AVG-Sanskrit

Today we will look at the form पपुः 3Ap-लिँट् from श्रीमद्भागवतम् 11.30.12

ततस्तस्मिन्महापानं पपुर्मैरेयकं मधु ।
दिष्टविभ्रंशितधियो यद्द्रवैर्भ्रश्यते मतिः ।। ११-३०-१२ ।।

श्रीधर-स्वामि-टीका –
पीयत इति पानम् । मैरेयकं मदिराविशेषम् । मधु सुरसम् । दिष्टेन दैवेन विभ्रंशितधियः । नह्यन्यथा तस्मिन्स्थाने तदुचितमिति भावः । यद्रवैर्यस्य द्रवै रसैः ।।

Gita Press translation “Then, their judgement having been vitiated by (an evil) destiny, they drank there a highly intoxicating and delicious drink known by the name of Maireyaka, by the filtrates of which the intellect is perverted.”

पपु: is derived from the धातुः √पा (पा पाने, भ्वादि-गणः, धातु-पाठः #१. १०७४)

In the धातु-पाठः, the पा-धातुः has no इत् letters. It is devoid of any indications for bringing in आत्मनेपद-प्रत्यया:। Therefore, as per 1-3-78 शेषात् कर्तरि परस्मैपदम्, the पा-धातुः, in कर्तरि प्रयोग:, will take the परस्मैपद-प्रत्यया: by default. As per 1-4-99 लः परस्मैपदम्, 1-4-100 तङानावात्मनेपदम्, the nine प्रत्यया: from “तिप्” to “मस्” get the परस्मैपद-सञ्ज्ञा। So पा-धातुः can take only one of these nine प्रत्यया: in कर्तरि प्रयोग:।

The विवक्षा is लिँट्, कर्तरि प्रयोग:, प्रथम-पुरुषः, बहुवचनम्, hence the प्रत्ययः is झि।

(1) पा + लिँट् । By 3-2-115 परोक्षे लिँट् , the affix लिँट् (Perfect Tense) comes after a verbal root in the sense of the past not of today, provided that the action is unperceived by the narrator.

(2) पा + ल् । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत्, 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

(3) पा + झि । 3-4-78 तिप्तस्झिसिप्थस्थमिब्वस्मस्तातांझथासाथांध्वमिड्वहिमहिङ् mandates the प्रत्ययः “झि” as the substitute for the लकारः। By 3-4-115 लिट् च, a तिङ्-प्रत्यय: which comes in place of लिँट् gets the आर्धधातुक-सञ्ज्ञा। Therefore “झि” gets the आर्धधातुक-सञ्ज्ञा।

(4) पा + उस् । By 3-4-82 परस्मैपदानां णलतुसुस्थलथुसणल्वमाः, when they come in place of लिँट्, the nine परस्मैपद-प्रत्यया: – “तिप्”, “तस्”, “झि”, “सिप्”, “थस्”, “थ”, “मिप्”, “वस्” and “मस्” – are substituted by “णल्”, “अतुस्”, “उस्”, “थल्”, “अथुस्”, “अ”, “णल्”, “व” and “म” respectively.
1-3-4 न विभक्तौ तुस्माः prevents the ending सकार: of “उस्” from getting the इत्-सञ्ज्ञा।

(5) पा पा + उस् । By 6-1-8 लिटि धातोरनभ्यासस्य , when लिँट् follows a verbal root, there is reduplication of the first portion – containing a single vowel – of the verbal root which is not already reduplicated. But if the verbal root (that has more than one vowel) begins with a vowel, then the reduplication is of the second portion – containing a single vowel.
See question 2.

(6) प पा + उस् । By 7-4-59 ह्रस्वः, the अच् (vowel) of a reduplicate (अभ्यासः – ref. 6-1-4 पूर्वोऽभ्यासः) is substituted by a short vowel.

(7) प प् उस् । By 6-4-64 आतो लोप इटि च – The ending आकार: of an अङ्गम् takes लोप: when followed by a vowel-beginning आर्धधातुक-प्रत्यय: that has either:
(i) a “इट्”-आगम: or
(ii) a ककार: or ङकार: as an इत्।
Note: As per 1-2-5 असंयोगाल्लिट् कित्, the “उस्”-प्रत्यय: is कित्। This allows 6-4-64 to apply.

(8) पपुः । रुँत्व-विसर्गौ – 8-2-66 ससजुषो रुः and 8-3-15 खरवसानयोर्विसर्जनीयः ।

Questions:

1. Can you find a तिङन्तं पदम् in Chapter One of the गीता, wherein 6-4-64 आतो लोप इटि च has been used? (Actually, can you find two of them?)

2. Why didn’t 6-4-64 आतो लोप इटि च (which a later rule in the अष्टाध्यायी compared to 6-1-8) apply before 6-1-8 लिटि धातोरनभ्यासस्य in step 5 of the example?

3. Where has 6-4-24 अनिदितां हल उपधायाः क्ङिति been used in the verse?

4. Which सूत्रम् has been used for the ईकारादेश: in the form पीयते in the commentary?

5. Commenting on the सूत्रम् 6-4-64 आतो लोप इटि च, the काशिका says “आर्धधातुके इत्येव, यान्ति।” Please explain.

6. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“Guarded by Sri Krishna, the cows drank the clear water of the Yamuna.” Use the adjective प्रातिपदिकम् “रक्षित” (feminine “रक्षिता”) for “guarded” and use the adjective प्रातिपदिकम् “प्रसन्न” for “clear.”

Easy questions:

1. Where has 6-4-77 अचि श्नुधातुभ्रुवां य्वोरियङुवङौ been used in the verse?

2. Can you spot a लोप: (elision) of a रेफ: (letter “र्”) in the commentary?

Today we will look at the form बिभेद 3As-लिँट् from श्रीमद्भागवतम् 10.77.15

शाल्वः शौरेस्तु दोः सव्यं सशार्ङ्गं शार्ङ्गधन्वनः ।
बिभेद न्यपतद्धस्ताच्छार्ङ्गमासीत्तदद्भुतम् ।। १०-७७-१५ ।।

श्रीधर-स्वामि-टीका –
दोर्बाहुम्।

Gita Press translation “In the meantime Śālva hit Śrī Kṛṣṇa in the left arm with an arrow. The Śārṅga bow which was being held by that arm fell from Śrī Kṛṣṇa’s hand. It was a wonderful feat on the part of Śālva.”

बिभेद is derived from the धातुः √भिद् (रुधादि-गणः, भिदिँर् विदारणे, धातु-पाठः # ७. २)

By the वार्तिकम् – इर इत्सञ्ज्ञा वाच्या, “इर्” of “भिदिँर्” gets the इत्-सञ्ज्ञा । The इकारः of “इर्” has a स्वरित-स्वर: here. Therefore, as per the सूत्रम् 1-3-72 स्वरितञितः कर्त्रभिप्राये क्रियाफले, the √भिद्-धातुः will take आत्मनेपद-प्रत्ययाः when the fruit of the action (क्रियाफलम्) accrues to the doer (कर्त्रभिप्रायम् = कर्तृ-अभिप्रायम्)। In the remaining case – when the fruit of the action does not accrue to the doer – by 1-3-78 शेषात् कर्तरि परस्मैपदम् – the √भिद्-धातुः will take परस्मैपद-प्रत्ययाः।
In reality though, this distinction of the fruit of the action accruing to the doer or not, is rarely honored in the language. So as a practical matter, a verbal root such as √भिद् will take either आत्मनेपद-प्रत्ययाः or परस्मैपद-प्रत्ययाः regardless of whether the fruit of the action accrues to the doer or not. In short, √भिद्-धातुः will be उभयपदी। In this verse it has taken a परस्मैपद-प्रत्यय:।

The विवक्षा is लिँट्, कर्तरि प्रयोग:, प्रथम-पुरुषः, एकवचनम्, hence the प्रत्ययः is तिप्।

(1) भिद् + लिँट् । By 3-2-115 परोक्षे लिँट्, the affix लिँट् (Perfect Tense) comes after a verbal root in the sense of the past not of today, provided that the action is unperceived by the narrator.

