्वस्य च दः, the तत्त्वबोधिनी says – इह रदाभ्यामित्यनेन तकारो विशेष्यते, न निष्ठा, तेन चरितमुदितमित्यत्र न, तकारस्येटा व्यवहितत्वात्। Please explain.
Answer: The term रदाभ्याम् in 8-2-42 ends in the पञ्चमी विभक्ति:। Hence as per 1-1-67 तस्मादित्युत्तरस्य the operation is to be done on the element following the रेफ: or the दकार:। What element is to follow – is it the निष्ठा affix or the तकार: belonging to the निष्ठा affix? The तत्त्वबोधिनी clarifies that the element (which follows the रेफ: or the दकार:) must be the तकार: belonging to the निष्ठा affix and not simply the निष्ठा affix. This is what is meant by इह रदाभ्यामित्यनेन तकारो विशेष्यते, न निष्ठा।
To understand the importance of this distinction consider the example प्रातिपदिकम् ‘चरित’ derived from the verbal root √चर् (चरँ गत्यर्थः भक्षणेऽपि १.६४०). Derivation is as follows:
चर् + क्त । By 3-2-102 निष्ठा।
= चर् + त । अनुबन्ध-लोप: by 1-3-8 लशक्वतद्धिते and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।
= चर् + इत । By 7-2-35 आर्धधातुकस्येड् वलादेः।
= चरित ।
Here we do have the निष्ठा affix ‘इत’ following the रेफ: (of ‘चर्’)। But 8-2-42 does not apply because the तकार: of the निष्ठा affix does not directly follow the रेफ:। The ‘इट्’ augment intervenes.
Similarly in the example प्रातिपदिकम् ‘उदित’ derived from the verbal root √वद् (वदँ व्यक्तायां वाचि १. ११६४). Here too the तकार: of the निष्ठा affix does not directly follow the दकार:। The ‘इट्’ augment intervenes and hence 8-2-42 does not apply.
This is what is meant by तेन चरितमुदितमित्यत्र न, तकारस्येटा व्यवहितत्वात्।
4. Which सूत्रम् is used for the ईकारादेश: in the form गृह्णीम:?
Answer: The सूत्रम् 6-4-113 ई हल्यघोः is used for the ईकारादेश: in the form गृह्णीमः derived from √ग्रह् (क्र्यादि-गणः, ग्रहँ उपादाने, धातु-पाठः # ९.७१).
The विवक्षा is लँट, कर्तरि प्रयोगः, उत्तम-पुरुषः, बहुवचनम्।
ग्रह् + लँट् । By 3-2-123 वर्तमाने लट्।
= ग्रह् + ल् । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत्, 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।
= ग्रह् + मस् । By 3-4-78 तिप्तस्झिसिप्थस्थमिब्वस्मस्तातांझथासाथांध्वमिड्वहिमहिङ्, 1-3-78 शेषात् कर्तरि परस्मैपदम्।
= ग्रह् + श्ना + मस् । By 3-1-81 क्र्यादिभ्यः श्ना।
= ग्रह् + ना + मस् । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-8 लशक्वतद्धिते, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।
= ग्रह् + नी + मस् । By 6-4-113 ई हल्यधोः– When followed by a हलादि: (beginning with a consonant) सार्वधातुक-प्रत्ययः which is a कित् or a ङित्, the आकारः of the श्ना-प्रत्ययः or of a reduplicated root (अभ्यस्तम्) is substituted by ईकारः excepting the आकारः of the verbal roots having the घु-सञ्ज्ञा। Note: The सार्वधातुक-प्रत्यय: “मस्” is अपित् and hence ङिद्वत् by 1-2-4 सार्वधातुकमपित्। This allows 6-4-113 to apply.
= ग् ऋ अ ह् + नी + मस् । By 6-1-16 ग्रहिज्यावयिव्यधिवष्टिविचतिवृश्चतिपृच्छतिभृज्जतीनां ङिति च। Note: The सार्वधातुक-प्रत्यय: “नी” is अपित् and hence ङिद्वत् by 1-2-4 सार्वधातुकमपित्। This allows 6-1-16 to apply.
= गृह् + नी + मस् । By 6-1-108 सम्प्रसारणाच्च।
= गृह् + नी + मः । रुँत्व-विसर्गौ by 8-2-66 ससजुषो रुः and 8-3-15 खरवसानयोर्विसर्जनीयः।
= गृह्णीमः । By 8-4-2 अट्कुप्वाङ्नुम्व्यवायेऽपि with the help of the वार्त्तिकम् (under 8-4-1) – ऋवर्णान्नस्य णत्वं वाच्यम्।
5. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“By reading the Geeta all my doubts have been removed (cut.)” Paraphrase to “By reading of the Geeta all my doubts have been removed (cut.)” Use the neuter प्रातिपदिकम् ‘पठन’ for ‘reading.’
Answer: गीतायाः पठनेन मम/मे सर्वे संशयाः छिन्नाः = गीतायाः पठनेन मम/मे सर्वे संशयाश्छिन्नाः।
6. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“I wonder who cut this tree.” Paraphrase to “I wonder by whom this tree was cut.” Use the अव्ययम् ‘नु’ to express the meaning ‘I wonder.’
Answer: केन नु अयम् वृक्षः छिन्नः = केन न्वयं वृक्षश्छिन्नः।
Easy questions:
1. Where has the सूत्रम् 3-4-91 सवाभ्यां वामौ been used in the verses?
Answer: The सूत्रम् 3-4-91 सवाभ्यां वामौ has been used in the verses in the form युध्यस्व derived from √युध् (दिवादि-गणः, युधँ सम्प्रहारे, धातु-पाठः ४. ६९).
Please see the following post for the derivation of युध्यस्व –
http://avg-sanskrit.org/2011/10/07/युध्यस्व-2as-लोँट्/
2. In the verses, can you spot a word in which the affix ‘हि’ has been elided?
Answer: The affix ‘हि’ has been elided in the form उद्वह derived from derived from √वह् (भ्वादि-गणः, वहँ प्रापणे, धातु-पाठः #१. ११५९).
Please see answer to question 3 in the following comment for the derivation of the form उद्वह – http://avg-sanskrit.org/2011/10/07/युध्यस्व-2as-लोँट्/#comment-1425