Today we will look at the form अनृतम् nAs from श्रीमद्भागवतम् 10.88.34.
यदि वस्तत्र विश्रम्भो दानवेन्द्र जगद्गुरौ । तर्ह्यङ्गाशु स्वशिरसि हस्तं न्यस्य प्रतीयताम् ।। १०-८८-३३ ।।
यद्यसत्यं वचः शम्भोः कथञ्चिद्दानवर्षभ । तदैनं जह्यसद्वाचं न यद्वक्तानृतं पुनः ।। १०-८८-३४ ।।
श्रीधर-स्वामि-टीका
यद्यथा वक्ता वदिष्यति ।। ३४ ।।
Gita Press translation – O lord of demons, if you still repose faith in Śaṅkara as the Teacher of the world, the truth may be verified (by you) this very instant, O dear friend, by placing your hand on your own head (33). O chief of Asuras, if the words of Śaṅkara are found to deviate from truth in any wise, you had better do away with that liar so that he may not (live to) utter a falsehood again (34).
(1) न ऋतम् = अनृतम् – falsehood.
अलौकिक-विग्रह: –
(2) नञ् + ऋत सुँ । By 2-2-6 नञ् – The negation particle नञ् (meaning ‘not’) optionally compounds with a सुबन्तं (ending in a सुँप् affix) पदम् and the resulting compound is a तत्पुरुष:।
Note: The negation particle नञ् belongs to the चादि-गणः (referenced in 1-4-57 चादयोऽसत्त्वे)। Hence it gets the designation निपात: by 1-4-56 प्राग्रीश्वरान्निपाताः and the designation अव्ययम् by 1-1-37 स्वरादिनिपातमव्ययम्।
Note: तत्सादृश्यमभावश्च तदन्यत्वं तदल्पता । अप्राशस्त्यं विरोधश्च नञर्था: षट् प्रकीर्तिता: ॥ The negation particle नञ् may convey any of the following senses –
i) तत्सादृश्यम् – similarity to that which is being negated.
ii) अभाव: – absence of that which is being negated.
iii) तदन्यत्वम् – different from that which is being negated.
iv) तदल्पता – smallness of that which is being negated.
v) अप्राशस्त्यम् – non-praiseworthiness.
vi) विरोध: – opposite of that which is being negated.
In the present example the negation particle नञ् conveys the sense of opposite to that which is being negated. अनृतम् – Opposite of truth = falsehood.
(3) By 1-2-43 प्रथमानिर्दिष्टं समास उपसर्जनम् – the term नञ् gets the designation उपसर्जनम् because in the सूत्रम् 2-2-6 (which prescribes the compounding) the term नञ् ends in the nominative case. Hence the term नञ् is placed in the prior position in the compound as per the सूत्रम् 2-2-30 उपसर्जनं पूर्वम् – In a compound a term which has the designation ‘उपसर्जन’ should be placed in the prior position.
(4) न + ऋत सुँ । अनुबन्ध-लोप: by 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम् and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।
Note: ‘न + ऋत सुँ’ gets the designation प्रातिपदिकम् by 1-2-46 कृत्तद्धितसमासाश्च। This allows 2-4-71 to apply in the next step.
(5) न + ऋत । By 2-4-71 सुपो धातुप्रातिपदिकयोः – A सुँप् affix takes a लुक् elision when it is a part of a धातुः or a प्रातिपदिकम्।
(6) अ + ऋत । By 6-3-73 नलोपो नञः – The letter ‘न्’ of the negation particle नञ् is elided when followed by a final member of a compound.
