Today we will look at the form अकाले mLs from श्रीमद्-वाल्मीकि-रामायणम् 7.73.5.
रुदन्बहुविधा वाचः स्नेहदुःखसमन्वितः । असकृत्पुत्रपुत्रेति वाक्यमेतदुवाच ह ।। ७-७३-३ ।।
किं नु मे दुष्कृतं कर्म पुरा देहान्तरे कृतम् । यदहं पुत्रमेकं तु पश्यामि निधनं गतम् ।। ७-७३-४ ।।
अप्राप्तयौवनं बालं पञ्चवर्षसहस्रकम् । अकाले कालमापन्नं दुःखाय मम पुत्रक ।। ७-७३-५ ।।
Translation – Filled with affection and sorrow, and lamenting in various words and repeatedly exclaiming ‘O son! O son!’ (he) said the following – What evil deed have I committed in my former birth that I should see my only son dead (3-4). O son, seeing you, a boy of (mere) five thousand days (about fourteen years), who has met with untimely death before reaching youth, leads to my sorrow (5).
(1) न काल: = अकाल: – inopportune time.
अलौकिक-विग्रह: –
(2) नञ् + काल सुँ । By 2-2-6 नञ् – The negation particle नञ् (meaning ‘not’) optionally compounds with a सुबन्तं (ending in a सुँप् affix) पदम् and the resulting compound is a तत्पुरुष:।
Note: The negation particle नञ् belongs to the चादि-गणः (referenced in 1-4-57 चादयोऽसत्त्वे)। Hence it gets the designation निपात: by 1-4-56 प्राग्रीश्वरान्निपाताः and the designation अव्ययम् by 1-1-37 स्वरादिनिपातमव्ययम्।
Note: तत्सादृश्यमभावश्च तदन्यत्वं तदल्पता । अप्राशस्त्यं विरोधश्च नञर्था: षट् प्रकीर्तिता: ॥ The negation particle नञ् may convey any of the following senses –
i) तत्सादृश्यम् – similarity to that which is being negated.
ii) अभाव: – absence of that which is being negated.
iii) तदन्यत्वम् – different from that which is being negated.
iv) तदल्पता – smallness of that which is being negated.
v) अप्राशस्त्यम् – non-praiseworthiness.
vi) विरोध: – opposite of that which is being negated.
In the present example the negation particle नञ् conveys the sense of अप्राशस्त्यम् – non-praiseworthiness. अकालः – An inopportune time.
(3) By 1-2-43 प्रथमानिर्दिष्टं समास उपसर्जनम् – the term नञ् gets the designation उपसर्जनम् because in the सूत्रम् 2-2-6 (which prescribes the compounding) the term नञ् ends in the nominative case. Hence the term नञ् is placed in the prior position in the compound as per the सूत्रम् 2-2-30 उपसर्जनं पूर्वम् – In a compound a term which has the designation ‘उपसर्जन’ should be placed in the prior position.
(4) न + काल सुँ । अनुबन्ध-लोप: by 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम् and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।
Note: ‘न + काल सुँ’ gets the designation प्रातिपदिकम् by 1-2-46 कृत्तद्धितसमासाश्च। This allows 2-4-71 to apply in the next step.
(5) न + काल । By 2-4-71 सुपो धातुप्रातिपदिकयोः – A सुँप् affix takes a लुक् elision when it is a part of a धातुः or a प्रातिपदिकम्।
(6) अकाल । By 6-3-73 नलोपो नञः – The letter ‘न्’ of the negation particle नञ् is elided when followed by a final member of a compound.
As per the सूत्रम् 2-4-26 परवल्लिङ्गं द्वन्द्वतत्पुरुषयोः, the compound प्रातिपदिकम् ‘अकाल’ is masculine since the latter member ‘काल’ of the compound is masculine. The compound declines like राम-शब्द:।
The विवक्षा is सप्तमी-एकवचनम्।
(7) अकाल + ङि । By 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टाभ्याम्भिस्ङेभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसिभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसोसाम्ङ्योस्सुप्।
(8) अकाल + इ । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-8 लशक्वतद्धिते and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।
(9) अकाले । By 6-1-87 आद्गुणः।
Questions:
