Today we will look at the form प्रमाथी mNs from श्रीमद्-वाल्मीकि-रामायणम् 6.89.48.

निहतं सारथिं दृष्ट्वा समरे रावणात्मजः । प्रजहौ समरोद्धर्षं विषण्णः स बभूव ह ।। ६-८९-४६ ।।
विषण्णवदनं दृष्ट्वा राक्षसं हरियूथपाः । ततः परमसंहृष्टो लक्ष्मणं चाभ्यपूजयन् ।। ६-८९-४७ ।।
ततः प्रमाथी रभसः शरभो गन्धमादनः । अमृष्यमाणाश्चत्वारश्चक्रुर्वेगं हरीश्वराः ।। ६-८९-४८ ।।
ते चास्य हयमुख्येषु तूर्णमुत्पत्य वानराः । चतुर्षु सुमहावीर्या निपेतुर्भीमविक्रमाः ।। ६-८९-४९ ।।

Gita Press translation – Seeing his charioteer killed in combat, the aforesaid son of Rāvaṇa completely lost his zest for combat and grew despondent, they say (46). Beholding the ogre dejected in appearance, the commanders of simian troops thereupon felt extremely delighted and accalaimed Lakṣmaṇa (47). Getting impatient, four monkey chiefs, viz., Pramāthī, Rabhasa, Śarabha and Gandhamādana thereupon gave vent to their impetuosity (48). Nay, springing up rapidly, the aforesaid monkeys, who were endowed with remarkable valor and terrible prowess, fell on the four excellent horses of Indrajit (49).

प्रमथति तच्छील: = प्रमाथी ।

The प्रातिपदिकम् ‘प्रमाथिन्’ is derived from the verbal root √मथ् (मथेँ विलोडने १. ९८३).

(1) प्र मथ् + घिनुँण् । By 3-2-145 प्रे लपसृद्रुमथवदवसः – To denote an agent who performs an action because of his nature/habit or sense of duty or skill, the affix ‘घिनुँण्’ may be used following any one of the verbal roots below when compounded with the उपसर्ग: ‘प्र’ –
(i) √लप् (लपँ व्यक्तायां वाचि १. ४६८)
(ii) √सृ (सृ गतौ १. १०८५)
(iii) √द्रु (द्रु गतौ १. १०९५)
(iv) √मथ् (मथेँ विलोडने १. ९८३)
(v) √वद् (वदँ व्यक्तायां वाचि १. ११६४)
(vi) √वस् (वसँ निवासे १. ११६०)

(2) प्र + मथ् + इन् । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत्, 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-8 लशक्वतद्धिते, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

(3) प्रमाथिन् । By 7-2-116 अत उपधायाः – A penultimate (उपधा) अकार: of a अङ्गम् gets वृद्धिः as the substitute when followed by a प्रत्ययः which is a ञित् or a णित्।

‘प्रमाथिन्’ gets प्रातिपदिक-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-2-46 कृत्तद्धितसमासाश्च – A word form that ends in a कृत्-प्रत्ययः or a तद्धित-प्रत्ययः and so also compounds get the name प्रातिपदिकम्।

The विवक्षा is पुंलिङ्गे, प्रथमा-एकवचनम्।

(4) प्रमाथिन् + सुँ । By 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टाभ्याम्भिस्ङेभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसिँभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसोसाम्ङ्योस्सुप्।

(5) प्रमाथिन् + स् । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत् and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

(6) प्रमाथीन् + स् । By 6-4-13 सौ च – The penultimate letter of terms ending in “इन्”, “हन्”, “पूषन्” and “अर्यमन्” is lengthened when the सुँ-प्रत्यय: – which is not सम्बुद्धि: – follows.

(7) प्रमाथीन् । By 6-1-68 हल्ङ्याब्भ्यो दीर्घात्‌ सुतिस्यपृक्तं हल्। “प्रमाथीन्” gets the पद-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-4-14 सुप्तिङन्तं पदम् with the help of 1-1-62 प्रत्ययलोपे प्रत्ययलक्षणम्।

(8) प्रमाथी । By 8-2-7 नलोपः प्रातिपदिकान्तस्य – The ending नकार: of a पदम् is dropped when the पदम् also has the designation प्रातिपदिकम्।

Questions:

1. Where has the प्रातिपदिकम् ‘प्रमाथिन्’ been used in Chapter Two of the गीता?

2. Commenting on the सूत्रम् 3-2-145 प्रे लपसृद्रुमथवदवसः (used in step 1) the काशिका says – वस इति ‘वस निवासे’ इत्यस्य ग्रहणं नाच्छादनार्थस्य, लुग्विकरणत्वात्। Please explain.

3. Can you spot the affix ‘क’ in the verses?

4. Which सूत्रम् prescribes the augment ‘वुक्’ in the form बभूव?

5. Where has the सूत्रम् 6-4-120 अत एकहल्मध्येऽनादेशादेर्लिटि  been used in the verses?

6. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“My agitating mind does not want to read the Geeta.” Use a सनन्त-प्रयोग: for “to want to read.”

 

Easy questions:

1. Can you spot the augment ‘आम्’ in the verses?

2. Where has the सूत्रम् 8-3-16 रोः सुपि been used in the verses?

Today we will look at the form गृध्नुः mNs from श्रीमद्-वाल्मीकि-रामायणम् 2.63.8.

यदाचरति कल्याणि शुभं वा यदि वाशुभम् | तदेव लभते भद्रे कर्ता कर्मजमात्मनः ।। २-६३-६ ।।
गुरु लाघवमर्थानामारम्भे कर्मणां फलम् | दोषं वा यो न जानाति स बाल इति होच्यते ।। २-६३-७ ।।
कश्चिदाम्रवणं छित्त्वा पलाशांश्च निषिञ्चति | पुष्पं दृष्ट्वा फले गृध्नुः स शोचति फलागमे ।। २-६३-८ ।।
अविज्ञाय फलं यो हि कर्म त्वेवानुधावति । स शोचेत् फलवेलायां यथा किंशुकसेचकः ।। २-६३-९ ।।

Gita Press translation – A doer surely reaps, O blessed lady, the fruit of his own deeds corresponding to the nature, good, or evil of that which he does, O gracious one! (6) He who does not reckon, while undertaking actions, the relative importance of their fruits as well as the advantages or disadvantages accruing from them is surely dubbed as a fool (7). Anyone who, cutting down a (whole) mango grove (because of its unattractive and tiny blossoms) nourishes (a cluster of) Palāśa trees expecting (large and luscious) fruits on seeing their (charming and big) flowers repents at the time of their fruition (8). Indeed like the man who nourishes a Kiṁśuka tree, he who embarks on action alone, not minding the consequences, is sure to repent when the action bears fruit (9).

गृध्यति तच्छील: = गृध्नुः ।

The प्रातिपदिकम् ‘गृध्नु’ is derived from the verbal root √गृध् (गृधुँ अभिकाङ्क्षायाम् ४. १६१).

The उकार: at the end of ‘गृधुँ’ gets the इत्-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत् and takes लोप: by 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

(1) गृध् + क्नु । By 3-2-140 त्रसिगृधिधृषिक्षिपेः क्नुः – Following any one of the verbal roots listed below, the affix ‘क्नु’ may be used to denote an agent who performs an action because of his nature/habit or sense of duty or skill –
(i) √त्रस् (त्रसीँ उद्वेगे ४. ११)
(ii) √गृध् (गृधुँ अभिकाङ्क्षायाम् ४. १६१)
(iii) √धृष् (ञिधृषाँ प्रागल्भ्ये ५. २५)
(iv) √क्षिप् (क्षिपँ प्रेरणे ४. १५, ६. ५)

(2) गृध् + नु । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-8 लशक्वतद्धिते, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः। 1-1-5 क्क्ङिति च stops the गुणादेश: which would have been done by 7-3-86 पुगन्तलघूपधस्य च। See question 1.