(2) भिद् + ल् । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत्, 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

(3) भिद् + तिप् । 3-4-78 तिप्तस्झिसिप्थस्थमिब्वस्मस्तातांझथासाथांध्वमिड्वहिमहिङ् mandates the प्रत्ययः “तिप्” as the substitute for the लकारः। By 3-4-115 लिट् च, a तिङ्-प्रत्यय: which comes in place of लिँट् gets the आर्धधातुक-सञ्ज्ञा। Therefore “तिप्” gets the आर्धधातुक-सञ्ज्ञा।

(4) भिद् + णल् । By 3-4-82 परस्मैपदानां णलतुसुस्थलथुसणल्वमाः, when they come in place of लिँट्, the nine परस्मैपद-प्रत्यया: – “तिप्”, “तस्”, “झि”, “सिप्”, “थस्”, “थ”, “मिप्”, “वस्” and “मस्” – are substituted by “णल्”, “अतुस्”, “उस्”, “थल्”, “अथुस्”, “अ”, “णल्”, “व” and “म” respectively.

(5) भिद् + अ । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-7 चुटू, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

(6) भिद् भिद् + अ । By 6-1-8 लिटि धातोरनभ्यासस्य, when लिँट् follows a verbal root, there is reduplication of the first portion – containing a single vowel – of the verbal root which is not already reduplicated. But if the verbal root (that has more than one vowel) begins with a vowel, then the reduplication is of the second portion – containing a single vowel.

(7) भि भिद् + अ । By 7-4-60 हलादिः शेषः, of the consonants of a reduplicate (अभ्यासः – ref. 6-1-4 पूर्वोऽभ्यासः), only the one (if any) at the beginning is retained, the rest are elided.

(8) भि भेद । By 7-3-86 पुगन्‍तलघूपधस्‍य च, when a अङ्गम् is followed by a सार्वधातुक-प्रत्ययः or an आर्धधातुक-प्रत्ययः, then its इक्-letter takes गुण-आदेशः in the following two cases: i) The अङ्गम् ends in a पुक्-आगमः
or ii) The penultimate letter of the अङ्गम् has the लघु-सञ्ज्ञा।

(9) बिभेद । By 8-4-54 अभ्यासे चर्च, in a reduplicate (अभ्यासः – ref. 6-1-4 पूर्वोऽभ्यासः), a letter of the झल्-प्रत्याहारः is substituted by a letter of the चर्-प्रत्याहारः or जश्-प्रत्याहारः। The substitutions take place as per 1-1-50 स्थानेऽन्तरतमः।

Questions:

1. Where has 8-4-54 अभ्यासे चर्च (used in the last step of this example) been used in the first five verses of Chapter Fourteen of the गीता?

2. Can you spot a “ईट्”-आगम: in the verse?

3. Can you spot a “अट्”-आगम: in the verse?

4. In which word in the verse has 6-4-137 न संयोगाद्वमन्तात्‌ been used?

5. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“Ravana pierced Lakshmana on the chest with a missile.” Use the feminine प्रातिपदिकम् “शक्ति” for “missile” and the neuter प्रातिपदिकम् “वक्षस्” for “chest.” Use the same धातु: as in the example for “to pierce.”

6. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“Rejected by Indra, Trisanku fell from heaven.” Use the प्रातिपदिकम् “निराकृत” for “rejected” and use (a लिँट् form of) √पत् (पतॢँ गतौ १. ९७९) for “to fall.”

Easy questions:

1. Where has 8-4-62 झयो होऽन्यतरस्याम् been used in the verse?

2. The छकार: (letter “छ्”) used in the verse has come as a आदेश: (substitute) in place of which letter?

Today we will look at the form चुक्रोश 3As-लिँट् from श्रीमद्भागवतम् 10.34.6

स चुक्रोशाहिना ग्रस्तः कृष्ण कृष्ण महानयम् ।
सर्पो मां ग्रसते तात प्रपन्नं परिमोचय ।। १०-३४-६ ।।

श्रीधर-स्वामि-टीका – No commentary on this verse.

Gita Press translation “Seized by the python, he cried, “Kṛṣṇa, O enchanter of all, this huge serpent is devouring me, O darling! (Pray), deliver me, who have sought you as my refuge.”

चुक्रोश is derived from the धातुः √क्रुश् (भ्वादि-गणः, क्रुशँ आह्वाने रोदने च, धातु-पाठः # १. ९९२)

In the धातु-पाठः, the धातुः √क्रुश् has one इत् letter – the अकार: following the शकार:। This इत् letter has a उदात्त-स्वर:। Thus the धातुः √क्रुश् is devoid of any indications for bringing in आत्मनेपद-प्रत्यया:। (Neither 1-3-12 अनुदात्तङित आत्मनेपदम् nor 1-3-72 स्वरितञितः कर्त्रभिप्राये क्रियाफले applies.) Therefore, as per 1-3-78 शेषात् कर्तरि परस्मैपदम्, the क्रुश्-धातुः, in कर्तरि प्रयोग:, will take the परस्मैपद-प्रत्यया: by default. As per 1-4-99 लः परस्मैपदम्, 1-4-100 तङानावात्मनेपदम्, the nine प्रत्यया: from “तिप्” to “मस्” get the परस्मैपद-सञ्ज्ञा। So क्रुश्-धातुः can take only one of these nine प्रत्यया: in कर्तरि प्रयोग:।

The विवक्षा is लिँट्, कर्तरि प्रयोग:, प्रथम-पुरुषः, एकवचनम्, hence the प्रत्ययः is तिप्।

(1) क्रुश् + लिँट् । By 3-2-115 परोक्षे लिँट्, the affix लिँट् (Perfect Tense) comes after a verbal root in the sense of the past not of today, provided that the action is unperceived by the narrator.

(2) क्रुश् + ल् । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत्, 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

(3) क्रुश् + तिप् । 3-4-78 तिप्तस्झिसिप्थस्थमिब्वस्मस्तातांझथासाथांध्वमिड्वहिमहिङ् mandates the प्रत्ययः “तिप्” as the substitute for the लकारः। By 3-4-115 लिट् च, a तिङ्-प्रत्यय: which comes in place of लिँट् gets the आर्धधातुक-सञ्ज्ञा। Therefore “तिप्” gets the आर्धधातुक-सञ्ज्ञा।

(4) क्रुश् + णल् । By 3-4-82 परस्मैपदानां णलतुसुस्थलथुसणल्वमाः, when they come in place of लिँट्, the nine परस्मैपद-प्रत्यया: – “तिप्”, “तस्”, “झि”, “सिप्”, “थस्”, “थ”, “मिप्”, “वस्” and “मस्” – are substituted by “णल्”, “अतुस्”, “उस्”, “थल्”, “अथुस्”, “अ”, “णल्”, “व” and “म” respectively.

