Today we will look at the form पुरस्कृत्य ind from श्रीमद्भागवतम् 10.15.2.
तन्माधवो वेणुमुदीरयन्वृतो गोपैर्गृणद्भिः स्वयशो बलान्वितः । पशून्पुरस्कृत्य पशव्यमाविशद्विहर्तुकामः कुसुमाकरं वनम् ।। १०-१५-२ ।।
तन्मञ्जुघोषालिमृगद्विजाकुलं महन्मनःप्रख्यपयःसरस्वता । वातेन जुष्टं शतपत्रगन्धिना निरीक्ष्य रन्तुं भगवान्मनो दधे ।। १०-१५-३ ।।
श्रीधर-स्वामि-टीका
स्वयशो गृणद्भिर्गोपैर्वृतस्तद्वनं प्राविशत् ।। २ ।। तद्वनं निरीक्ष्य रन्तुं मनो दधे । कथंभूतम् । मञ्जुघोषा येऽलिमृगद्विजा भ्रमरमृगपक्षिणस्तैराकुलं व्याप्तं महन्मनःप्रख्यपयःसरस्वता महतां मनसा प्रख्यं तुल्यं स्वच्छं पयो यस्मिंस्तत्सर आश्रयत्वेनास्ति यस्य तेन वातेनेति शैत्यमुक्तम् । शतपत्रगन्धिनेति परिमलवत्त्वम् । जुष्टं वनमिति मान्द्यं सूचितम् ।। ३ ।।
Gita Press translation – Surrounded by cowherds – who were singing His praises – and accompanied by Balarāma, Śrī Kṛṣṇa (the spouse of Lakṣmī), who was eager to sport, entered the said woodland (of Vṛndāvana), the store-house of blossoms and good for the cattle, driving the cows before Him and playing on His flute (2). Observing it full of bees, beasts and birds making delightful sounds (nay,) fanned by a breeze blowing over a pond, whose water was clear as the mind of an exalted soul, and wafting the fragrance of lotuses, the Lord made up His mind to sport (there) (3).
(1) अग्रे कृत्वा = पुरस्कृत्य – placing before.
पुरस्कृत्य is derived from the verbal root √कृ (डुकृञ् करणे ८. १०) preceded by the term ‘पुरस्’। ‘पुरस’ gets the designation गति: here as per 1-4-67 पुरोऽव्ययम् – The term ‘पुरस्’ when used as a अव्ययम् (indeclinable) gets the designation ‘गति’ provided it is used in conjunction with a verb.
Note: Besides accent considerations, the purpose of assigning the designation ‘गति’ is to facilitate compound formation prescribed by the सूत्रम् 2-2-18 कुगतिप्रादयः which in turn allows for the substitution ‘ल्यप्’ (in place of ‘क्त्वा’) prescribed by the सूत्रम् 7-1-37 समासेऽनञ्पूर्वे क्त्वो ल्यप् (in step 5.)
Note: Since the term ‘पुरस्’ has the designation ‘गति’ here it also gets the निपात-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-4-56 प्राग्रीश्वरान्निपाताः and hence the अव्यय-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-1-37 स्वरादिनिपातमव्ययम्।
(2) कृ + क्त्वा । By 3-4-21 समानकर्तृकयोः पूर्वकाले – The affix ‘क्त्वा’ is used following a verbal root which denotes a prior action relative to that of another verbal root, provided the agent of both the actions is the same. In the present example the later action (having the same agent – ‘Śrī Kṛṣṇa (the spouse of Lakṣmī)’) is आविशत् (‘entered.’)
(3) अलौकिक-विग्रह: –
पुरस् + कृ क्त्वा । By 2-2-18 कुगतिप्रादयः – The indeclinable ‘कु’, terms having the designation ‘गति’ (ref. 1-4-60 गतिश्च etc) as well as the terms ‘प्र’ etc. (ref. 1-4-58 प्रादयः) invariably compound with a syntactically related term and the resulting compound gets the designation तत्पुरुष:।
Note: The अनुवृत्ति: of नित्यम् (invariably) comes down from the prior सूत्रम् 2-2-17 नित्यं क्रीडाजीविकयोः।
(4) By 1-2-43 प्रथमानिर्दिष्टं समास उपसर्जनम् – the term ‘पुरस्’ gets the designation उपसर्जनम् because in the सूत्रम् 2-2-18 (which prescribes the compounding) the term कुगतिप्रादयः ends in the nominative case. Hence the term ‘पुरस्’ is placed in the prior position in the compound as per the सूत्रम् 2-2-30 उपसर्जनं पूर्वम् – In a compound a term which has the designation ‘उपसर्जन’ should be placed in the prior position.