= गृध्नु ।

‘गृध्नु’ gets प्रातिपदिक-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-2-46 कृत्तद्धितसमासाश्च – A word form that ends in a कृत्-प्रत्ययः or a तद्धित-प्रत्ययः and so also compounds get the name प्रातिपदिकम्।

The विवक्षा is पुंलिङ्गे, प्रथमा-एकवचनम्।

(3) गृध्नु + सुँ । By 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टाभ्याम्भिस्ङेभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसिँभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसोसाम्ङ्योस्सुप्।

(4) गृध्नु + स् । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत् and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

(5) गृध्नुः । रुँत्व-विसर्गौ by 8-2-66 ससजुषो रुः and 8-3-15 खरवसानयोर्विसर्जनीयः।

Questions:

1. After step 2, why doesn’t the affix ‘नु’ take the augment इट् as per 7-2-35 आर्धधातुकस्येड् वलादेः?

2. Which अधिकार: exerts its influence on the सूत्रम् 3-2-140 त्रसिगृधिधृषिक्षिपेः क्नुः?
(i) प्रत्ययः, परश्च
(ii) धातोः
(iii) तच्छीलतद्धर्मतत्साधुकारिषु
(iv) All of the above

3. Can you spot the affix ‘ड’ in the verses?

4. Which कृत् affix is used to form the प्रातिपदिकम् ‘सेचक’ (used in the verses as part of the compound प्रातिपदिकम् ‘किंशुकसेचक’)?

5. Which सूत्रम् prescribes the substitution ‘जा’ in जानाति?

6. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“There is never satisfaction in the mind of one who is greedy.” Use the masculine प्रातिपदिकम् ‘सन्तोष’ for ‘satisfaction.’

Easy questions:

1. Where has the सूत्रम् 3-4-103 यासुट् परस्मैपदेषूदात्तो ङिच्च been used in the verses?

2. Can you spot a सम्प्रसारणम् in the verses?

Today we will look at the form सन् mNs from श्रीमद्-वाल्मीकि-रामायणम् 4.8.36.

शङ्कया त्वेतयाहं च दृष्ट्वा त्वामपि राघव । नोपसर्पाम्यहं भीतो भये सर्वे हि बिभ्यति ।। ४-८-३५ ।।
केवलं हि सहाया मे हनुमत्प्रमुखास्त्विमे । अतोऽहं धारयाम्यद्य प्राणान्कृच्छ्रगतोऽपि सन् ।। ४-८-३६ ।।
एते हि कपयः स्निग्धा मां रक्षन्ति समन्ततः । सह गच्छन्ति गन्तव्ये नित्यं तिष्ठन्ति चास्थिते ।। ४-८-३७ ।।
सङ्क्षेपस्त्वेष मे राम किमुक्त्वा विस्तरं हि ते । स मे ज्येष्ठो रिपुर्भ्राता वाली विश्रुतपौरुषः ।। ४-८-३८ ।।

Translation – Nay, dismayed through this fear alone I did not (dare to) approach you even on seeing you, O scion of Raghu; for in (the face of) danger all get nervous (35). These monkeys with Hanumān as their leader for their part have in fact been my only companions. Hence I (am able to) preserve my life today, though I am reduced to straits (36). These loving monkeys actually protect me on all sides. They accompany me wherever I have to go and ever remain by my side when I have to stay (37). This in brief is all my story, O Rāma! Of what use is it to give you details? Vālī, that hostile elder brother of mine, is well-known for his valor (38).

The प्रातिपदिकम् ‘सत्’ is derived from the verbal root √अस् (असँ भुवि २. ६०).

The अकारः at the end of ‘असँ’ gets the इत्-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत् and takes लोप: by 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः। This अकार:has a उदात्त-स्वर:। Thus √अस् is devoid of any indications for bringing in आत्मनेपद-प्रत्यया:। Therefore, as per 1-3-78 शेषात् कर्तरि परस्मैपदम्, in कर्तरि प्रयोग:, √अस् takes परस्मैपद-प्रत्यया: by default.

(1) अस् + लँट् । By 3-2-123 वर्तमाने लट्, the affix लँट् comes after a धातुः when denoting an action in the present tense.

(2) अस् + ल् । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत्, 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

(3) अस् + शतृँ । 3-2-124 लटः शतृशानचावप्रथमासमानाधिकरणे – The affix ‘लँट्’ is replaced by ‘शतृँ’/’शानच्’ as long as the derived word is in agreement with (has the same reference as) a word which ends in a nominal ending other than the nominative. But the fact that पाणिनि: has used लँट् in this सूत्रम् 3-2-124 is spite of the अनुवृत्ति: of लँट् being available from the prior सूत्रम् 3-2-123 वर्तमाने लट् gives the clue (ज्ञापकम्) that sometimes the substitution ‘शतृँ’/’शानच्’ may be used even when the derived word is in agreement with (has the same reference as) a word which ends in the nominative. लडित्‍यनुवर्तमाने पुनर्लड्ग्रहणात् प्रथमासामानाधिकरण्‍येऽपि क्‍वचित् । This justifies the use of ‘शतृँ’ in deriving the word सन् even though it is in agreement with अहम् which ends in the nominative case.
Note: As per 1-4-99 लः परस्मैपदम्, ‘शतृँ’ has the परस्मैपद-सञ्ज्ञा, while as per 1-4-100 तङानावात्मनेपदम्, ‘शानच्’ has the आत्मनेपद-सञ्ज्ञा। And as explained above, √अस् is परस्मैपदी। Hence ‘शतृँ’ is chosen and not ‘शानच्’।

(4) अस् + अत् । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत्, 1-3-8 लशक्वतद्धिते and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

(5) अस् + शप् + अत् । By 3-1-68 कर्तरि शप्‌, the शप्-प्रत्यय: is placed after a verbal root, when followed by a सार्वधातुक-प्रत्यय: that is used signifying the agent. Note: As per 3-4-113 तिङ्शित्सार्वधातुकम्, ‘शतृँ’ has the सार्वधातुक-सञ्ज्ञा।

(6) अस् + अत् । By 2-4-72 अदिप्रभृतिभ्यः शपः, the शप्-प्रत्ययः takes the लुक् elision when following a verbal root belonging to अदादि-गणः।

(7) स् + अत् । By 6-4-111 श्नसोरल्लोपः, the अकारः of “श्न” and of the verbal root √अस् (असँ भुवि २. ६०) is elided when followed by सार्वाधातुक-प्रत्ययः which is a कित् or a ङित्।
Note: Since the सार्वधातुक-प्रत्यय: “अत्” is अपित्, by 1-2-4 सार्वधातुकमपित् it behaves ङिद्वत् – as if it has ङकार: as a इत्। This allows 6-4-111 to apply.

= सत् ।

‘सत्’ gets प्रातिपदिक-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-2-46 कृत्तद्धितसमासाश्च – A word form that ends in a कृत्-प्रत्ययः or a तद्धित-प्रत्ययः and so also compounds get the name प्रातिपदिकम्।

The विवक्षा is पुंलिङ्गे, प्रथमा-एकवचनम्।

(8) सत् + सुँ । By 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टाभ्याम्भिस्ङेभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसिँभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसोसाम्ङ्योस्सुप्। Note: The affix “सुँ” has the सर्वनामस्थान-सञ्ज्ञा here by 1-1-43 सुडनपुंसकस्य।

(9) स नुँम् त् + सुँ । By 7-1-70 उगिदचां सर्वनामस्थानेऽधातोः, a non-verbal base with an ‘उक्’ (‘उ’, ‘ऋ’, ‘ऌ’) as a marker takes the नुँम् augment when followed by a सर्वनामस्थानम् affix. Note: The ऋकार: as a इत् in the affix ‘शतृँ’ allows 7-1-70 to apply here.