(5) क्रुश् + अ । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-7 चुटू, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

(6) क्रुश् क्रुश् + अ । By 6-1-8 लिटि धातोरनभ्यासस्य, when लिँट् follows a verbal root, there is reduplication of the first portion – containing a single vowel – of the verbal root which is not already reduplicated. But if the verbal root (that has more than one vowel) begins with a vowel, then the reduplication is of the second portion – containing a single vowel.

(7) कु क्रुश् + अ । By 7-4-60 हलादिः शेषः, of the consonants of a reduplicate (अभ्यासः – ref. 6-1-4 पूर्वोऽभ्यासः), only the one (if any) at the beginning is retained, the rest are elided.

(8) चु क्रुश् + अ । By 7-4-62 कुहोश्चुः, in a reduplicate (अभ्यासः – ref. 6-1-4 पूर्वोऽभ्यासः), a letter of the कवर्गः or हकारः is replaced by a letter of the चवर्गः । The substitutions take place as per 1-1-50 स्थानेऽन्तरतमः।

(9) चुक्रोश । By 7-3-86 पुगन्‍तलघूपधस्‍य च, when a अङ्गम् is followed by a सार्वधातुक-प्रत्ययः or an आर्धधातुक-प्रत्ययः, then its इक्-letter takes गुण-आदेशः in the following two cases: i) The अङ्गम् ends in a पुक्-आगमः
or ii) The penultimate letter of the अङ्गम् has the लघु-सञ्ज्ञा।

Questions:

1. Where has 7-4-62 कुहोश्चुः (used in step 8 of the example) been used in the last twenty verses of Chapter Two of the गीता?

2. Which सूत्रम् is used for the “अय्”-आदेश: in the form अयम् (सर्वनाम-प्रातिपदिकम् “इदम्”, पुंलिङ्गे प्रथमा-एकवचनम्)?

3. Can you spot a णिच्-प्रत्यय: in the verse?

4. Where has 3-4-79 टित आत्मनेपदानां टेरे been used in the verse?

5. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“When Lakshmana cut off Surpanakha’s nose and ears, she screamed.” Use the अव्यये यदा/तदा। Use a (लिँट् form of) √छिद् (छिदिँर् द्वैधीकरणे ७. ३) for “to cut off”, use the feminine प्रातिपदिकम् “नासिका” for “nose” and the masculine प्रातिपदिकम् “कर्ण” for “ear.”

6. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“A huge serpent devoured many cowherd boys.” Use the adjective प्रातिपदिकम् “महत्” for “huge” and use the प्रातिपदिकम् “गोपाल” in the masculine for “cowherd boy.” Use a word from the verse for “serpent” and use (a लिँट् form) of √खाद् (खादृँ भक्षणे १. ५१) for “to devour.”

Easy questions:

1. Which सूत्रम् is used for the “ना”-आदेश: in the form अहिना (पुंलिङ्ग-प्रातिपदिकम् “अहि”, तृतीया-एकवचनम्)?

2. Where has 6-1-69 एङ्ह्रस्वात्‌ सम्बुद्धेः been used in the verse?

Today we will look at the form रुरोध 3As-लिँट् from श्रीमद्भागवतम् 10.70.29

तन्नो भवान्प्रणतशोकहराङ्घ्रियुग्मो बद्धान्वियुङ्क्ष्व मगधाह्वयकर्मपाशात् ।
यो भूभुजोऽयुतमतङ्गजवीर्यमेको बिभ्रद्रुरोध भवने मृगराडिवावीः ।। १०-७०-२९ ।।

श्रीधर-स्वामि-टीका –
त्वन्मायाकृतं कर्मबन्धं त्वमेव निवर्तयेति प्रार्थयन्ते – तन्न इति । वियुङ्क्ष्व मोचय । मगधो जरासन्धस्तत्संज्ञकात्कर्मपाशात् भवद्भिरेव विक्रम्य ततो निर्गम्यतामिति चेदत आहुः – य इति । एक एवायुतमतंगजानां वीर्यं बिभ्रत्सन्स्वभवने भूभुजोऽस्मान् रुरोध । सिंहो मेषीरिव ।।

Gita Press translation “O Lord, Your feet remove the grief of those who fall at them. Therefore, kindly release us, who are bound with the rope of Karma in the form of Jarāsandha. Possessing the strength of ten thousand elephants himself he has imprisoned us kings in his palace even as the lion would round up (a flock of) sheep.”

रुरोध is derived from the धातुः √रुध् (रुधादि-गणः, रुधिँर् आवरणे, धातु-पाठः # ७. १)

By the वार्तिकम् – इर इत्सञ्ज्ञा वाच्या, “इर्” of “रुधिँर्” gets the इत्-सञ्ज्ञा । The इकारः of “इर्” has a स्वरित-स्वर: here. Therefore, as per the सूत्रम् 1-3-72 स्वरितञितः कर्त्रभिप्राये क्रियाफले, the √रुध्-धातुः will take आत्मनेपद-प्रत्ययाः when the fruit of the action (क्रियाफलम्) accrues to the doer (कर्त्रभिप्रायम् = कर्तृ-अभिप्रायम्)। In the remaining case – when the fruit of the action does not accrue to the doer – by 1-3-78 शेषात् कर्तरि परस्मैपदम् – the √रुध्-धातुः will take परस्मैपद-प्रत्ययाः।
In reality though, this distinction of the fruit of the action accruing to the doer or not, is rarely honored in the language. So as a practical matter, a verbal root such as √रुध् will take either आत्मनेपद-प्रत्ययाः or परस्मैपद-प्रत्ययाः regardless of whether the fruit of the action accrues to the doer or not. In short, √रुध्-धातुः will be उभयपदी। In this verse it has taken a परस्मैपद-प्रत्यय:।

The विवक्षा is लिँट्, कर्तरि प्रयोग:, प्रथम-पुरुषः, एकवचनम्, hence the प्रत्ययः is तिप्।

(1) रुध् + लिँट् । By 3-2-115 परोक्षे लिँट्, the affix लिँट् (Perfect Tense) comes after a verbal root in the sense of the past not of today, provided that the action is unperceived by the narrator.

(2) रुध् + ल् । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत्, 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

(3) रुध् + तिप् । 3-4-78 तिप्तस्झिसिप्थस्थमिब्वस्मस्तातांझथासाथांध्वमिड्वहिमहिङ् mandates the प्रत्ययः “तिप्” as the substitute for the लकारः। By 3-4-115 लिट् च, a तिङ्-प्रत्यय: which comes in place of लिँट् gets the आर्धधातुक-सञ्ज्ञा। Therefore “तिप्” gets the आर्धधातुक-सञ्ज्ञा।

(4) रुध् + णल् । By 3-4-82 परस्मैपदानां णलतुसुस्थलथुसणल्वमाः, when they come in place of लिँट्, the nine परस्मैपद-प्रत्यया: – “तिप्”, “तस्”, “झि”, “सिप्”, “थस्”, “थ”, “मिप्”, “वस्” and “मस्” – are substituted by “णल्”, “अतुस्”, “उस्”, “थल्”, “अथुस्”, “अ”, “णल्”, “व” and “म” respectively.