Note: ‘ पुरस् + कृ क्त्वा’ gets the designation प्रातिपदिकम् by 1-2-46 कृत्तद्धितसमासाश्च।
(5) पुरस् + कृ ल्यप् । By 7-1-37 समासेऽनञ्पूर्वे क्त्वो ल्यप् – When the affix ‘क्त्वा’ occurs at the end of a compound, it is replaced by ‘ल्यप्’ provided the prior member of the compound is a अव्ययम् other than ‘नञ्’ (ref. 2-2-6).
Note: As per 1-1-56 स्थानिवदादेशोऽनल्विधौ, the substitution ‘ल्यप्’ (in place of the affix ‘क्त्वा’) inherits the property of being a कित् (having the letter ‘क्’ as a इत्) affix with the designation of कृत् (by 3-1-93) and आर्धधातुकम् (by 3-4-114.)
(6) पुरस् + कृ य । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-8 लशक्वतद्धिते and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।
Note: 1-1-5 क्क्ङिति च prevents 7-3-84 सार्वधातुकार्धधातुकयोः from applying.
(7) पुरस् + कृ तुँक् य । By 6-1-71 ह्रस्वस्य पिति कृति तुक् – When followed by a कृत् affix which is a पित् (has the letter ‘प्’ as a इत्), a short vowel takes the augment ‘तुँक्’। As per 1-1-46 आद्यन्तौ टकितौ, the augment ‘तुँक्’ joins after the short vowel ‘ऋ’।
(8) पुरस् + कृ त् य । अनुबन्ध-लोप: by 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत् and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।
(9) पुरः + कृत्य । रुँत्व-विसर्गौ by 8-2-66 ससजुषो रुः and 8-3-15 खरवसानयोर्विसर्जनीयः।
(10) पुरस्कृत्य । By 8-3-40 नमस्पुरसोर्गत्योः – A विसर्ग: belonging to the term ‘नमस्’/’पुरस्’ is substituted by the letter ‘स्’ provided ‘नमस्’/’पुरस्’ has the designation ‘गति’ and is followed by a letter of the कवर्ग: (‘क्’, ‘ख्’, ‘ग्’, ‘घ्’, ‘ङ्’) or पवर्ग: (‘प्’, ‘फ्’, ‘ब्’, ‘भ्’, ‘म्’)।
‘पुरस्कृत्य’ gets the अव्यय-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-1-40 क्त्वातोसुन्कसुनः with the help of 1-1-56 स्थानिवदादेशोऽनल्विधौ। This allows 2-4-82 to apply below.
(11) पुरस्कृत्य + सुँ (default) । By 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टाभ्याम्भिस्ङेभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसिँभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसोसाम्ङ्योस्सुप्।
(12) पुरस्कृत्य । By 2-4-82 अव्ययादाप्सुपः – The feminine affix आप् and सुँप् affixes that are prescribed after a अव्ययम् take the लुक् elision.
Questions:
1. Commenting on the सूत्रम् 8-3-40 नमस्पुरसोर्गत्योः (used in step 10) the सिद्धान्तकौमुदी says – अगतित्वान्नेह। पू: पुरौ पुर: प्रवेष्टव्या:। Please explain.
2. In which other word (besides पुरस्कृत्य) has the substitution ‘ल्यप्’ (in place of ‘त्वा’) taken place in the verses?
3. Which कृत् affix is used to form the masculine प्रातिपदिकम् ‘आकर’ (appearing in the compound ‘कुसुमाकर’ in the verses)?
4. Where has the सूत्रम् 7-3-80 प्वादीनां ह्रस्वः been used in the verses?
5. Which सूत्रम् justifies the use of a third case affix in the form मनसा used in the commentary?
6. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“On the universe (collection of three worlds) being tormented by Hiraṇyakaśipu, all the gods went to the abode of Lord Viṣṇu placing Brahmā in front.” Use a locative absolute construction (ref. 2-3-37 यस्य च भावेन भावलक्षणम्) to express the meaning ‘On the universe (collection of three worlds) being tormented.’ Construct a द्विगु: compound for ‘universe (collection of three worlds)’ = त्रयाणां लोकानां समाहार:। Use the neuter प्रातिपदिकम् ‘धामन्’ for ‘abode.’
Easy questions:
1. Can you spot the affix ‘श’ in the verses?
2. Which सूत्रम् prescribes the substitution ‘ए’ in the form दधे?
1. Commenting on the सूत्रम् 8-3-40 नमस्पुरसोर्गत्योः (used in step 10) the सिद्धान्तकौमुदी says – अगतित्वान्नेह। पू: पुरौ पुर: प्रवेष्टव्या:। Please explain.