1. The last verse of which Chapter of the गीता begins with a नञ्-तत्पुरुष: compound?
2. Can you spot a नञ्-तत्पुरुष: compound in verse ७-७३-३ (from the रामायणम्) above?
3. In the verses can you spot a compound which may be justified using the सूत्रम् 2-1-72 मयूरव्यंसकादयश्च?
4. Where has the सूत्रम् 8-2-42 रदाभ्यां निष्ठातो नः पूर्वस्य च दः been used in the verses?
5. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“One who flees from a righteous war is not fit to be called a Kṣatriya.” Use the adjective प्रातिपदिकम् ‘धर्म्य’ for ‘righteous.’ Use the verbal root √अय् (अयँ [गतौ] १. ५४६) preceded by the उपसर्ग: ‘परा’ for ‘to flee.’ (Remember to apply the सूत्रम् 8-2-19 उपसर्गस्यायतौ।) Construct a नञ्-तत्पुरुष: compound for ‘not fit to be called a Kṣatriya’ = ‘not a (praiseworthy) Kṣatriya’ = न क्षत्रिय:।
6. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“One who does not serve (his) parents is not fit to be called a son.” Use the masculine प्रातिपदिकम् ‘पितृ’ (in the dual) for ‘parent.’ Construct a नञ्-तत्पुरुष: compound for ‘not fit to be called a son’ = ‘not a (praiseworthy) son’ = न पुत्र:।
Easy questions:
1. Where has the सूत्रम् 7-3-78 पाघ्राध्मास्थाम्नादाण्दृश्यर्त्तिसर्त्तिशदसदां पिबजिघ्रधमतिष्ठमनयच्छपश्यर्च्छधौशीयसीदाः been used in the verses?
2. In which word in the verses has सम्प्रसारणम् occurred?
1. The last verse of which Chapter of the गीता begins with a नञ्-तत्पुरुष: compound?
Answer: The last verse of Chapter Seventeen of the गीता begins with a नञ्-तत्पुरुष: compound. The form is अश्रद्धया (स्त्रीलिङ्ग-प्रातिपदिकम् ‘अश्रद्धा’, तृतीया-एकवचनम्)।
अश्रद्धया हुतं दत्तं तपस्तप्तं कृतं च यत् |
असदित्युच्यते पार्थ न च तत्प्रेत्य नो इह || 17-28||
न श्रद्धा = अश्रद्धा – Absence of faith.
The derivation of the compound प्रातिपदिकम् ‘अश्रद्धा’, is similar to the derivation of the compound प्रातिपदिकम् ‘असंशय’ as shown in the following post –
https://avg-sanskrit.org/2015/08/13/असंशयः-mns/
Note : In the प्रातिपदिकम् ‘अश्रद्धा’, the negation particle नञ् conveys the sense of अभाव: – absence of that which is being negated.
Also, as per the सूत्रम् 2-4-26 परवल्लिङ्गं द्वन्द्वतत्पुरुषयोः, the compound प्रातिपदिकम् ‘अश्रद्धा’ is feminine since the latter member ‘श्रद्धा’ of the compound is feminine. The compound declines like सीता-शब्द:। तृतीया-एकवचनम् is अश्रद्धया।
2. Can you spot a नञ्-तत्पुरुष: compound in verse ७-७३-३ (from the रामायणम्) above?
Answer: The compound असकृत् is a नञ्-तत्पुरुष: compound.
न सकृत् = असकृत् – not once = repeatedly.
In the compound असकृत्, the particle नञ् conveys the sense of विरोध: – opposite of that which is being negated.
The derivation of the compound प्रातिपदिकम् ‘असकृत्’ is similar to the derivation of the compound प्रातिपदिकम् ‘अपर्याप्त’ shown in answer to question 1 in the following comment – https://avg-sanskrit.org/2015/08/10/अब्राह्मणः-mns/#comment-35496
As per the सूत्रम् 2-4-26 परवल्लिङ्गं द्वन्द्वतत्पुरुषयोः, the compound ‘असकृत्’ is an indeclinable, since the latter member ‘सकृत्’ is an indeclinable.
3. In the verses can you spot a compound which may be justified using the सूत्रम् 2-1-72 मयूरव्यंसकादयश्च?
Answer: The formation of the compound प्रातिपदिकम् ‘देहान्तर’ (in देहान्तरे, सप्तमी-एकवचनम्) may be justified using the सूत्रम् 2-1-72 मयूरव्यंसकादयश्च।
अन्यो देहः = देहान्तरम् – another body.
The derivation of the compound प्रातिपदिकम् ‘देहान्तर’ is similar to the derivation of the compound प्रातिपदिकम् ‘प्रवरान्तर’ as shown in the following post – https://avg-sanskrit.org/2015/08/06/प्रवरान्तरम्-nns/