(5) रुध् + अ । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-7 चुटू, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

(6) रुध् रुध् + अ । By 6-1-8 लिटि धातोरनभ्यासस्य, when लिँट् follows a verbal root, there is reduplication of the first portion – containing a single vowel – of the verbal root which is not already reduplicated. But if the verbal root (that has more than one vowel) begins with a vowel, then the reduplication is of the second portion – containing a single vowel.

(7) रु रुध् + अ । By 7-4-60 हलादिः शेषः, of the consonants of a reduplicate (अभ्यासः – ref. 6-1-4 पूर्वोऽभ्यासः), only the one (if any) at the beginning is retained, the rest are elided.

(8) रुरोध । By 7-3-86 पुगन्‍तलघूपधस्‍य च, when a अङ्गम् is followed by a सार्वधातुक-प्रत्ययः or an आर्धधातुक-प्रत्ययः, then its इक्-letter takes गुण-आदेशः in the following two cases: i) The अङ्गम् ends in a पुक्-आगमः
or ii) The penultimate letter of the अङ्गम् has the लघु-सञ्ज्ञा।

Questions:

1. Where has 7-3-86 पुगन्‍तलघूपधस्‍य च (used in the last step of this example) been used in a तिङन्तं पदम् in the last five verses of Chapter Twelve of the गीता?

2. Can you spot a “श्नम्”-प्रत्यय: in the verse?

3. In the commentary, can you spot two words wherein the हि-प्रत्यय: has taken the लुक् elision?

4. Which सूत्रम् is used for the “आम्”-आदेश: in the form निर्गम्यताम् in the commentary?

5. Where has 3-4-84 ब्रुवः पञ्चानामादित आहो ब्रुवः been used in the commentary?

6. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“Ravana confined Sita in a grove of Asoka trees.” Use the neuter प्रातिपदिकम् “उपवन” for “grove” and the (compound) masculine प्रातिपदिकम् “अशोकवृक्ष” for “Asoka tree.”

Easy questions:

1. In the verse, can you spot a word in which a षकारादेश: (letter “ष्” as a substitute) has been used?

2. Where has 7-1-78 नाभ्यस्ताच्छतुः been applied in the verse?

Today we will look at the form तुतोष 3As-लिँट् from श्रीमद्भागवतम् 7.9.9

मन्ये धनाभिजनरूपतपःश्रुतौजस्तेजःप्रभावबलपौरुषबुद्धियोगाः ।
नाराधनाय हि भवन्ति परस्य पुंसो भक्त्या तुतोष भगवान्गजयूथपाय ।। ७-९-९ ।।

श्रीधर-स्वामि-टीका –
एवं हरितोषणे स्वस्यायोग्यतामाशङ्क्य योग्यतां सम्भावयति – मन्य इति द्वाभ्याम् । अभिजनः सत्कुले जन्म । रूपं सौन्दर्यम् । श्रुतं पाण्डित्यम् । ओज इन्द्रियनैपुणम् । तेजः कान्तिः । प्रभावः प्रतापः । पौरुषमुद्यमः । बुद्धिः प्रज्ञा । योगोऽष्टाङ्गः । एते धनादयो द्वादशापि गुणाः परस्य पुंस आराधनाय न भवन्ति । हि यतः केवलया भक्त्यैव गजेन्द्राय तुष्टोऽभवत् ।।

Gita Press translation “Wealth, pedigree, comeliness of form, asceticism, learning, keenness of the senses, splendor, glory, bodily strength, self-endeavor, intelligence and Yoga (concentration of mind or breath-control), I believe, are not sufficient for the propitiation of the Supreme Person. For (on the other hand) the Lord was pleased with the leader of a herd of (wild) elephants through (mere) Devotion.”

तुतोष is derived from the धातुः √तुष् (दिवादि-गणः, तुषँ प्रीतौ, धातु-पाठः # ४. ८१)

In the धातु-पाठः, the धातुः √तुष् has one इत् letter – the अकार: following the षकार:। This इत् letter has a उदात्त-स्वर:। Thus the धातुः √तुष् is devoid of any indications for bringing in आत्मनेपद-प्रत्यया:। (Neither 1-3-12 अनुदात्तङित आत्मनेपदम् nor 1-3-72 स्वरितञितः कर्त्रभिप्राये क्रियाफले applies.) Therefore, as per 1-3-78 शेषात् कर्तरि परस्मैपदम्, the तुष्-धातुः, in कर्तरि प्रयोग:, will take the परस्मैपद-प्रत्यया: by default. As per 1-4-99 लः परस्मैपदम्, 1-4-100 तङानावात्मनेपदम्, the nine प्रत्यया: from “तिप्” to “मस्” get the परस्मैपद-सञ्ज्ञा। So तुष्-धातुः can take only one of these nine प्रत्यया: in कर्तरि प्रयोग:।

The विवक्षा is लिँट्, कर्तरि प्रयोग:, प्रथम-पुरुषः, एकवचनम्, hence the प्रत्ययः is तिप्।

(1) तुष् + लिँट् । By 3-2-115 परोक्षे लिँट्, the affix लिँट् (Perfect Tense) comes after a verbal root in the sense of the past not of today, provided that the action is unperceived by the narrator.

(2) तुष् + ल् । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत्, 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

(3) तुष् + तिप् । 3-4-78 तिप्तस्झिसिप्थस्थमिब्वस्मस्तातांझथासाथांध्वमिड्वहिमहिङ् mandates the प्रत्ययः “तिप्” as the substitute for the लकारः। By 3-4-115 लिट् च, a तिङ्-प्रत्यय: which comes in place of लिँट् gets the आर्धधातुक-सञ्ज्ञा। Therefore “तिप्” gets the आर्धधातुक-सञ्ज्ञा।

(4) तुष् + णल् । By 3-4-82 परस्मैपदानां णलतुसुस्थलथुसणल्वमाः, when they come in place of लिँट्, the nine परस्मैपद-प्रत्यया: – “तिप्”, “तस्”, “झि”, “सिप्”, “थस्”, “थ”, “मिप्”, “वस्” and “मस्” – are substituted by “णल्”, “अतुस्”, “उस्”, “थल्”, “अथुस्”, “अ”, “णल्”, “व” and “म” respectively.

(5) तुष् + अ । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-7 चुटू, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

(6) तुष् तुष् + अ । By 6-1-8 लिटि धातोरनभ्यासस्य, when लिँट् follows a verbal root, there is reduplication of the first portion – containing a single vowel – of the verbal root which is not already reduplicated. But if the verbal root (that has more than one vowel) begins with a vowel, then the reduplication is of the second portion – containing a single vowel.

(7) तु तुष् + अ । By 7-4-60 हलादिः शेषः, of the consonants of a reduplicate (अभ्यासः – ref. 6-1-4 पूर्वोऽभ्यासः), only the one (if any) at the beginning is retained, the rest are elided.

(8) तुतोष । By 7-3-86 पुगन्‍तलघूपधस्‍य च, when a अङ्गम् is followed by a सार्वधातुक-प्रत्ययः or an आर्धधातुक-प्रत्ययः, then its इक्-letter takes गुण-आदेशः in the following two cases: i) The अङ्गम् ends in a पुक्-आगमः
or ii) The penultimate letter of the अङ्गम् has the लघु-सञ्ज्ञा।

Questions:

1. Where has √तुष् (दिवादि-गणः, तुषँ प्रीतौ, धातु-पाठः # ४. ८१) been used in a तिङन्तं पदम् in the first ten verses of Chapter Ten of the गीता?