(7) अ + नुँट् ऋत । By 6-3-74 तस्मान्नुडचि – When preceded by the particle नञ् whose letter ‘न्’ has been elided (by the prior सूत्रम् 6-3-73 नलोपो नञः), a final member (of a compound) which begins with a vowel takes the augment नुँट्।
Note: As per the परिभाषा ‘उभयनिर्देशे पञ्चमीनिर्देशो बलीयान्’ the fifth case affix used in तस्मात् has greater force than the seventh case affix used in अचि। Hence the operation (of attaching the augment नुँट्) takes place on the उत्तरपदम् and not on the particle नञ्।
Note: As per the परिभाषा-सूत्रम् 1-1-46 आद्यन्तौ टकितौ the augment नुँट् attaches at the beginning of the final member (of a compound) which begins with a vowel.
(8) अ + न् ऋत । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत्, 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम् and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।
= अनृत ।
As per the सूत्रम् 2-4-26 परवल्लिङ्गं द्वन्द्वतत्पुरुषयोः, the compound प्रातिपदिकम् ‘ अनृत’ is neuter since the latter member ‘ऋत’ of the compound is neuter. The compound declines like वन-शब्द:।
The विवक्षा is द्वितीया-एकवचनम्।
(9) अनृत + अम् । By 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टाभ्याम्भिस्ङेभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसिभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसोसाम्ङ्योस्सुप्।
(10) अनृत + अम् । By 7-1-24 अतोऽम् – The affixes ‘सुँ’ and ‘अम्’ that follow a neuter अङ्गम् ending in the short vowel ‘अ’ take ‘अम्’ as their replacement. Note: 7-1-24 is required here to prevent 7-1-23 स्वमोर्नपुंसकात् from applying.
1-3-4 न विभक्तौ तुस्माः prevents the ending letter ‘म्’ of the affix ‘अम्’ from getting इत्-सञ्ज्ञा।
(11) अनृतम् । By 6-1-107 अमि पूर्वः – In place of a preceding अक् letter and the following vowel (अच्) belonging to the affix ‘अम्’ there is a single substitute of that preceding अक् letter.
Questions:
1. The first verse of which Chapter(s) of the गीता begins with a नञ्-तत्पुरुष: compound?
2. Commenting on the सूत्रम् 6-3-74 (used in step 7) the सिद्धान्तकौमुदी says – नैकधेत्यादौ तु नशब्देन सह सुप्सुपेति समासः। Please explain.
3. What kind of compound is दानवेन्द्र (पुंलिङ्ग-प्रातिपदिकम् ‘दानवेन्द्र’, सम्बुद्धिः) used in the verses?
i. अव्ययीभाव:
ii. षष्ठी-तत्पुरुष:
iii. नञ्-तत्पुरुष:
iv. कर्मधारय:
4. Which सूत्रम् justifies the use of a seventh case affix in the form जगद्गुरौ?
5. Where has the सूत्रम् 7-1-37 समासेऽनञ्पूर्वे क्त्वो ल्यप् been used in the verses?
6. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“Yudhiṣṭhira never uttered a falsehood.”
Easy questions:
1. Which सूत्रम् prescribes the substitution आम् in the form प्रतीयताम्?
2. In which word in the verses has लुँट् been used?
1. In the first word of which Chapter(s) of the गीता has the augment नुँट् been used to form a नञ्-तत्पुरुष: compound?
Answer: The augment नुँट् been used to form a नञ्-तत्पुरुष: compound in the first word of Chapter Six of the गीता in the form अनाश्रितः (प्रातिपदिकम् ‘अनाश्रित’, पुंलिङ्गे प्रथमा-एकवचनम्)।
श्रीभगवानुवाच |
अनाश्रितः कर्मफलं कार्यं कर्म करोति यः |
स संन्यासी च योगी च न निरग्निर्न चाक्रियः || 6-1||
न आश्रितः = अनाश्रितः – Not dependent.
The derivation of the compound प्रातिपदिकम् ‘अनाश्रित’ is similar to the derivation of the compound प्रातिपदिकम् ‘अनृत’ as shown in the post.
2. Commenting on the सूत्रम् 6-3-74 (used in step 7) the सिद्धान्तकौमुदी says – नैकधेत्यादौ तु नशब्देन सह सुप्सुपेति समासः। Please explain.