(10) सन्त् + स् । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत्, 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम् and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

(11) सन्त् । सकार-लोपः by 6-1-68 हल्ङ्याब्भ्यो दीर्घात्‌ सुतिस्यपृक्तं हल्। Note: Now ‘सन्त्’ gets the पद-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-4-14 सुप्तिङन्तं पदम् with the help of 1-1-62 प्रत्ययलोपे प्रत्ययलक्षणम्। This allows 8-2-23 संयोगान्तस्य लोपः to apply in the next step.

(12) सन् । By 8-2-23 संयोगान्तस्य लोपः। As per 1-1-52 अलोऽन्त्यस्य, only the ending letter (तकार:) of the पदम् ‘सन्त्’ takes लोपः। Note: After this, 8-2-7 नलोपः प्रातिपदिकान्तस्य does not apply because of 8-2-1 पूर्वत्रासिद्धम्।

Questions:

1. In which verse of the गीता has the word ‘सन्’ been used twice?

2. Commenting on the सूत्रम् 6-4-111 श्नसोरल्लोपः (used in step 7), the तत्त्वबोधिनी says – तपरकरणमास्तामासन्नित्यत्र ह्याडागमे कृते तस्य लोपो मा भूदित्येतदर्थम्। Please explain.

3. Where has the सूत्रम् 7-1-4 अदभ्यस्तात्‌ been used in the verses?

4. Can you spot a कृत्य-प्रत्यय: in the verses?

5. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“Even though being old, a lion does not eat grass.”

Advanced question:

1. What would be an alternative form for the प्रातिपदिकम् ‘स्निग्ध’ used in the verses? You will need to consider the following सूत्रम् (which we have not yet studied) – 8-2-33 वा द्रुहमुहष्णुहष्णिहाम् । वृत्ति: एषां हस्‍य वा घ: स्याज्झलि पदान्‍ते च । The ending हकार: of the verbal roots √द्रुह् (द्रुहँ जिघांसायाम् ४. ९४), √मुह् (मुहँ वैचित्त्ये ४. ९५), √स्नुह् (ष्णुहँ उद्गिरणे ४. ९६) and √स्निह् (ष्णिहँ प्रीतौ ४. ९७) is optionally replaced by a घकार: when either (i) followed by a झल् letter or (ii) at the end of a पदम्।

Easy questions:

1. In the verses can you spot three words in which the प्रातिपदिकम् ‘एतद्’ has been used?

2. Where has the सूत्रम् 7-3-78 पाघ्राध्मास्थाम्नादाण्दृश्यर्तिसर्तिशदसदां पिबजिघ्रधमतिष्ठमनयच्छपश्यर्च्छधौशीयसीदाः been used in the verses?

 

Today we will look at the form स्थापिताः mNp from श्रीमद्-वाल्मीकि-रामायणम् 7.27.11.

तद्यथा नमुचिर्वृत्रो बलिर्नरकशम्बरौ । त्वद्बलं समवष्टभ्य मया दग्धास्तथा कुरु ।। ७-२७-९ ।।
न ह्यन्यो देवदेवेश त्वदृते मधुसूदन । गतिः परायणं चापि त्रैलोक्ये सचराचरे ।। ७-२७-१० ।।
त्वं हि नारायणः श्रीमान्पद्मनाभः सनातनः । त्वयेमे स्थापिता लोकाः शक्रश्चाहं सुरेश्वरः ।। ७-२७-११ ।।

Gita Press translation – Therefore, (even) as leaning on Your might I exterminated (the demons) Namuci, Vṛtra, Bali, Naraka and Śambara, lend me Your strength likewise (9). Indeed, there is no refuge, no ultimate resort either, other than You, O Ruler of the adored of gods, in all the three worlds comprising the mobile and the immobile creation, O Destroyer of the demon Madhu! (10) Indeed, You are the glorious and eternal Nārāyaṇa, who has a lotus sprung from His navel. By You were these worlds set up as well as I, Indra, as the ruler of gods (11).

The प्रातिपदिकम् “स्थापित” is derived from the verbal root √स्था (ष्ठा गतिनिवृत्तौ १. १०७७).

The धातुः “ष्ठा” has an initial षकारः in the धातु-पाठः। By 6-1-64 धात्वादेः षः सः, there is the substitution of सकारः in the place of the initial षकारः of a धातुः। And as per the न्यायः “निमित्तापाये नैमित्तिकस्याप्यपाय:” (when a cause is gone, its effect is also gone) the ठकार-आदेशः for the थकारः, which has come in by 8-4-41 ष्टुना ष्टुः, because of the presence of the षकारः, now reverts to the थकारः since the cause for the ठकारादेश: no longer exists. So we now have √स्था।

(1) स्था + णिच् । By 3-1-26 हेतुमति च – The affix “णिच्” is used after a root, when the operation of a causer – such as the operation of directing – is to be expressed.

(2) स्था + इ । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-7 चुटू, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

(3) स्था पुक् + इ । By 7-3-36 अर्त्तिह्रीव्लीरीक्नूयीक्ष्माय्यातां पुङ्णौ, the augment पुक् is added to the roots √ऋ (ऋ गतिप्रापणयोः १. १०८६, ऋ गतौ ३. १७), √ह्री (ह्री लज्जायाम् ३. ३), √व्ली (व्ली वरणे ९. ३७), √री (रीङ् श्रवणे ४. ३३, री गतिरेषणयोः ९. ३५), √क्नूय् (क्नूयीँ शब्द उन्दने च १. ५५८), √क्ष्माय् (क्ष्मायीँ विधूनने १. ५५९) and to a root ending in a आकार: when the causative affix “णि” follows. As per 1-1-46 आद्यन्तौ टकितौ, the “पुक्”-आगम: joins at the end of the अङ्गम् “स्था”।

(4) स्था प् + इ । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः। Note: The उकार: in “पुक्” is उच्चारणार्थ: (for pronunciation only.)

“स्थापि” gets धातु-सञ्ज्ञा by 3-1-32 सनाद्यन्ता धातवः।

(5) स्थापि + क्त । By 3-2-102 निष्ठा – The affix “निष्ठा” (ref.1-1-26 क्तक्तवतू निष्ठा) may be used following a verbal root when denoting an action in the past tense. Note: The affix ‘क्त’ has been used कर्मणि (to denote the object) here as per 3-4-70 तयोरेव कृत्यक्तखलर्थाः – The affixes having the designation “कृत्य”, the affix “क्त” and the affixes that have the sense of “खल्” (ref: 3-3-126) are only used to denote the action (भावः) or the object (कर्म)।

(6) स्थापि + त । अनुबन्ध-लोप: by 1-3-8 लशक्वतद्धिते and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

(7) स्थापि + इट् त । By 7-2-35 आर्धधातुकस्येड् वलादेः, an आर्धधातुक-प्रत्यय: beginning with a letter of the वल्-प्रत्याहारः gets the augment “इट्”। 1-1-46 आद्यन्तौ टकितौ places the “इट्”-आगमः at the beginning of the प्रत्यय:।

(8) स्थापि + इ त । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

(9) स्थाप् + इत । By 6-4-52 निष्ठायां सेटि – The affix ‘णि’ is elided when followed by a निष्ठा affix (ref. 1-1-26) which has taken the augment ‘इट्’।

“स्थापित” gets प्रातिपदिक-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-2-46 कृत्तद्धितसमासाश्च – A word form that ends in a कृत्-प्रत्ययः or a तद्धित-प्रत्ययः and so also compounds gets the name प्रातिपदिकम्।

The विवक्षा is पुंलिङ्गे प्रथमा-बहुवचनम्।

(10) स्थापित + जस् । By 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टाभ्याम्भिस्ङेभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसिँभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसोसाम्ङ्योस्सुप्।

(11) स्थापित + अस् । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-7 चुटू and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः। 1-3-4 न विभक्तौ तुस्माः prevents the ending सकारः of “जस्” from getting इत्-सञ्ज्ञा।

(12) स्थापितास् । 6-1-102 प्रथमयो: पूर्वसवर्ण: – When an अक् letter is followed by a vowel (अच्) of the first (nominative) or second (accusative) case then for the two of them (अक् + अच्) there is a single substitute which is the elongated form of the first member (the अक् letter.)