2. Can you spot a “श्यन्”-प्रत्यय: in the verse?

3. Can you spot a “शप्”-प्रत्यय: in the verse?

4. Where has 3-4-100 इतश्च been used in the commentary?

5. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“Sri Krishna was pleased by the humility of Arjuna.” Use the masculine प्रातिपदिकम् “विनय” for “humility.”

6. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“Lord Siva burned Cupid, with (his) third eye.” Use the masculine प्रातिपदिकम् “मदन” for “Cupid”, use the adjective प्रातिपदिकम् “तृतीय” for “third” and use (a लिँट् form) of √दह् (दहँ भस्मीकरणे १. ११४६) for “to burn.”

Easy questions:

1. Can you spot a “शी”-आदेश: in the commentary?

2. Where has 7-3-102 सुपि च been used in the verse?

Today we will look at the form मुमोच 3As-लिँट् from श्रीमद्भागवतम् 1.4.12

शिवाय लोकस्य भवाय भूतये य उत्तमश्लोकपरायणा जनाः ।
जीवन्ति नात्मार्थमसौ पराश्रयं मुमोच निर्विद्य कुतः कलेवरम् ।। १-४-१२ ।।

श्रीधर-स्वामि-टीका –
विरक्तस्य किं धनादिभिरिति चेत्तत्राह – शिवायेति । लोकस्य शिवाय सुखाय भवाय समृद्ध्यै भूतये ऐश्वर्याय च ते जीवन्ति न त्वात्मार्थम् । एवं सत्यसौ राजा निर्विद्य विरज्यापि परेषामाश्रयं कलेवरं कुतो हेतोर्मुमोच । न हि परोपजीवनं स्वयं त्यक्तुमुचितमित्यर्थः ।।

Gita Press translation “Men who are solely devoted to the Lord of excellent fame live, not for their own sake, but only for (promoting) the welfare, affluence and prosperity of the world. Why, then, did he cast off his body, which was the support of other beings, in a spirit of aversion?”

मुमोच is derived from the धातुः √मुच् (तुदादि-गणः, मुचॢँ मोक्षणे (मोचने), धातु-पाठः # ६. १६६)

The ending ऌकार: (which is an इत् by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत्) of “मुचॢँ” has स्वरित-स्वर:। Therefore, as per the सूत्रम् 1-3-72 स्वरितञितः कर्त्रभिप्राये क्रियाफले, the √मुच्-धातुः will take आत्मनेपद-प्रत्ययाः when the fruit of the action (क्रियाफलम्) accrues to the doer (कर्त्रभिप्रायम् = कर्तृ-अभिप्रायम्)। In the remaining case – when the fruit of the action does not accrue to the doer – by 1-3-78 शेषात् कर्तरि परस्मैपदम् – the √मुच्-धातुः will take परस्मैपद-प्रत्ययाः।
In reality though, this distinction of the fruit of the action accruing to the doer or not, is rarely honored in the language. So as a practical matter, a verbal root such as √मुच् will take either आत्मनेपद-प्रत्ययाः or परस्मैपद-प्रत्ययाः regardless of whether the fruit of the action accrues to the doer or not. In short, √मुच्-धातुः will be उभयपदी। In this verse it has taken a परस्मैपद-प्रत्यय:।

The विवक्षा is लिँट्, कर्तरि प्रयोग:, प्रथम-पुरुषः, एकवचनम्, hence the प्रत्ययः is तिप्।

(1) मुच् + लिँट् । By 3-2-115 परोक्षे लिँट् , the affix लिँट् (Perfect Tense) comes after a verbal root in the sense of the past not of today, provided that the action is unperceived by the narrator.

(2) मुच् + ल् । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत्, 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

(3) मुच् + तिप् । 3-4-78 तिप्तस्झिसिप्थस्थमिब्वस्मस्तातांझथासाथांध्वमिड्वहिमहिङ् mandates the प्रत्ययः “तिप्” as the substitute for the लकारः। By 3-4-115 लिट् च, a तिङ्-प्रत्यय: which comes in place of लिँट् gets the आर्धधातुक-सञ्ज्ञा। Therefore “तिप्” gets the आर्धधातुक-सञ्ज्ञा।

(4) मुच् + णल् । By 3-4-82 परस्मैपदानां णलतुसुस्थलथुसणल्वमाः, when they come in place of लिँट्, the nine परस्मैपद-प्रत्यया: – “तिप्”, “तस्”, “झि”, “सिप्”, “थस्”, “थ”, “मिप्”, “वस्” and “मस्” – are substituted by “णल्”, “अतुस्”, “उस्”, “थल्”, “अथुस्”, “अ”, “णल्”, “व” and “म” respectively.

(5) मुच् + अ । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-7 चुटू, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

(6) मुच् मुच् + अ । By 6-1-8 लिटि धातोरनभ्यासस्य, when लिँट् follows a verbal root, there is reduplication of the first portion – containing a single vowel – of the verbal root which is not already reduplicated. But if the verbal root (that has more than one vowel) begins with a vowel, then the reduplication is of the second portion – containing a single vowel.

(7) मु मुच् + अ । By 7-4-60 हलादिः शेषः, of the consonants of a reduplicate (अभ्यासः – ref. 6-1-4 पूर्वोऽभ्यासः), only the one (if any) at the beginning is retained, the rest are elided.

(8) मुमोच । By 7-3-86 पुगन्‍तलघूपधस्‍य च, when a अङ्गम् is followed by a सार्वधातुक-प्रत्ययः or an आर्धधातुक-प्रत्ययः, then its इक्-letter takes गुण-आदेशः in the following two cases: i) The अङ्गम् ends in a पुक्-आगमः
or ii) The penultimate letter of the अङ्गम् has the लघु-सञ्ज्ञा।

Questions:

1. Where has the धातु: √मुच् (तुदादि-गणः, मुचॢँ मोक्षणे (मोचने), धातु-पाठः # ६. १६६) been used for the last time in a तिङन्तं पदम् in the गीता?

2. In which सूत्रम् (which we have studied) does पाणिनि: mention the धातु: √मुच् (तुदादि-गणः, मुचॢँ मोक्षणे (मोचने), धातु-पाठः # ६. १६६)?

3. Can you spot a “झि”-प्रत्यय: in the verse?

4. Can you spot a सुँ-लोप: (लोप: of the सुँ-प्रत्यय:) in the verse?

5. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“Unable to bear the separation from Sri Rama, Dasaratha gave up (his) body.” Use the adjective “अशक्त” for “unable”, use the masculine प्रातिपदिकम् “वियोग” for “separation” and use the अव्ययम् “सोढुम्” for “to bear.” Use तृतीया विभक्ति: with Sri Rama.

6. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“For the execution of Ravana, Sri Rama released a sharp arrow, given by the sage Agastya.” Use (चतुर्थी विभक्ति: with) the masculine noun “वध” for “execution”, use the adjective प्रातिपदिकम् “शित” for “sharp” and “दत्त” for “given.”

Easy questions:

1. By which सूत्रम् does the उकार: in “मुच्” get the लघु-सञ्ज्ञा (required for applying 7-3-86 पुगन्‍तलघूपधस्‍य च in the last step)?