Answer: The सूत्रम् 2-1-4 सह सुपा (and not 2-2-6 नञ्) is used to compose compounds such as (न एकधा =) नैकधा using the indeclinable न (and not नञ्)। Hence the सूत्रम् 6-3-73 नलोपो नञः (which only applies to नञ्) does not apply here. Therefore, there is no elision of the letter ‘न्’ (in the form नैकधा) and of course, the following सूत्रम् 6-3-74 तस्मान्नुडचि (which requires the prior application of the सूत्रम् 6-3-73 नलोपो नञः) does not apply either.
If we were to use नञ् we would get the form अनेकधा (derived similar to the form ’अनृत’ as shown in the post), which is also a valid form.
3. What kind of compound is दानवेन्द्र (पुंलिङ्ग-प्रातिपदिकम् ‘दानवेन्द्र’, सम्बुद्धिः) used in the verses?
i. अव्ययीभाव:
ii. षष्ठी-तत्पुरुष:
iii. नञ्-तत्पुरुष:
iv. कर्मधारयः
Answer: The compound दानवेन्द्र is a षष्ठी-तत्पुरुषः।
दानवानामिन्द्रः = दानवेन्द्रः – Lord of the demons
अलौकिक-विग्रह: –
दानव आम् + इन्द्र सुँ । By 2-2-8 षष्ठी – A पदम् ending in a sixth case affix optionally compounds with a (syntactically related) पदम् ending in a सुँप् affix and the resulting compound gets the designation तत्पुरुष:।
By 1-2-43 प्रथमानिर्दिष्टं समास उपसर्जनम् – the term ‘दानव आम्’ gets the designation उपसर्जनम् because in the सूत्रम् 2-2-8 (which prescribes the compounding) the term षष्ठी ends in the nominative case. Hence ‘दानव आम्’ is placed in the prior position in the compound as per the सूत्रम् 2-2-30 उपसर्जनं पूर्वम्।
Note: ‘दानव आम् + इन्द्र सुँ’ gets the designation प्रातिपदिकम् by 1-2-46 कृत्तद्धितसमासाश्च। This allows 2-4-71 to apply in the next step.
= दानव + इन्द्र । By 2-4-71 सुपो धातुप्रातिपदिकयोः।
= दानवेन्द्र । By 6-1-87 आद्गुणः।
As per the सूत्रम् 2-4-26 परवल्लिङ्गं द्वन्द्वतत्पुरुषयोः, the compound प्रातिपदिकम् ‘दानवेन्द्र’ is masculine since the latter member ‘इन्द्र’ of the compound is masculine. The compound declines like राम-शब्द:।
4. Which सूत्रम् justifies the use of a seventh case affix in the form जगद्गुरौ ?
Answer: The seventh case affix used in the form जगद्गुरौ (पुंलिङ्ग -प्रातिपदिकम् ’जगद्गुरु’, सप्तमी-एकवचनम्) is prescribed by the सूत्रम् 2-3-36 सप्तम्यधिकरणे च।
In the present example, ’जगद्गुरु’ (Teacher of the world) is the कारकम् (participant in the action) which denotes the location/support – via the agent विश्रम्भः (faith) – of the action of existence (अस्ति is not explicitly mentioned in the verses, but is to be understood) subsisting in the agent. Hence ‘जगद्गुरु’ gets the designation अधिकरणम् (location) by the सूत्रम् 1-4-45 आधारोऽधिकरणम् – That कारकम् (participant in the action) which denotes the location/support – via the agent/object – of an action subsisting in the agent/object is called अधिकरणम् (location.)
Note: औपश्लेषिको वैषयिकोऽभिव्यापकश्चेत्याधारस्त्रिधा – आधारः is of three kinds (i) औपश्लेषिक: involving contact or proximity (ii) वैषयिक: involving a subject matter (iii) अभिव्यापक: involving pervasion.