4. Where has the सूत्रम् 8-2-42 रदाभ्यां निष्ठातो नः पूर्वस्य च दः been used in the verses?
Answer: The सूत्रम् 8-2-42 रदाभ्यां निष्ठातो नः पूर्वस्य च दः has been used in the form आपन्नम् (प्रातिपदिकम् ‘आपन्न’, पुंलिङ्गे द्वितीया-एकवचनम्) – derived from the verbal root √पद् (पदँ गतौ ४. ६५) preceded by the उपसर्गः ‘आङ्’। Derivation is as follows –
पद् + क्त । By 3-2-102 निष्ठा। Note: The affix ‘क्त’ has been used कर्तरि here as per 3-4-72 गत्यर्थाकर्मकश्लिषशीङ्स्थासवसजनरुहजीर्यतिभ्यश्च।
= पद् + त । अनुबन्ध-लोप: by 1-3-8 लशक्वतद्धिते and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः। Note: Here 7-2-10 एकाच उपदेशेऽनुदात्तात् prevents the affix ‘त’ from taking the augment ‘इट्’ which would have been done by 7-2-35 आर्धधातुकस्येड् वलादेः।
= पन् + न । By 8-2-42 रदाभ्यां निष्ठातो नः पूर्वस्य च दः – The letter ‘न्’ is the replacement in place of the letter ‘त्’ of a निष्ठा affix (ref. 1-1-26) which immediately follows the letter ‘र्’ or the letter ‘द्’ and also in place of the letter ‘द्’ which immediately precedes a निष्ठा affix.
Thus there are two cases:
(i) The letter ‘त्’ of a निष्ठा affix is immediately following the letter ‘र्’। In this case the letter ‘त्’ is replaced by a letter ‘न्’।
(ii) The letter ‘त्’ of a निष्ठा affix is immediately following the letter ‘द्’। In this case the letter ‘त्’ (of the निष्ठा affix) as well as the letter ‘द्’ (of the धातु:) is replaced by the letter ‘न्’।
= पन्न ।
आङ् + पन्न । ’पन्न’ is compounded with the उपसर्गः ’आङ्’ using the सूत्रम् 2-2-18 कुगतिप्रादयः।
= आपन्न । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।
‘आपन्न’ gets the designation प्रातिपदिकम् by 1-2-46 कृत्तद्धितसमासाश्च।
5. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“One who flees from a righteous war is not fit to be called a Kṣatriya.” Use the adjective प्रातिपदिकम् ‘धर्म्य’ for ‘righteous.’ Use the verbal root √अय् (अयँ [गतौ] १. ५४६) preceded by the उपसर्ग: ‘परा’ for ‘to flee.’ (Remember to apply the सूत्रम् 8-2-19 उपसर्गस्यायतौ।) Construct a नञ्-तत्पुरुष: compound for ‘not fit to be called a Kṣatriya’ = ‘not a (praiseworthy) Kṣatriya’ = न क्षत्रिय:।
Answer: धर्म्यात् युद्धात् यः पलायते सः अक्षत्रिय: (भवति) = धर्म्याद् युद्धाद् यः पलायते सोऽक्षत्रियः।
Please see the following post for the derivation of the form पलायते – https://avg-sanskrit.org/2011/07/14/पलायते-3as-लँट्
6. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“One who does not serve (his) parents is not fit to be called a son.” Use the masculine प्रातिपदिकम् ‘पितृ’ (in the dual) for ‘parent.’ Construct a नञ्-तत्पुरुष: compound for ‘not fit to be called a son’ = ‘not a (praiseworthy) son’ = न पुत्र:।
Answer: यः (स्वस्य) पितरौ न शुश्रूषते सः अपुत्रः (भवति) = यः पितरौ न शुश्रूषते सोऽपुत्रः।
Note: A आत्मनेपदम् affix is used in the form शुश्रूषते as per the सूत्रम् 1-3-57 ज्ञाश्रुस्मृदृशां सनः।
Easy questions:
1. Where has the सूत्रम् 7-3-78 पाघ्राध्मास्थाम्नादाण्दृश्यर्त्तिसर्त्तिशदसदां पिबजिघ्रधमतिष्ठमनयच्छपश्यर्च्छधौशीयसीदाः been used in the verses?
Answer: The सूत्रम् 7-3-78 पाघ्राध्मास्थाम्नादाण्दृश्यर्त्तिसर्त्तिशदसदां पिबजिघ्रधमतिष्ठमनयच्छपश्यर्च्छधौशीयसीदाः has been used in the form पश्यामि – derived from the verbal root √दृश् (दृशिँर् प्रेक्षणे १. ११४३).
Please see answer to question 4 in the following comment for derivation of the form पश्यामि – https://avg-sanskrit.org/2011/08/25/अस्मि-1as-लँट्/#comment-1303
2. In which word in the verses has सम्प्रसारणम् occurred?
Answer: सम्प्रसारणम् has occurred in the form उवाच – derived from the verbal root √वच् (वचँ परिभाषणे २. ५८).
Please refer to answer to question 4 for the derivation of the form उवाच –
http://avg-sanskrit.org/2012/03/21/गमिष्यते-3ps-लृँट्/#comment-3523