2. What would be an alternate form for भूतये (स्त्रीलिङ्ग-प्रातिपदिकम् “भूति”, चतुर्थी-एकवचनम्)?

Today we will look at the form चचार 3As-लिँट् from श्रीमद्भागवतम् 11.23.32

स चचार महीमेतां संयतात्मेन्द्रियानिलः ।
भिक्षार्थं नगरग्रामानसङ्गोऽलक्षितोऽविशत् ।। ११-२३-३२ ।।

श्रीधर-स्वामि-टीका –
असङ्ग आसक्तिशून्यः । अलक्षितः श्रैष्ठ्यमद्योतयन् ।।

Gita Press translation “With his mind, senses and breath fully controlled he traversed this globe and entered towns and villages (only) for (begging) alms (and that too) incognito and unattached.”

चचार is derived from the धातुः √चर् (भ्वादि-गणः, चरँ गत्यर्थ:, धातु-पाठः #१. ६४०)
In the धातु-पाठः, the चर्-धातुः has one इत् letter – the अकार: following the रेफ:। This इत् letter has a उदात्त-स्वर:। Thus the चर्-धातुः is devoid of any indications for bringing in आत्मनेपद-प्रत्यया:। (Neither 1-3-12 अनुदात्तङित आत्मनेपदम् nor 1-3-72 स्वरितञितः कर्त्रभिप्राये क्रियाफले applies.) Therefore, as per 1-3-78 शेषात् कर्तरि परस्मैपदम्, the चर्-धातुः, in कर्तरि प्रयोग:, takes परस्मैपद-प्रत्यया: by default. As per 1-4-99 लः परस्मैपदम्, 1-4-100 तङानावात्मनेपदम्, the nine प्रत्यया: from “तिप्” to “मस्” get the परस्मैपद-सञ्ज्ञा। So चर्-धातुः can take only one of these nine प्रत्यया: in कर्तरि प्रयोग:।

The विवक्षा is लिँट्, कर्तरि प्रयोग:, प्रथम-पुरुषः, एकवचनम्, hence the प्रत्ययः is तिप्।

(1) चर् + लिँट् । By 3-2-115 परोक्षे लिँट्, the affix लिँट् (Perfect Tense) comes after a verbal root in the sense of the past not of today, provided that the action is unperceived by the narrator.

(2) चर् + ल् । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत्, 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

(3) चर् + तिप् । 3-4-78 तिप्तस्झिसिप्थस्थमिब्वस्मस्तातांझथासाथांध्वमिड्वहिमहिङ् mandates the प्रत्ययः “तिप्” as the substitute for the लकारः। By 3-4-115 लिट् च, a तिङ्-प्रत्यय: which comes in place of लिँट् gets the आर्धधातुक-सञ्ज्ञा। Therefore “तिप्” gets the आर्धधातुक-सञ्ज्ञा। This prevents the सूत्रम् 3-1-68 कर्तरि शप् (which requires a सार्वधातुकम् affix to follow) from applying.

(4) चर् + णल् । By 3-4-82 परस्मैपदानां णलतुसुस्थलथुसणल्वमाः, when they come in place of लिँट्, the nine परस्मैपद-प्रत्यया: – “तिप्”, “तस्”, “झि”, “सिप्”, “थस्”, “थ”, “मिप्”, “वस्” and “मस्” – are substituted by “णल्”, “अतुस्”, “उस्”, “थल्”, “अथुस्”, “अ”, “णल्”, “व” and “म” respectively.

(5) चर् + अ । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-7 चुटू, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

(6) चर् चर् + अ । By 6-1-8 लिटि धातोरनभ्यासस्य, when लिँट् follows a verbal root, there is reduplication of the first portion – containing a single vowel – of the verbal root which is not already reduplicated. But if the verbal root (that has more than one vowel) begins with a vowel, then the reduplication is of the second portion – containing a single vowel.

(7) च चर् + अ । By 7-4-60 हलादिः शेषः, of the consonants of a reduplicate (अभ्यासः – ref. 6-1-4 पूर्वोऽभ्यासः), only the one (if any) at the beginning is retained, the rest are elided.

(8) चचार । By 7-2-116 अत उपधायाः , a penultimate (उपधा) अकार: of a अङ्गम् gets वृद्धिः as the substitute when followed by a प्रत्ययः which is a ञित् or a णित्।

Questions:

1. Where has √चर् (भ्वादि-गणः, चरँ गत्यर्थ:, धातु-पाठः #१. ६४०) been used in a तिङन्तं पदम् in the first ten verses of Chapter Three of the गीता?

2. Can you spot a “श”-प्रत्यय: in the verse?

3. Use some words from the verse to construct the following sentence in Sanskrit:
“A Sannyasi should traverse this globe, incognito and unattached.” Use प्रातिपदिकम् “सन्न्यासिन्”।

4. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“Accompanied by Sita and Lakshmana, Sri Rama traversed the Dandaka forest.” Use the neuter (compound) प्रातिपदिकम् “दण्डकारण्य” for “Dandaka forest.”

5. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“Sri Sankaracarya traversed India, enlightening the people.” Use the masculine प्रातिपदिकम् “भारतदेश” for “India” and use the adjective प्रातिपदिकम् “प्रबोधयत्” (ending in the “शतृँ”-प्रत्यय:) for “enlightening.”

6. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“Sri Hamuman entered Lanka incognito.” Use an adjective from the verse for “incognito (unrecognized)” and use (a लिँट् form) of √विश् (विशँ प्रवेशने ६. १६०) with the उपसर्ग: “प्र” for “to enter.”

Easy questions:

1. Can you recall another (besides 3-4-115 लिट् च used in this example) सूत्रम् (which we have studied) that prescribes the आर्धधातुक-सञ्ज्ञा?

2. Can you spot a अकारादेश: (letter “अ” used as a substitute) in the verse?

Today we will look at the form बबन्ध 3As-लिँट् from श्रीमद्भागवतम् 11.4.21

निःक्षत्रियामकृत गां च त्रिःसप्तकृत्वो रामस्तु हैहयकुलाप्ययभार्गवाग्निः ।
सोऽब्धिं बबन्ध दशवक्त्रमहन्सलङ्कं सीतापतिर्जयति लोकमलघ्नकीर्तिः ।। ११-४-२१ ।।

श्रीधर-स्वामि-टीका – हैहयानां कुलस्याप्ययाय भार्गवरूपोऽग्निः । स रामो दाशरथिः सन्सलङ्कं लङ्कायां स्थितम् । स च जयति । वर्तमानकालीनोऽवतार इत्यर्थः ।।

Gita Press translation “Descending as Paraśurāma, the fire born of the Bhārgava race for the destruction of the Haihayas, He swept the Kṣatriyas off the surface of the earth thrice seven times. And (in His descent) as Śrī Rāma (the spouse of Sītā) He bridged the ocean and killed the ten-headed demon (Rāvaṇa) and destroyed (his capital) Lañkā. He is (always) victorious everywhere and His fame destroys the sins of the people.”