And hence the term ‘जगद्गुरु’ takes a seventh case affix as per the सूत्रम् 2-3-36 सप्तम्यधिकरणे च – A seventh case affix (‘ङि’, ‘ओस्’, ‘सुप्’) is used to denote अधिकरणम् (location), provided it has not been expressed otherwise.
5. Where has the सूत्रम् 7-1-37 समासेऽनञ्पूर्वे क्त्वो ल्यप् been used in the verses?
Answer: The सूत्रम् 7-1-37 समासेऽनञ्पूर्वे क्त्वो ल्यप् has been used in the verses in the form न्यस्य – derived from the verbal root √अस् (असुँ क्षेपणे ४. १०६) preceded by the उपसर्गः ‘नि’।
अस् + क्त्वा । By 3-4-21 समानकर्तृकयोः पूर्वकाले।
Note: Here the common agent of the actions न्यस्य (placing) and प्रतीयताम् (may be verified) is ’युष्मद्’ (you). The earlier of the two actions is the action ’of placing’ which is denoted by √अस् and hence √अस् takes the affix ‘क्त्वा’।
Note: अव्ययकृतो भावे (from महाभाष्यम्) – कृत् affixes (such as ‘क्त्वा’) having the अव्यय-सञ्ज्ञा are used to denote भाव: (action) – and not the agent (ref. 3-4-67 कर्तरि कृत्) of the action.
= नि अस् + क्त्वा । ‘अस् + क्त्वा’ is compounded with ‘नि’ using the सूत्रम् 2-2-18 कुगतिप्रादयः।
= नि अस् + ल्यप् । By 7-1-37 समासेऽनञ्पूर्वे क्त्वो ल्यप् – When the affix ‘क्त्वा’ occurs at the end of a compound, it is replaced by ‘ल्यप्’ provided the prior member of the compound is a अव्ययम् other than ‘नञ्’ (ref. 2-2-6 नञ्)।
Note: As per 1-1-55 अनेकाल्शित्सर्वस्य, the entire affix ‘क्त्वा’ (and not just its last letter) is replaced by the substitution ‘ल्यप्’।
= नि अस् + य । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-8 लशक्वतद्धिते and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।
= न्यस्य । By 6-1-77 इको यणचि।
‘न्यस्य’ gets the प्रातिपदिक-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-2-46 कृत्तद्धितसमासाश्च and the अव्यय-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-1-40 क्त्वातोसुन्कसुनः with the help of 1-1-56 स्थानिवदादेशोऽनल्विधौ।
न्यस्य + सुँ (default) । By 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टाभ्याम्भिस्ङेभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसिँभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसोसाम्ङ्योस्सुप्।
= न्यस्य । By 2-4-82 अव्ययादाप्सुपः।
6. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“Yudhiṣṭhira never uttered a falsehood.”
Answer: युधिष्ठिरः न कदा अपि अनृतम् उवाच = युधिष्ठिरो न कदाप्यनृतमुवाच।
Easy questions:
1. Which सूत्रम् prescribes the substitution आम् in the form प्रतीयताम्?
Answer: The सूत्रम् 3-4-90 आमेतः prescribes the substitution आम् in the form प्रतीयताम् – derived from the verbal root √इ (इण् गतौ २. ४०).
Please see answer to question 5 in the following comment for derivation of the form प्रतीयताम् – https://avg-sanskrit.org/2012/02/19/वक्ता-3as-लुँट्/#comment-3327
2. In which word in the verses has लुँट् been used?
Answer: लुँट् has been used in the form वक्ता – derived from the verbal root √वच् (वचँ परिभाषणे २. ५८) or √ब्रू (ब्रूञ् व्यक्तायां वाचि २. ३९).
Please see the following post for the derivation of the form वक्ता –
http://avg-sanskrit.org/2012/02/19/वक्ता-3as-लुँट्