(13) स्थापिताः । रुँत्व-विसर्गौ by 8-2-66 ससजुषो रुः and 8-3-15 खरवसानयोर्विसर्जनीयः।

Questions:

1. Where has the सूत्रम् 6-4-52 निष्ठायां सेटि (used in step 9) been used in Chapter Five of the गीता?

2. Can you spot the affix ‘ल्यु’ in the verses?

3. Where has the सूत्रम् 8-2-32 दादेर्धातोर्घः been used in the verses?

4. Which सूत्रम् is used for the elision of the affix ‘हि’ in the form कुरु?

5. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“Śrī Rāma established Vibhīṣaṇa on the throne of Laṅkā.” Use the neuter (compound) प्रातिपदिकम् ‘सिंहासन’ for ‘throne.’

6. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“I parked my car in front of your house.”

Easy questions:

1. Where has the सूत्रम् 7-2-109 दश्च been used in the verses?

2. Can you spot a यकार-लोप: (elision of the letter ‘य्’) in the verses?

Today we will look at the form पक्वानाम् nGp from श्रीमद्-वाल्मीकि-रामायणम् 2.105.17.

यथा फलानां पक्वानां नान्यत्र पतनाद्भयम् । एवं नरस्य जातस्य नान्यत्र मरणाद्भयम् ।। २-१०५-१७ ।।
यथाऽऽगारं दृढस्थूणं जीर्णं भूत्वावसीदति । तथावसीदन्ति नरा जरामृत्युवशंगताः ।। २-१०५-१८ ।।

Gita Press translation – As no fear from any quarter other than a fall awaits ripe fruits, so no fear from any quarter other than death awaits a man come into the world (17). (Even) as a house (though) supported by stout pillars collapses on getting old, so men fallen into the clutches of old age and death breathe their last (18).

The प्रातिपदिकम् “पक्व” is derived from the verbal root √पच् (डुपचँष् पाके १. ११५१).

(1) पच् + क्त । By 3-2-102 निष्ठा – The affix “निष्ठा” (ref.1-1-26 क्तक्तवतू निष्ठा) may be used following a verbal root when denoting an action in the past tense. Note: ‘पक्व’ has been used in this verse in a special type of usage called a कर्मकर्तरि प्रयोग: where the object (in this case फलानि) is turned into a subject and the verb (in this case √पच्) which is transitive is turned in to intransitive as a result.

(2) पच् + त । अनुबन्ध-लोप: by 1-3-8 लशक्वतद्धिते and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।Note: 7-2-10 एकाच उपदेशेऽनुदात्तात्‌ prevents the affix ‘त’ from taking the augment ‘इट्’ which would have been done by 7-2-35 आर्धधातुकस्येड् वलादेः। See question 2.

(3) पक् + त । By 8-2-30 चोः कुः – The consonants of the च-वर्ग: (“च्”, “छ्”, “ज्”, “झ्”, “ञ्”) get the consonants of the क-वर्ग: (“क्”, “ख्”, “ग्”, “घ्”, “ङ्”) as a replacement when they occur at the end of a पदम् or when they are followed by a झल् letter.

(4) पक् + व । By 8-2-52 पचो वः – A वकार: is the replacement in place of a तकार: of a निष्ठा affix (ref. 1-1-26) which immediately follows the verbal root √पच् (डुपचँष् पाके १. ११५१).

“पक्व” gets प्रातिपदिक-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-2-46 कृत्तद्धितसमासाश्च – A word form that ends in a कृत्-प्रत्ययः or a तद्धित-प्रत्ययः and so also compounds gets the name प्रातिपदिकम्।

The विवक्षा is नपुंसकलिङ्गे षष्ठी-बहुवचनम्।

(5) पक्व + आम् । By 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टाभ्याम्भिस्ङेभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसिँभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसोसाम्ङ्योस्सुप्। 1-3-4 न विभक्तौ तुस्माः prevents the ending मकारः of “आम्” from getting इत्-सञ्ज्ञा।

(6) पक्व + नुँट् आम् । By 7-1-54 ह्रस्वनद्यापो नुट्, the affix “आम्” takes the augment नुँट् when it follows a प्रातिपदिकम् which either ends in a short vowel or has the नदी-संज्ञा or ends in the feminine affix “आप्”। By the परिभाषा-सूत्रम् 1-1-46 आद्यन्तौ टकितौ, the ‘नुँट्’-आगम: joins at the beginning of “आम्”।

(7) पक्व + नाम् । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत्, 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम् and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

(8) पक्वानाम् । By 6-4-3 नामि – The ending vowel of an अङ्गम् gets elongated if followed by the term “नाम्”।

Questions:

1. Where has the verbal root √पच् (डुपचँष् पाके १. ११५१) been used in Chapter Fifteen of the गीता?

2. Among the monosyllabic verbal roots which end in a चकार:, which others (besides √पच्) are अनुदात्तोपदेशा: in the धातुपाठ:?

3. Where has the सूत्रम् 8-2-42 रदाभ्यां निष्ठातो नः पूर्वस्य च दः been used in the verses?

4. Which सूत्रम् prescribes the substitution ‘सीद’ in the forms अवसीदति and अवसीदन्ति?

5. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“Even though I’m not old my hair is grey (cooked.)”

Advanced question:

1. The प्रातिपदिकम् ‘जात’ is derived from the verbal root √जन् (जनीँ प्रादुर्भावे ४. ४४). In the ‘अङ्गस्य’ अधिकार:, can you find a सूत्रम् which prescribes the आकारादेश: in ‘जात’? Hint: पाणिनि: specifically mentions the verbal root √जन् in the सूत्रम्।

Easy questions:

1. Which सूत्रम् is used for the substitute ‘स्य’ in the form नरस्य and जातस्य?

2. From which सूत्रम् does the अनुवृत्ति: of ‘दीर्घ:’ come in to the सूत्रम् 6-4-3 नामि (used in step 8)?

Today we will look at the form दीनः mNs from श्रीमद्-वाल्मीकि-रामायणम् 2.103.3.

जघान बलिनं रामः सहस्रनयनात्मजम् । वालिनं मेरुसङ्काशं पर्याप्तं तन्निदर्शनम् ।। ६-९४-१७ ।।
ऋष्यमूके वसंश्चैव दीनो भग्नमनोरथः । सुग्रीवः प्रापितो राज्यं पर्याप्तं तन्निदर्शनम् ।। ६-९४-१८ ।।
धर्मार्थसहितं वाक्यं सर्वेषां रक्षसां हितम् । युक्तं विभीषणेनोक्तं मोहात्तस्य न रोचते ।। ६-९४-१९ ।।
विभीषणवचः कुर्याद्यदि स्म धनदानुजः । श्मशानभूता दुःखार्ता नेयं लङ्का भविष्यति ।। ६-९४-२० ।।

Gita Press translation – Rāma (also) killed the mighty Vālī, sprung from the loins of Indra (the thousand-eyed god), who resembled Mount Meru (in size). His example (too) should have been sufficient (to serve) as an eye-opener (to Rāvaṇa) (17). Living disconsolate on Mount Ṛṣyamūka, his ambitions dashed to pieces, Sugrīva too was restored to the throne. That example (too) should have proved sufficient (to make Rāvaṇa realize the greatness of Rāma) (18). “The reasonable advice tendered by Vibhīṣaṇa, which was not only in consonance with righteousness but rebounded to the (wordly) interest of Rāvaṇa, nay, which was conducive to the good of all the ogres, did not find favor with Rāvaṇa due to his folly (19). Had Rāvaṇa (the younger half-brother of Kubera) followed the advice of Vibhīṣaṇa, this (city of) Laṅkā would not have been afflicted with sorrow and turned a crematorium (20).