Answer: पू: पुरौ पुर: प्रवेष्टव्या: – a town/(two) towns/towns fit to be entered. Here पू: पुरौ पुर: is प्रथमा-एकवचनम्/द्विवचनम्/बहुवचनम् of the स्त्रीलिङ्ग-प्रातिपदिकम् ‘पुर्’ and not the indeclinable ‘पुरस्’। In order to emphasize that in the example पुर: प्रवेष्टव्या:, the form पुरः is प्रथमा-बहुवचनम् of ‘पुर्’ and not the अव्ययम् ‘पुरस्’, the सिद्धान्तकौमुदी has used it along with पू: पुरौ (प्रथमा-एकवचनम्/द्विवचनम्)। Since here the term पुरः is not the अव्ययम् ‘पुरस्’, the सूत्रम् 1-4-67 पुरोऽव्ययम् – which requires the use of the अव्ययम् ‘पुरस्’ – does not apply and hence ‘पुरस्’ does not get the designation ‘गति’ in the example पुर: प्रवेष्टव्या:।
अगतित्वान्नेह – And consequently 8-3-40 नमस्पुरसोर्गत्योः – which requires ‘पुरस्’ to have the designation ‘गति’ – does not apply. (The विसर्गः in पुर: प्रवेष्टव्या: does not get substituted by the letter ‘स्’।)
2. In which other word (besides पुरस्कृत्य) has the substitution ‘ल्यप्’ (in place of ‘त्वा’) taken place in the verses?
Answer: The substitution ‘ल्यप्’ (in place of ‘त्वा’) has also taken place in the form निरीक्ष्य – derived from the verbal root √ईक्ष् (ईक्षँ दर्शने १. ६९४) preceded by the उपसर्गः ‘निर्/निस्’।
ईक्ष् + क्त्वा । By 3-4-21 समानकर्तृकयोः पूर्वकाले।
Note: Here the common agent of the actions निरीक्ष्य (observing) and (रन्तुं मनो) दधे (made up His mind to sport) is भगवान्। The earlier of the two actions is the action ’of observing’ which is denoted by √ईक्ष् and hence √ईक्ष् takes the affix ‘क्त्वा’।
Note: अव्ययकृतो भावे (from महाभाष्यम्) – कृत् affixes (such as ‘क्त्वा’) having the अव्यय-सञ्ज्ञा are used to denote भाव: (action) – and not the agent (ref. 3-4-67 कर्तरि कृत्) of the action.
= निर्/निस् ईक्ष् + क्त्वा । ‘ईक्ष् + क्त्वा’ is compounded with ‘निर्/निस्’ using the सूत्रम् 2-2-18 कुगतिप्रादयः।
= निर्/निस् ईक्ष् + ल्यप् । By 7-1-37 समासेऽनञ्पूर्वे क्त्वो ल्यप् – When the affix ‘क्त्वा’ occurs at the end of a compound, it is replaced by ‘ल्यप्’ provided the prior member of the compound is a अव्ययम् other than ‘नञ्’ (ref. 2-2-6 नञ्)।
Note: As per 1-1-55 अनेकाल्शित्सर्वस्य, the entire affix ‘क्त्वा’ (and not just its last letter) is replaced by the substitution ‘ल्यप्’।
= निर्/निस् ईक्ष् + य । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-8 लशक्वतद्धिते and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।
= निर्/निरुँ ईक्ष् + य । By 8-2-66 ससजुषो रुः।
= निरीक्ष्य । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत्, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।
‘निरीक्ष्य’ gets the प्रातिपदिक-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-2-46 कृत्तद्धितसमासाश्च and the अव्यय-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-1-40 क्त्वातोसुन्कसुनः with the help of 1-1-56 स्थानिवदादेशोऽनल्विधौ।
निरीक्ष्य + सुँ (default) । By 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टाभ्याम्भिस्ङेभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसिँभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसोसाम्ङ्योस्सुप्।
= निरीक्ष्य । By 2-4-82 अव्ययादाप्सुपः।
3. Which कृत् affix is used to form the masculine प्रातिपदिकम् ‘आकर’ (appearing in the compound ‘कुसुमाकर’ in the verses)?
Answer: The कृत् affix ‘घ’ is used to form the masculine प्रातिपदिकम् ‘आकर’ – derived from the verbal root √कृ (डुकृञ् करणे ८. १०) or √कॄ (कॄ विक्षेपे (निक्षेपे) ६. १४५) in composition with the उपसर्ग: ‘आङ्’।
खने: सञ्ज्ञेयम् । आकरः is a proper name meaning खनि: (mine.)