बबन्ध is derived from the धातुः √बन्ध् (क्रयादि-गणः, बन्धँ बन्धने, धातु-पाठः # ९. ४४)

The अकारः at the end of “बन्धँ” gets इत्-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत् and takes लोप: by 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः। This इत् letter has उदात्त-स्वरः। Thus √बन्ध् is devoid of any indications for bringing in आत्मनेपद-प्रत्यया:। (Neither 1-3-12 अनुदात्तङित आत्मनेपदम् nor 1-3-72 स्वरितञितः कर्त्रभिप्राये क्रियाफले applies.) Therefore, as per 1-3-78 शेषात् कर्तरि परस्मैपदम्, √बन्ध् takes परस्मैपद-प्रत्यया: by default in कर्तरि प्रयोग:।

The विवक्षा is लिँट्, कर्तरि प्रयोग:, प्रथम-पुरुषः, एकवचनम्, hence the प्रत्ययः is तिप्।

(1) बन्ध् + लिँट् । By 3-2-115 परोक्षे लिँट् , the affix लिँट् (Perfect Tense) comes after a verbal root in the sense of the past not of today, provided that the action is unperceived by the narrator.

(2) बन्ध् + ल् । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत्, 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

(3) बन्ध् + तिप् । 3-4-78 तिप्तस्झिसिप्थस्थमिब्वस्मस्तातांझथासाथांध्वमिड्वहिमहिङ् mandates the प्रत्ययः “तिप्” as the substitute for the लकारः। By 3-4-115 लिट् च, a तिङ्-प्रत्यय: which comes in place of लिँट् gets the आर्धधातुक-सञ्ज्ञा। Therefore “तिप्” gets the आर्धधातुक-सञ्ज्ञा।

(4) बन्ध् + णल् । By 3-4-82 परस्मैपदानां णलतुसुस्थलथुसणल्वमाः, when they come in place of लिँट्, the nine परस्मैपद-प्रत्यया: – “तिप्”, “तस्”, “झि”, “सिप्”, “थस्”, “थ”, “मिप्”, “वस्” and “मस्” – are substituted by “णल्”, “अतुस्”, “उस्”, “थल्”, “अथुस्”, “अ”, “णल्”, “व” and “म” respectively.

(5) बन्ध् + अ । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-7 चुटू, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

(6) बन्ध् बन्ध् + अ । By 6-1-8 लिटि धातोरनभ्यासस्य , when लिँट् follows a verbal root, there is reduplication of the first portion – containing a single vowel – of the verbal root which is not already reduplicated. But if the verbal root (that has more than one vowel) begins with a vowel, then the reduplication is of the second portion – containing a single vowel.

(7) ब बन्ध् + अ । By 7-4-60 हलादिः शेषः, of the consonants of a reduplicate (अभ्यासः – ref. 6-1-4 पूर्वोऽभ्यासः), only the one (if any) at the beginning is retained, the rest are elided.

(8) बबन्ध ।

Questions:

1. Where has √बन्ध् (क्रयादि-गणः, बन्धँ बन्धने, धातु-पाठः # ९. ४४) been used in a तिङन्तं पदम् in the last five verses of Chapter Four of the गीता?

2. Can you spot a word in the verse wherein the शप्-प्रत्यय: has taken the लुक् elision?

3. Where has 7-3-84 सार्वधातुकार्धधातुकयोः been used in the verse?

4. Which सूत्रम् is used for the आकारादेश: in the form गाम् (प्रातिपदिकम् “गो”, द्वितीया-एकवचनम्)?

5. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“Lord Vamana bound Bali with the noose of Varuna.” Use the masculine noun “पाश” for “noose.”

6. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“Directed by Sri Rama, Nala built the bridge.” Use the masculine noun “सेतु” for “bridge” and the adjective प्रातिपदिकम् “आदिष्ट” for “directed.” Use √बन्ध् (क्रयादि-गणः, बन्धँ बन्धने, धातु-पाठः # ९. ४४) for “to build.”

Easy questions:

1. Can you spot a “याट्”-आगम: in the commentary?

2. Where has 6-4-3 नामि been used in the commentary?

Today we will look at the form शुश्राव 3As-लिँट् from श्रीमद्भागवतम् Sb4.10.22

इति ब्रुवंश्चित्ररथः स्वसारथिं यत्तः परेषां प्रतियोगशङ्कितः ।
शुश्राव शब्दं जलधेरिवेरितं नभस्वतो दिक्षु रजोऽन्वदृश्यत ।। ४-१०-२२ ।।

श्रीधर-स्वामि-टीका –
इति ब्रुवन्नित्यत्रापि न मायिनामित्यादेरनुषङ्गः । चित्ररथो ध्रुवः । यत्तो यत्नवान् । प्रतियोगः पुनरुद्योगस्तस्माच्छङ्कितः । नभस्वतो वायोर्हेतोः ।

Gita Press translation “Addressing his charioteer as above, Dhruva (who rode in a wonderful chariot) remained on his guard, apprehending renewed opposition from the enemy, when he heard a (loud) noise like the roaring of an ocean, and further beheld in every direction the dust raised by a blast.”

शुश्राव is derived from the धातुः √श्रु (भ्वादि-गणः, श्रु श्रवणे, धातु-पाठः #१. १०९२)

In the धातु-पाठः, the √श्रु-धातुः has no इत् letters. It is devoid of any indications for bringing in आत्मनेपद-प्रत्यया:। (Neither 1-3-12 अनुदात्तङित आत्मनेपदम् nor 1-3-72 स्वरितञितः कर्त्रभिप्राये क्रियाफले applies.) Therefore, as per 1-3-78 शेषात् कर्तरि परस्मैपदम्, √श्रु takes परस्मैपद-प्रत्यया: by default in कर्तरि प्रयोग:। As per 1-4-99 लः परस्मैपदम्, 1-4-100 तङानावात्मनेपदम्, the nine प्रत्यया: from “तिप्” to “मस्” get the परस्मैपद-सञ्ज्ञा। So √श्रु can take only one of these nine प्रत्यया: in कर्तरि प्रयोग:।

The विवक्षा is लिँट्, कर्तरि प्रयोग:, प्रथम-पुरुषः, एकवचनम्, hence the प्रत्ययः is तिप्।

(1) श्रु + लिँट् । By 3-2-115 परोक्षे लिँट् , the affix लिँट् (Perfect Tense) comes after a verbal root in the sense of the past not of today, provided that the action is unperceived by the narrator.

(2) श्रु + ल् । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत्, 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

(3) श्रु + तिप् । 3-4-78 तिप्तस्झिसिप्थस्थमिब्वस्मस्तातांझथासाथांध्वमिड्वहिमहिङ् mandates the प्रत्ययः “तिप्” as the substitute for the लकारः। By 3-4-115 लिट् च, a तिङ्-प्रत्यय: which comes in place of लिँट् gets the आर्धधातुक-सञ्ज्ञा। Therefore “तिप्” gets the आर्धधातुक-सञ्ज्ञा। See question 2.

(4) श्रु + णल् । By 3-4-82 परस्मैपदानां णलतुसुस्थलथुसणल्वमाः, when they come in place of लिँट्, the nine परस्मैपद-प्रत्यया: – “तिप्”, “तस्”, “झि”, “सिप्”, “थस्”, “थ”, “मिप्”, “वस्” and “मस्” – are substituted by “णल्”, “अतुस्”, “उस्”, “थल्”, “अथुस्”, “अ”, “णल्”, “व” and “म” respectively.