The प्रातिपदिकम् “दीन” is derived from the verbal root √दी (दीङ् क्षये ४. २९).

(1) दी + क्त । By 3-2-102 निष्ठा – The affix “निष्ठा” (ref.1-1-26 क्तक्तवतू निष्ठा) may be used following a verbal root when denoting an action in the past tense. Note: The affix ‘क्त’ has been used कर्तरि (to denote the agent) here as per 3-4-72 गत्यर्थाकर्मकश्लिषशीङ्स्थासवसजनरुहजीर्यतिभ्यश्च – When following one of the verbal roots listed below, the affix “क्त” may be used in the active voice (कर्तरि) as well as in the passive voice (भावकर्मणो:) –
(i) any verbal root used in the sense of motion (गत्यर्थ:)
(ii) any verbal root used intransitively (अकर्मक:)
(iii) the verbal roots √श्लिष् (श्लिषँ आलिङ्गने ४. ८३), √शी (शीङ् स्वप्ने २. २६), √स्था (ष्ठा गतिनिवृत्तौ १. १०७७), √आस् (आसँ उपवेशने २. ११), √वस् (वसँ निवासे १. ११६०), √जन् (जनीँ प्रादुर्भावे ४. ४४), √रुह् (रुहँ बीजजन्मनि प्रादुर्भावे च १. ९९५) and √जॄ (जॄष् वयोहानौ ४. २५)।
Note: The verbal roots listed in (iii) are intransitive. But when used with a उपसर्ग: they may become transitive. In that case they would not be covered by (ii). This is the reason for listing them separately in (iii).

(2) दी + त । अनुबन्ध-लोप: by 1-3-8 लशक्वतद्धिते and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः। Note: 7-2-10 एकाच उपदेशेऽनुदात्तात्‌ prevents the affix ‘त’ from taking the augment ‘इट्’ which would have been done by 7-2-35 आर्धधातुकस्येड् वलादेः। The affix “क्त” is a कित्। Hence 1-1-5 क्क्ङिति च prevents 7-3-84 सार्वधातुकार्धधातुकयोः from applying.

(3) दी + न । By 8-2-45 ओदितश्च – A नकार: is the replacement in place of a तकार: of a निष्ठा affix (ref. 1-1-26) which immediately follows a verbal root which has ओकार: as a इत्। Note: As per स्वादय ओदितः। गण-सूत्रम् (in the दिवादि-गण: of the धातुपाठ:) – The verbal roots (listed in order in the धातु-पाठ:) beginning with √सू (षूङ् प्राणिप्रसवे ४. २७) and ending with √व्री (व्रीङ् वृणोत्यर्थे ४. ३५) are considered to have ओकार: as a इत्। Hence √दी (दीङ् क्षये ४. २९) is considered to have ओकार: as a इत्। This allows 8-2-45 to apply here.

“दीन” gets प्रातिपदिक-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-2-46 कृत्तद्धितसमासाश्च – A word form that ends in a कृत्-प्रत्ययः or a तद्धित-प्रत्ययः and so also compounds gets the name प्रातिपदिकम्।

The विवक्षा is पुंलिङ्गे, प्रथमा-एकवचनम्।

(4) दीन + सुँ । By 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टाभ्याम्भिस्ङेभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसिँभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसोसाम्ङ्योस्सुप्।

(5) दीन + स् । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत् and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

(6) दीनः । रुँत्व-विसर्गौ by 8-2-66 ससजुषो रुः and 8-3-15 खरवसानयोर्विसर्जनीयः।

Questions:

1. In Chapter Fourteen of the गीता, can you spot a प्रातिपदिकम् in which the गण-सूत्रम् (in the दिवादि-गण: of the धातुपाठ:) स्वादय ओदितः (used in step 3) could be used?

2. In which other प्रातिपदिकम् (besides ‘दीन’) in the verses has the सूत्रम् 8-2-45 ओदितश्च been used?

3. In the verses, can you spot a उपपद-समास: (which is part of a bigger compound) in which the affix ‘ड’ has been used?

4. Can you spot the affix ‘ल्यु’ in the verses?

5. Which सूत्रम् is used for the कवर्गादेश: in the form जघान?

6. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
‘I notice that you are dejected.’ Paraphrase to ‘That you are dejected is noticed by me.’ Use the verbal root √लक्ष् (लक्षँ आलोचने १०. २१९, लक्षँ दर्शनाङ्कनयोः १०. ६) for ‘to notice.’

Easy questions:

1. Where has the सूत्रम् 7-2-110 यः सौ been used in the verses?

2. Can you spot the augment ‘सुँट्’ in the verses?

Today we will look at the form क्षीणः mNs from श्रीमद्-वाल्मीकि-रामायणम् 6.65.7.

विक्लवानां ह्यबुद्धीनां राज्ञां पण्डितमानिनाम् । रोचते त्वद्वचो नित्यं कथ्यमानं महोदर ।। ६-६५-५ ।।
युद्धे कापुरुषैर्नित्यं भवद्भिः प्रियवादिभिः । राजानमनुगच्छद्भिः सर्वं कृत्यं विनाशितम् ।। ६-६५-६ ।।
राजशेषा कृता लङ्का क्षीणः कोशो बलं हतम् । राजानमिममासाद्य सुहृच्चिह्नममित्रकम् ।। ६-६५-७ ।।

Gita Press translation – Your advice, (even) while it is being tendered, would undoubtedly appeal at all times to kings who are cowardly and devoid of intellect and account themselves wise, O Mahodara! (5) All undertakings have always been marred by you people, who are cowards in combat, utter pleasing words and say ditto to the kings (during deliberations) (6). The king alone is left in Laṅkā (which has been divested of its population), its exchequer depleted, and army destroyed. (Nay) having found access to this king, enemies masquerading as friends have gathered round him (7).

The प्रातिपदिकम् “क्षीण” is derived from the verbal root √क्षि (क्षि क्षये १. २६९, क्षि निवासगत्योः ६. १४३).

(1) क्षि + क्त । By 3-2-102 निष्ठा – The affix “निष्ठा” (ref.1-1-26 क्तक्तवतू निष्ठा) may be used following a verbal root when denoting an action in the past tense. Note: The affix ‘क्त’ has been used कर्तरि (to denote the agent) here as per 3-4-72 गत्यर्थाकर्मकश्लिषशीङ्स्थासवसजनरुहजीर्यतिभ्यश्च – When following one of the verbal roots listed below, the affix “क्त” may be used in the active voice (कर्तरि) as well as in the passive voice (भावकर्मणो:) –
(i) any verbal root used in the sense of motion (गत्यर्थ:)
(ii) any verbal root used intransitively (अकर्मक:)
(iii) the verbal roots √श्लिष् (श्लिषँ आलिङ्गने ४. ८३), √शी (शीङ् स्वप्ने २. २६), √स्था (ष्ठा गतिनिवृत्तौ १. १०७७), √आस् (आसँ उपवेशने २. ११), √वस् (वसँ निवासे १. ११६०), √जन् (जनीँ प्रादुर्भावे ४. ४४), √रुह् (रुहँ बीजजन्मनि प्रादुर्भावे च १. ९९५) and √जॄ (जॄष् वयोहानौ ४. २५)।
Note: The verbal roots listed in (iii) are intransitive. But when used with a उपसर्ग: they may become transitive. In that case they would not be covered by (ii). This is the reason for listing them separately in (iii).