The विग्रहः is as follows –
आकुर्वन्त्यस्मिन्नित्याकरः – a mine, that in which people collect (minerals).
अथवा – आकीर्यन्ते (धातवः) अत्रेत्याकर: – a mine, that in which (minerals) are scattered.
आङ् + कृ/कॄ + घ । By 3-3-118 पुंसि संज्ञायां घः प्रायेण – To denote the instrument or the locus of the action, the affix ‘घ’ is generally used following a verbal root, provided the word so derived is used in the masculine gender as a proper name.
= आ + कृ/कॄ + अ । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-8 लशक्वतद्धिते and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।
= आ + कर् + अ । By 7-3-84 सार्वधातुकार्धधातुकयोः, 1-1-51 उरण् रपरः।
= आकर । ‘आकर’ gets the प्रातिपदिक-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-2-46 कृत्तद्धितसमासाश्च। It declines like राम-शब्दः।
4. Where has the सूत्रम् 7-3-80 प्वादीनां ह्रस्वः been used in the verses?
Answer: The सूत्रम् 7-3-80 प्वादीनां ह्रस्वः has been used in the form गृणद्भिः (प्रातिपदिकम् ‘गृणत्’, पुंलिङ्गे तृतीया-बहुवचनम्)।
Please see answer to question 4 in the following comment for derivation of the प्रातिपदिकम् ‘गृणत्’ – https://avg-sanskrit.org/2013/03/06/पादाः-mnp/#comment-18819
5. Which सूत्रम् justifies the use of a third case affix in the form मनसा used in the commentary?
Answer: The use of a third case affix in the form मनसा (नपुंसकलिङ्ग-प्रातिपदिकम् ‘मनस्’, तृतीया-एकवचनम्) is justified by the सूत्रम् 2-3-72 तुल्यार्थैरतुलोपमाभ्यां तृतीयान्यतरस्याम् – A third case affix (‘टा’, ‘भ्याम्’, ‘भिस्’) or a sixth case affix (‘ङस्’, ‘ओस्’, ‘आम्’) is used following a प्रातिपदिकम् (nominal stem) co-occurring with ‘तुल्य’ (equal/similar to) or any of its synonyms – but not ‘तुला’ or ‘उपमा’।
In the commentary, ‘मनस्’ is co-occurring with (प्रख्यम् =) तुल्यम्। This allows 2-3-72 to apply.
6. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“On the universe (collection of three worlds) being tormented by Hiraṇyakaśipu, all the gods went to the abode of Lord Viṣṇu placing Brahmā in front.” Use a locative absolute construction (ref. 2-3-37 यस्य च भावेन भावलक्षणम्) to express the meaning ‘On the universe (collection of three worlds) being tormented.’ Construct a द्विगु: compound for ‘universe (collection of three worlds)’ = त्रयाणां लोकानां समाहार:। Use the neuter प्रातिपदिकम् ‘धामन्’ for ‘abode.’
Answer: त्रिलोक्याम् हिरण्यकशिपुना पीडितायाम् (सत्याम्) सर्वे देवाः ब्रह्माणम् पुरस्कृत्य/पुरोधाय भगवतः विष्णोः धाम ययुः = त्रिलोक्यां हिरण्यकशिपुना पीडितायां सर्वे देवा ब्रह्माणं पुरस्कृत्य/पुरोधाय भगवतो विष्णोर्धाम ययुः।
Easy questions:
1. Can you spot the affix ‘श’ in the verses?
Answer: The affix ‘श’ occurs in the form आविशत् – derived from the verbal root √विश् (विशँ प्रवेशने ६. १६०).
Please see answer to question 1 in the following comment for derivation of अविशत् – http://avg-sanskrit.org/2012/10/26/अरुन्तुदम्-mas/#comment-5735
‘आङ्’ is the उपसर्गः (ref. 1-4-59 उपसर्गाः क्रियायोगे, 1-4-80 ते प्राग्धातोः।)
आङ् + अविशत् = आ + अविशत् । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।
= आविशत्। By 6-1-101 अकः सवर्णे दीर्घः।
2. Which सूत्रम् prescribes the substitution ‘ए’ in the form दधे?
Answer: The सूत्रम् prescribes the substitution ‘ए’ in the form दधे – derived from the verbal root √धा (डुधाञ् धारणपोषणयोः | दान इत्यप्येके धातु-पाठः ३. ११)।
Please see the following post for derivation of the form दधे – https://avg-sanskrit.org/2012/02/06/सन्दधे-3as-लिँट्/