(5) श्रु + अ । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-7 चुटू, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

(6) श्रु श्रु + अ । By 6-1-8 लिटि धातोरनभ्यासस्य , when लिँट् follows a verbal root, there is reduplication of the first portion – containing a single vowel – of the verbal root which is not already reduplicated. But if the verbal root (that has more than one vowel) begins with a vowel, then the reduplication is of the second portion – containing a single vowel.

(7) शु श्रु + अ । By 7-4-60 हलादिः शेषः, of the consonants of a reduplicate (अभ्यासः – ref. 6-1-4 पूर्वोऽभ्यासः), only the one (if any) at the beginning is retained, the rest are elided.

(8) शुश्रौ + अ । By 7-2-115 अचो ञ्णिति – A vowel ending अङ्गम् gets a वृद्धिः substitute, when followed by a प्रत्ययः that has ञकारः or a णकारः as an indicatory letter.

(9) शुश्राव । By 6-1-78 एचोऽयवायावः।

Questions:

1. Where has √श्रु (भ्वादि-गणः, श्रु श्रवणे, धातु-पाठः #१. १०९२) been used in a तिङन्तं पदम् in the first five verses of Chapter Eighteen of the गीता?

2. Why didn’t 3-1-74 श्रुवः शृ च apply after step 3? (Which condition was not satisfied?)

3. In the verse, can you spot a प्रातिपदिकम् which ends in the “क्विन्”-प्रत्यय:?

4. Can you spot a “अट्”-आगम: in the verse?

5. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“Arjuna listened to Sri Krishna’s advice.” Use the masculine प्रातिपदिकम् “उपदेश” for “advice.”

6. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“Sri Hanuman went to Lanka to search for Sita.” Use the अव्ययम् “अन्वेष्टुम्” for “to search for” and use (a लिँट् form of) √गम् (गमॢँ गतौ १. ११३७) for “to go.”

Easy questions:

1. Can you spot a “सुँट्”-आगम: in the verse?

2. Where has 8-4-63 शश्छोऽटि been used in the commentary?

Today we will look at the form ममन्थुः 3Ap-लिँट् from श्रीमद्भागवतम् 9.13.12

अराजकभयं नॄणां मन्यमाना महर्षयः ।
देहं ममन्थुः स्म निमेः कुमारः समजायत ।। ९-१३-१२ ।।

[Note: Starting from this post, we will also include the commentary of श्रीधर-स्वामी which will help us in understanding the verses.]

श्रीधर-स्वामि-टीका –
तदेव मृतादपि निमेर्देहाद्वंशप्रवृत्तिं दर्शयति – अराजकभयमिति।

Gita Press translation “Perceiving the risk of anarchy for the people; the great sages (who officiated as priests at the sacrificial performance of Nimi) churned the body of the king, whence a son was born (to him).”

ममन्थुः is derived from the धातुः √मन्थ् (क्र्यादि-गणः, मन्थँ विलोडने, धातु-पाठः #९. ४७)

The अकारः at the end gets इत्-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत् and takes लोप: by 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः। This इत् letter has उदात्त-स्वरः। Thus √मन्थ् is devoid of any indications for bringing in आत्मनेपद-प्रत्यया:। (Neither 1-3-12 अनुदात्तङित आत्मनेपदम् nor 1-3-72 स्वरितञितः कर्त्रभिप्राये क्रियाफले applies.) Therefore, as per 1-3-78 शेषात् कर्तरि परस्मैपदम्, √मन्थ् takes परस्मैपद-प्रत्यया: in कर्तरि प्रयोग:।

The विवक्षा is लिँट्, कर्तरि प्रयोग:, प्रथम-पुरुषः, बहुवचनम्, hence the प्रत्ययः is “झि”।

(1) मन्थ् + लिँट् । By 3-2-115 परोक्षे लिँट् , the affix लिँट् (Perfect Tense) comes after a verbal root in the sense of the past not of today, provided that the action is unperceived by the narrator.

(2) मन्थ् + ल् । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत्, 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

(3) मन्थ् + झि । 3-4-78 तिप्तस्झिसिप्थस्थमिब्वस्मस्तातांझथासाथांध्वमिड्वहिमहिङ् mandates the प्रत्ययः “झि” as the substitute for the लकारः। By 3-4-115 लिट् च, a तिङ्-प्रत्यय: which comes in place of लिँट् gets the आर्धधातुक-सञ्ज्ञा। Therefore “झि” gets the आर्धधातुक-सञ्ज्ञा।

(4) मन्थ् + उस् । By 3-4-82 परस्मैपदानां णलतुसुस्थलथुसणल्वमाः, when they come in place of लिँट्, the nine परस्मैपद-प्रत्यया: – “तिप्”, “तस्”, “झि”, “सिप्”, “थस्”, “थ”, “मिप्”, “वस्” and “मस्” – are substituted by “णल्”, “अतुस्”, “उस्”, “थल्”, “अथुस्”, “अ”, “णल्”, “व” and “म” respectively. As per 1-1-55 अनेकाल्शित्सर्वस्य, the entire “झि”-प्रत्यय: is replaced. 1-3-4 न विभक्तौ तुस्माः prevents the ending सकार: of the “उस्”-प्रत्यय: from getting the इत्-सञ्ज्ञा।

(5) मन्थ् मन्थ् + उस् । By 6-1-8 लिटि धातोरनभ्यासस्य, when लिँट् follows a verbal root, there is reduplication of the first portion – containing a single vowel – of the verbal root which is not already reduplicated. But if the verbal root (that has more than one vowel) begins with a vowel, then the reduplication is of the second portion – containing a single vowel.

(6) म मन्थ् + उस् । By 7-4-60 हलादिः शेषः, of the consonants of a reduplicate (अभ्यासः – ref. 6-1-4 पूर्वोऽभ्यासः), only the one (if any) at the beginning is retained, the rest are elided.

(7) ममन्थुः । रुँत्व-विसर्गौ – 8-2-66 ससजुषो रुः and 8-3-15 खरवसानयोर्विसर्जनीयः ।

Questions:

1. Where has 7-4-60 हलादिः शेषः (used in step 6 of the example) been used in the last five verses of Chapter Fifteen of the गीता?

2. Where has 7-3-79 ज्ञाजनोर्जा been used in the verse?

3. What would be an alternative form for नॄणाम् (प्रातिपदिकम् “नृ”, षष्ठी-बहुवचनम्)?

4. Can you spot a “णिच्”-प्रत्यय: in the commentary?

5. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“The gods along with the demons produced nectar by churning the ocean.” Use the अव्ययम् “सह” for “along with”, use the प्रातिपदिकम् “असुर” in the masculine for “demon”, use the feminine प्रातिपदिकम् “सुधा” for “nectar” and use (a लिँट् form of) √मन्थ् (क्र्यादि-गणः, मन्थँ विलोडने, धातु-पाठः #९. ४७) for “to produce by churning.” Use द्वितीया विभक्ति: with both “nectar” and “ocean.”

6. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“Show me that which has not been seen by anyone.” Use the adjective form “दृष्ट” for “seen.” Use the appropriate forms (in the neuter) of the pronouns “यद्” and “तद्”। Use चतुर्थी विभक्ति: with “me.” Use a (causative form) of a verbal root used in the commentary for “to show.”

Easy questions:

1. Can you spot a यकार-लोप: (elision of the letter “य्”) in the verse?

2. Where has 6-1-110 ङसिङसोश्च been used in the verse?