(2) क्षि + त । अनुबन्ध-लोप: by 1-3-8 लशक्वतद्धिते and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः। Note: 7-2-10 एकाच उपदेशेऽनुदात्तात्‌ prevents the affix ‘त’ from taking the augment ‘इट्’ which would have been done by 7-2-35 आर्धधातुकस्येड् वलादेः। The affix “क्त” is a कित्। Hence 1-1-5 क्क्ङिति च prevents 7-3-84 सार्वधातुकार्धधातुकयोः from applying.

(3) क्षी + त । By 6-4-60 निष्ठायामण्यदर्थे – (The final vowel) of a अङ्गम् consisting of the verbal root √क्षि (क्षि क्षये १. २६९, क्षि निवासगत्योः ६. १४३) is elongated when followed by a निष्ठा affix which is used in a non-passive sense. As per 1-1-52 अलोऽन्त्यस्य, only the ending इकार: of the अङ्गम् is elongated.

(4) क्षी + न । By 8-2-46 क्षियो दीर्घात्‌ – A नकार: is the replacement in place of a तकार: of a निष्ठा affix (ref. 1-1-26) which immediately follows the verbal root √क्षि (क्षि क्षये १. २६९, क्षि निवासगत्योः ६. १४३) (the final vowel of) which has been elongated.

(5) क्षी + ण । By 8-4-2 अट्कुप्वाङ्नुम्व्यवायेऽपि।

“क्षीण” gets प्रातिपदिक-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-2-46 कृत्तद्धितसमासाश्च – A word form that ends in a कृत्-प्रत्ययः or a तद्धित-प्रत्ययः and so also compounds gets the name प्रातिपदिकम्।

The विवक्षा is पुंलिङ्गे, प्रथमा-एकवचनम्।

(6) क्षीण + सुँ । By 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टाभ्याम्भिस्ङेभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसिँभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसोसाम्ङ्योस्सुप्।

(7) क्षीण + स् । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत् and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

(8) क्षीणः । रुँत्व-विसर्गौ by 8-2-66 ससजुषो रुः and 8-3-15 खरवसानयोर्विसर्जनीयः।

Questions:

1. Where has the प्रातिपदिकम् ‘क्षीण’ been used in Chapter Nine of the गीता?

2. To highlight the importance of the term ‘अण्यदर्थे’ in the सूत्रम् 6-4-60 निष्ठायामण्यदर्थे (used in step 3), the तत्त्वबोधिनी gives the counter-example कामेन क्षितम्। Please explain.

3. Where has the सूत्रम् 3-2-83 आत्ममाने खश्च been used in the verses?

4. Which सूत्रम् prescribes the affix ‘णिनिँ’ in ‘प्रियवादिन्’?

5. Can you spot the affix ‘क्यप्’ in the verses?

6. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“A man whose sins have been exhausted is not born again.”

Easy questions:

1. Which सूत्रम् is used for the एकारादेश: (letter ‘ए’ as a substitute) in the form रोचते?

2. Where has the सूत्रम् 7-2-109 दश्च been used in the verses?

Today we will look at the form कृत्तः mNs from श्रीमद्-वाल्मीकि-रामायणम् 2.103.3.

तं तु वज्रमिवोत्सृष्टमाहवे दानवारिणा । वाग्वज्रं भरतेनोक्तममनोज्ञं परन्तपः ।। २-१०३-२ ।।
प्रगृह्य रामो बाहू वै पुष्पिताङ्ग इव द्रुमः । वने परशुना कृत्तस्तथा भुवि पपात ह ।। २-१०३-३ ।।
तथा हि पतितं रामं जगत्यां जगतीपतिम् । कूलघातपरिश्रान्तं प्रसुप्तमिव कुञ्जरम् ।। २-१०३-४ ।।
भ्रातरस्ते महेष्वासं सर्वतः शोककर्शितम् । रुदन्तः सह वैदेह्या सिषिचुः सलिलेन वै ।। २-१०३-५ ।।

Gita Press translation – Hearing the aforesaid unpleasant and heart-rending news broken by Bharata, which was (piercing) like a thunderbolt discharged by Indra (the enemy of demons) on a field of battle, and raising his arms, Śrī Rāma, the scorcher of his enemies, for his part actually sank to the ground precisely like a tree with boughs full of blossom felled down with an axe in a forest; so it is said (2-3). Weeping with Sītā (a princess of the Videha territory), his celebrated brothers (Bharata, Lakṣmaṇa and Śatrughna) promptly sprinkled all over with water Śrī Rāma, the ruler of the earth and the wielder of a mighty bow, fallen on the ground, as aforesaid, blasted with grief, like an elephant exhausted by striking (with his tusks) against a river bank and lying fast asleep (4-5).

The प्रातिपदिकम् “कृत्त” is derived from the verbal root √कृत् (कृतीँ छेदने ६. १७१). The ending ईकार: of ‘कृतीँ’ gets the इत्-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत् and takes लोप: by 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः। Hence this verbal root is a ईदित्। This allows 7-2-14 श्वीदितो निष्ठायाम् to prevent the augment ‘इट्’ in step 2.

(1) कृत् + क्त । By 3-2-102 निष्ठा – The affix “निष्ठा” (ref.1-1-26 क्तक्तवतू निष्ठा) may be used following a verbal root when denoting an action in the past tense. Note: The affix ‘क्त’ has been used कर्मणि (to denote the object) here as per 3-4-70 तयोरेव कृत्यक्तखलर्थाः – The affixes having the designation “कृत्य”, the affix “क्त” and the affixes that have the sense of “खल्” (ref: 3-3-126) are only used to denote the action (भावः) or the object (कर्म)।

(2) कृत् + त । अनुबन्ध-लोप: by 1-3-8 लशक्वतद्धिते and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः। Note: By 7-2-14 श्वीदितो निष्ठायाम् – When following the verbal root √श्वि (टुओँश्वि गतिवृद्ध्योः १. ११६५) or any verbal root which has ईकार: as a इत्, a निष्ठा affix (ref. 1-1-26) does not take the augment इट्। 7-2-14 श्वीदितो निष्ठायाम् prevents the affix ‘त’ from taking the augment ‘इट्’ which would have been done by 7-2-35 आर्धधातुकस्येड् वलादेः। The affix “क्त” is a कित्। Hence 1-1-5 क्क्ङिति च prevents 7-3-86 पुगन्तलघूपधस्य च from applying.

“कृत्त” gets प्रातिपदिक-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-2-46 कृत्तद्धितसमासाश्च – A word form that ends in a कृत्-प्रत्ययः or a तद्धित-प्रत्ययः and so also compounds gets the name प्रातिपदिकम्।

The विवक्षा is पुंलिङ्गे, प्रथमा-एकवचनम्।

(3) कृत्त + सुँ । By 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टाभ्याम्भिस्ङेभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसिँभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसोसाम्ङ्योस्सुप्।

(4) कृत्त + स् । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत् and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

(5) कृत्तः । रुँत्व-विसर्गौ by 8-2-66 ससजुषो रुः and 8-3-15 खरवसानयोर्विसर्जनीयः।

Questions:

1. In the last verse of which chapter of the गीता has the सूत्रम् 7-2-14 श्वीदितो निष्ठायाम् (used in step 2) been used?

2. Commenting on the सूत्रम् 7-2-14 श्वीदितो निष्ठायाम्, the काशिका says – निष्ठायामित्यधिकारः ‘आर्धधातुकस्य इड्वलादेः’ (७-२-३५) इति यावत्। Please explain.

3. Can you spot an augment ‘मुँम्’ in the verses?

4. Which सूत्रम् is used for the सम्प्रसारणम् in the प्रातिपदिकम् ‘उक्त’ as well as ‘सुप्त’?

5. The प्रातिपदिकम् ‘सृष्ट’ (used in the verses as part of the compound उत्सृष्टम्) is derived from the verbal root √सृज् (सृजँ विसर्गे ४. ७५, ६. १५०)। Can you recall two सूत्रे in which पाणिनि: specifically mentions this verbal root? Out of the two, which one has been used in ‘सृष्ट’?

6. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“I did not see the man who felled this tree.” Use the affix ‘क्तवतुँ’ to express the past tense.

Easy questions:

1. Which सूत्रम् is used for the substitution ‘ना’ in the word परशुना?

2. Where has the सूत्रम् 7-3-110 ऋतो ङिसर्वनामस्थानयोः been used in the verses?

Today we will look at the form कीर्णानाम् mGp from श्रीमद्-वाल्मीकि-रामायणम् 2.119.4.

रमेयं कथया ते तु दृढं मधुरभाषिणि । रविरस्तं गतः श्रीमानुपोह्य रजनीं शिवाम् ।। २-११९-३ ।।
दिवसं प्रति कीर्णानामाहारार्थं पतत्रिणाम् । सन्ध्याकाले निलीनानां निद्रार्थं श्रूयते ध्वनिः ।। २-११९-४ ।।

Gita Press translation – I would have been delighted much to hear (more of) your story, O sweet-speaking lady ! Ushering in the charming night, the glorious sun has, however, sunk below horizon (3). The noise is being heard of birds scattered about during the daytime in search of food and roosted (in their nests) at eventide for sleep (4).

The प्रातिपदिकम् “कीर्ण” is derived from the verbal root √कॄ (कॄ विक्षेपे ६. १४५).

(1) कॄ + क्त । By 3-2-102 निष्ठा – The affix “निष्ठा” (ref.1-1-26 क्तक्तवतू निष्ठा) may be used following a verbal root when denoting an action in the past tense. Note: The affix ‘क्त’ has been used कर्तरि (to denote the agent) here as per 3-4-72 गत्यर्थाकर्मकश्लिषशीङ्स्थासवसजनरुहजीर्यतिभ्यश्च – When following one of the verbal roots listed below, the affix “क्त” may be used in the active voice (कर्तरि) as well as in the passive voice (भावकर्मणो:) –
(i) any verbal root used in the sense of motion (गत्यर्थ:)
(ii) any verbal root used intransitively (अकर्मक:)
(iii) the verbal roots √श्लिष् (श्लिषँ आलिङ्गने ४. ८३), √शी (शीङ् स्वप्ने २. २६), √स्था (ष्ठा गतिनिवृत्तौ १. १०७७), √आस् (आसँ उपवेशने २. ११), √वस् (वसँ निवासे १. ११६०), √जन् (जनीँ प्रादुर्भावे ४. ४४), √रुह् (रुहँ बीजजन्मनि प्रादुर्भावे च १. ९९५) and √जॄ (जॄष् वयोहानौ ४. २५)।
Note: The verbal roots listed in (iii) are intransitive. But when used with a उपसर्ग: they may become transitive. In that case they would not be covered by (ii). This is the reason for listing them separately in (iii).

(2) कॄ + त । अनुबन्ध-लोप: by 1-3-8 लशक्वतद्धिते and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः। Note: 7-2-11 श्र्युकः क्किति – An affix which is either a गित् (has गकार: as a इत्) or कित् (has ककार: as a इत्) does not take the augment इट् when following the verbal root √श्रि (श्रिञ् सेवायाम् १. १०४४) or any verbal root which ends in a उक् letter. 7-2-11 श्र्युकः क्किति prevents the affix ‘त’ from taking the augment ‘इट्’ which would have been done by 7-2-35 आर्धधातुकस्येड् वलादेः। The affix “क्त” is a कित्। Hence 1-1-5 क्क्ङिति च prevents 7-3-84 सार्वधातुकार्धधातुकयोः from applying.

(3) किर् + त । By 7-1-100 ॠत इद्धातोः – The ending ॠकारः of a verbal root that has the अङ्ग-सञ्ज्ञा is substituted by इकारः। By 1-1-51 उरण् रपरः, in the place of ऋवर्ण: if an अण् letter (“अ”, “इ”, “उ”) comes as a substitute, it is always followed by a “रँ” (“र्”, “ल्”) letter.

(4) किर् + न । By 8-2-42 रदाभ्यां निष्ठातो नः पूर्वस्य च दः – A नकार: is the replacement in place of a तकार: of a निष्ठा affix (ref. 1-1-26) which immediately follows a रेफ: or a दकार: and also in place of a दकार: which immediately precedes a निष्ठा affix.
Thus there are two cases:
(i) The तकार: of a निष्ठा affix is immediately following a रेफ:। In this case the तकार: is replaced by a नकार:।
(ii) The तकार: of a निष्ठा affix is immediately following a दकार:। In this case the तकार: (of the निष्ठा affix) as well as the दकार: (of the धातु:) is replaced by a नकार:।

(5) कीर् + न । By 8-2-77 हलि च – The penultimate (उपधा) इक् letter of a verbal root ending in a वकारः or रेफः is made दीर्घः, when followed by a हल् (consonant.)

(6) कीर्ण । By 8-4-1 रषाभ्यां नो णः समानपदे, when a नकारः follows a रेफः or a षकारः in a single पदम्, it gets णकारः as a replacement.

“कीर्ण” gets प्रातिपदिक-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-2-46 कृत्तद्धितसमासाश्च – A word form that ends in a कृत्-प्रत्ययः or a तद्धित-प्रत्ययः and so also compounds gets the name प्रातिपदिकम्।

The विवक्षा is पुंलिङ्गे षष्ठी-बहुवचनम्।

(7) कीर्ण + आम् । By 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टाभ्याम्भिस्ङेभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसिँभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसोसाम्ङ्योस्सुप्। 1-3-4 न विभक्तौ तुस्माः prevents the ending मकारः of “आम्” from getting इत्-सञ्ज्ञा।

(8) कीर्ण + नुँट् आम् । By 7-1-54 ह्रस्वनद्यापो नुट्, the affix “आम्” takes the augment नुँट् when it follows a प्रातिपदिकम् which either ends in a short vowel or has the नदी-संज्ञा or ends in the feminine affix “आप्”। By the परिभाषा-सूत्रम् 1-1-46 आद्यन्तौ टकितौ, the ‘नुँट्’-आगम: joins at the beginning of “आम्”।

(9) कीर्ण + नाम् । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत्, 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम् and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

(10) कीर्णानाम् । By 6-4-3 नामि – The ending vowel of an अङ्गम् gets elongated if followed by the term “नाम्”।

Questions:

1. In the first twenty-five verses of Chapter Two of the गीता can you spot a प्रातिपदिकम् in which 8-2-42 रदाभ्यां निष्ठातो नः पूर्वस्य च दः as well as 8-2-77 हलि च has been used (as in this example)?

2. Commenting on the सूत्रम् 8-2-42 रदाभ्यां निष्ठातो नः पूर्वस्य च दः the काशिका says – निष्ठेति किम्? कर्ता। Please explain.

3. Some manuscripts of the रामायणम् have ‘रमेऽहं कथया’ (while others have ‘रमेय कथया’) instead of ‘रमेयं कथया’। What could be the reason for this?

4. Can you spot the affix ‘णिनिँ’ in the verses?

5. Where has 6-4-37 अनुदात्तोपदेशवनतितनोत्यादीनामनुनासिकलोपो झलि क्ङिति been used in the verses?

6. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“Collect all these scattered jewels.” Use the verbal root √चि (चिञ् चयने ५. ५) for ‘to collect.’

Easy questions:

1. Can you spot the affix ‘यक्’ in the verses?

2. Which सूत्रम् is used for the augment ‘नुँम्’ in the form ‘श्रीमान्’ (प्रातिपदिकम् ‘श्रीमत्’, पुंलिङ्गे प्रथमा-एकवचनम्)। Note: The प्रातिपदिकम् ‘श्रीमत्’ ends in the affix ‘मतुँप्’।

Today we will look at the form उक्तवान् mNs from श्रीमद्-वाल्मीकि-रामायणम् 7.11.38.

दीयतां नगरी लङ्का पूर्वं रक्षोगणोषिता । मयात्र यदनुष्ठेयं तन्ममाचक्ष्व सुव्रत ।। ७-११-३६ ।।
ब्रह्मर्षिस्त्वेवमुक्तोऽसौ विश्रवा मुनिपुङ्गवः । प्राञ्जलिं धनदं प्राह शृणु पुत्र वचो मम ।। ७-११-३७ ।।
दशग्रीवो महाबाहुरुक्तवान्मम संनिधौ । मया निर्भर्त्सितश्चासीद्बहुशोक्तः सुदुर्मतिः ।। ७-११-३८ ।।

Gita Press translation – “Let Laṅkā, which was previously occupied by the Rākṣasas, be given back to me. Please tell me, O pious one, what I should do in this connection.” (35-36) Being addressed thus, Viśravā, the Brahmarṣi, the best of sages, told the lord of wealth, who was standing with joined palms, “My son, listen to my words. (37) Daśagrīva, the mighty-armed, said the same thing in my presence also. I rebuked him and exhorted that highly evil-minded fellow in several ways.“(38)

The प्रातिपदिकम् “उक्तवत्” is derived from the verbal root √वच् (वचँ परिभाषणे २. ५८).

(1) वच् + क्तवतुँ । By 3-2-102 निष्ठा – The affix “निष्ठा” (ref. 1-1-26 क्तक्तवतू निष्ठा) may be used following a verbal root when denoting an action in the past tense. Note: The affix ‘क्तवतुँ’ is used कर्तरि (to denote the agent) as per 3-4-67 कर्तरि कृत्‌ – The affixes designated as कृत् are used to denote the agent.

(2) वच् + तवत् । अनुबन्ध-लोप: by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत्, 1-3-8 लशक्वतद्धिते and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः। The affix “क्तवतुँ” is a कित्। This allows 6-1-15 वचिस्वपियजादीनां किति to apply in the next step. Note: Here 7-2-10 एकाच उपदेशेऽनुदात्तात्‌ prevents the affix from taking the augment ‘इट्’ which would have been done by 7-2-35 आर्धधातुकस्येड् वलादेः।

(3) उ अ च् + तवत् । By 6-1-15 वचिस्वपियजादीनां किति – The verbal roots √वच् (वचँ परिभाषणे २. ५८), √स्वप् (ञिष्वपँ शये २. ६३) and also the nine verbal roots beginning with √यज् (यजँ देवपूजासङ्गतिकरणदानेषु १. ११५७) take सम्प्रसारणम् (ref. 1-1-45) when followed by an affix which is a कित्।

(4) उच् + तवत् । By 6-1-108 सम्प्रसारणाच्च – When a सम्प्रसारणम् is followed by a अच् (vowel), there is a single replacement (in place of both the सम्प्रसारणम् and the following अच्) of the prior letter (the सम्प्रसारणम्)।

(5) उक् + तवत् । By 8-2-30 चोः कुः – The consonants of the च-वर्ग: (च्, छ्, ज्, झ्, ञ्) get the consonants of the क-वर्ग: (क्, ख्, ग्, घ्, ङ्) as a replacement when they occur at the end of a पदम् or when they are followed by a झल् letter.

“उक्तवत्” gets the प्रातिपदिक-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-2-46 कृत्तद्धितसमासाश्च – A word form that ends in a कृत्-प्रत्ययः or a तद्धित-प्रत्ययः and so also compounds gets the name प्रातिपदिकम्।

The विवक्षा is पुंलिङ्गे, प्रथमा-एकवचनम्।

(6) उक्तवत् + सुँ । By 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टाभ्याम्भिस्ङेभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसिँभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसोसाम्ङ्योस्सुप्।
Note: “उक्तवत्” ends in the affix “क्तवतुँ”। Thus it ends in “अतुँ” and is also उगित् (since the उकार: in “क्तवतुँ” is a इत्)। This allows the सूत्रम् 6-4-14 as well as the सूत्रम् 7-1-70 to apply below.

(7) उक्तवत् + स् । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत् and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

(8) उक्तवात् + स् । By 6-4-14 अत्वसन्तस्य चाधातोः – When the “सुँ” affix which is not सम्बुद्धिः follows, a base that ends in “अतुँ” or a base that ends in “अस्” which is not of a verbal root, has its penultimate letter elongated.

(9) उक्तवा नुँम् त् + स् । By 7-1-70 उगिदचां सर्वनामस्थानेऽधातोः – A non-verbal base with an उक् (“उ”, “ऋ”, “ऌ”) as a marker and the verbal base “अञ्चुँ” whose नकारः has taken elision takes the नुँम् augment when followed by a सर्वनामस्थानम् affix. Note: The प्रत्यय: “स्” has the सर्वनामस्थान-सञ्ज्ञा here by 1-1-43 सुडनपुंसकस्य।

(10) उक्तवा न् त् + स् । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत्, 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम् and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

(11) उक्तवान्त् । By 6-1-68 हल्ङ्याब्भ्यो दीर्घात्‌ सुतिस्यपृक्तं हल् – A single letter affix “सुँ”, “ति” or “सि” is dropped following a base ending in a consonant or in the long feminine affix “ङी” or “आप्”। Using 1-1-62 प्रत्ययलोपे प्रत्ययलक्षणम् “उक्तवान्त्” gets पद-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-4-14 सुप्तिङन्तं पदम्।

(12) उक्तवान् । By 8-2-23 संयोगान्तस्य लोपः। As per 1-1-52 अलोऽन्त्यस्य, only the ending letter (तकार:) of the पदम् takes लोपः।
Note: After this, 8-2-7 नलोपः प्रातिपदिकान्तस्य does not apply because of 8-2-1 पूर्वत्रासिद्धम्।

Questions:

1. Where has the affix ‘क्तवतुँ’ (used in step 1) been used for the last time in the गीता?

2. Where else (besides 3-2-102) in the अष्टाध्यायी does the सूत्रम् ‘निष्ठा’ occur?

3. Can you spot an affix ‘क’ in the verses?

4. Which सूत्रम् is used for the ईकारादेश: in the form दीयताम्?

5. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“I did not say anything.”

Advanced question:

1. Derive the प्रातिपदिकम् ‘उषित’ (feminine ‘उषिता’ used in the verses as part of the compound रक्षोगणोषिता) from the verbal root √वस् (वसँ निवासे १. ११६०) by adding the affix ‘क्त’। You will need to use the following सूत्रम् (which we have not studied in the class):
7-2-52 वसतिक्षुधोरिट् – The affix ‘क्त्वा’ or a निष्ठा affix (ref. 1-1-26) always takes the augment इट् when following the verbal root √वस् (वसँ निवासे १. ११६०) or √क्षुध् (क्षुधँ बुभुक्षायाम् ४. ८७).

Easy questions:

1. Why does the सूत्रम् 6-4-14 अत्वसन्तस्य चाधातोः (which is an earlier सूत्रम् in the अष्टाध्यायी compared to 7-1-70) apply (in step eight) before 7-1-70 उगिदचां सर्वनामस्थानेऽधातोः (in step nine)?

2.Where else (besides in उक्तवान्) has the सूत्रम् 6-4-14 अत्वसन्तस्य चाधातोः been used in the verses?