Today we will look at the form शाठ्यमिश्रम् nAs from श्रीमद्भागवतम् 1.14.4.
कालस्य च गतिं रौद्रां विपर्यस्तर्तुधर्मिणः । पापीयसीं नृणां वार्तां क्रोधलोभानृतात्मनाम् ।। १-१४-३ ।।
जिह्मप्रायं व्यवहृतं शाठ्यमिश्रं च सौहृदम् । पितृमातृसुहृद्भ्रातृदम्पतीनां च कल्कनम् ।। १-१४-४ ।।
श्रीधर-स्वामि-टीका
रौद्रां घोराम् । तदेवाह । विपर्यस्ता ऋतुधर्मा यस्मिंस्तस्य । वार्तां जीविकाम् । क्रोधलोभानृतैर्युक्त आत्मा येषाम् ।। ३ ।। जिह्मप्रायं कपटबहुलम् । व्यवहृतं व्यवहारम् । शाठ्यं वञ्चनं तन्मिश्रं सौहृदं सख्यम् । पित्रादीनां स्वप्रतियोगिभिः कल्कनं कलहादि ।। ४ ।।
Gita Press translation – Time had taken a dreadful turn, (as was clear from the fact that) the characteristics of the seasons had totally changed. People had taken to sinful ways of living, their heart possessed with anger, greed and falsehood (3). Their dealings had become crooked; even friendship was marred by deceitfulness; there were quarrels between parents and sons, relations and relations, brothers and brothers, and even between husbands and wives (4).
लौकिक-विग्रह: –
(1) शाठ्यमिश्रम् = शाठ्येन मिश्रम् – marred (tainted/mixed) by deceitfulness.
Note: The use of a third case affix following the प्रातिपदिकम् (nominal stem) ‘शाठ्य’ co-occurring with ‘मिश्र’ may be justified by the very fact that the सूत्रम् 2-1-31 prescribes compounding between a पदम् ending in a third case affix and ‘मिश्र’। Or the सूत्रम् 2-3-23 हेतौ may be used to justify the third case affix.
अलौकिक-विग्रह: –
(2) शाठ्य टा + मिश्र सुँ । By 2-1-31 पूर्वसदृशसमोनार्थकलहनिपुणमिश्रश्लक्ष्णैः – A पदम् ending in a third case affix optionally compounds with (a syntactically related पदम् composed by adding a सुँप् affix to) any one of the following and the resulting compound gets the designation तत्पुरुष: –
i) ‘पूर्व’ (prior)
ii) ‘सदृश’ (like/similar)
iii) ‘सम’ (equal to)
iv) ‘ऊनार्थ’ – ‘ऊन’ (less) or any of its synonyms
v) ‘कलह’ (quarrel)
vi) ‘निपुण’ (skillful)
vii) ‘मिश्र’ (mixed)
viii) ‘श्लक्ष्ण’ (gentle/polished.)
(3) By 1-2-43 प्रथमानिर्दिष्टं समास उपसर्जनम् – the term ‘शाठ्य टा’ gets the designation उपसर्जनम् because in the सूत्रम् 2-1-31 (which prescribes the compounding) the term तृतीया (which comes as अनुवृत्ति: from 2-1-30 तृतीया तत्कृतार्थेन गुणवचनेन) ends in the nominative case. Hence ‘शाठ्य टा’ is placed in the prior position in the compound as per the सूत्रम् 2-2-30 उपसर्जनं पूर्वम् – In a compound a term which has the designation ‘उपसर्जन’ should be placed in the prior position.
Note: ‘शाठ्य टा + मिश्र सुँ’ gets the designation प्रातिपदिकम् by 1-2-46 कृत्तद्धितसमासाश्च। This allows 2-4-71 to apply in the next step.
(4) शाठ्य + मिश्र । By 2-4-71 सुपो धातुप्रातिपदिकयोः – A सुँप् affix takes a लुक् elision when it is a part of a धातुः or a प्रातिपदिकम्।
= शाठ्यमिश्र ।
As per the सूत्रम् 2-4-26 परवल्लिङ्गं द्वन्द्वतत्पुरुषयोः, the compound प्रातिपदिकम् ‘शाठ्यमिश्र’ is neuter here since the latter member ‘मिश्र’ of the compound is used here in the neuter. (The entire compound is qualifying सौहृदम्।)
The विवक्षा is द्वितीया-एकवचनम्।
(5) शाठ्यमिश्र + अम् । By 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टाभ्याम्भिस्ङेभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसिभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसोसाम्ङ्योस्सुप्।
(6) शाठ्यमिश्र + अम् । By 7-1-24 अतोऽम् – The affixes ‘सुँ’ and ‘अम्’ that follow a neuter अङ्गम् ending in the short vowel ‘अ’ take ‘अम्’ as their replacement. Note: 7-1-24 is required here to prevent 7-1-23 स्वमोर्नपुंसकात् from applying.
1-3-4 न विभक्तौ तुस्माः prevents the ending letter ‘म्’ of the affix ‘अम्’ from getting इत्-सञ्ज्ञा।
(7) शाठ्यमिश्रम् । By 6-1-107 अमि पूर्वः – In place of a preceding अक् letter and the following vowel (अच्) belonging to the affix ‘अम्’ there is a single substitute of that preceding अक् letter.
Questions:
1. Commenting on the सूत्रम् 2-1-31 (used in step 2) the सिद्धान्तकौमुदी says – मिश्रग्रहणे सोपसर्गस्यापि ग्रहणम्। ‘६-२-१५४ मिश्रं चानुपसर्गमसंधौ’ इत्यत्रानुपसर्गग्रहणात्। Please explain.
2. Which सूत्रम् prescribes the elision of the nasal consonant ‘म्’ (of the verbal root √गम् (गमॢँ गतौ १. ११३७)) in the feminine प्रातिपदिकम् ‘गति’ used in the form गतिम् (द्वितीया-एकवचनम्) in the verses?
3. Where has the सूत्रम् 3-3-114 नपुंसके भावे क्तः been used in the verses?
4. Which कृत् affix is used to form the masculine प्रातिपदिकम् ‘व्यवहार’ used in the form व्यवहारम् (द्वितीया-एकवचनम्) in the commentary? Which one is used to form the neuter प्रातिपदिकम् ‘वञ्चन’ used in the form वञ्चनम् (द्वितीया-एकवचनम्) in the commentary?
5. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“Give me some salt water.” Paraphrase to “Give me some water mixed with salt.”
6. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“I suspect that this food is mixed with poison.” Use the verbal root √शङ्क् (शकिँ शङ्कायाम् १. ९१) for ‘to suspect’ and use the अव्ययम् ‘इति’ to covey the meaning of ‘that.’
Easy questions:
1. What is the alternate form for नृणाम् (पुंलिङ्ग-प्रातिपदिकम् ‘नृ’, षष्ठी-बहुवचनम्)?
2. Where has the verbal root √ब्रू (ब्रूञ् व्यक्तायां वाचि २. ३९) been used in the commentary?
1. Commenting on the सूत्रम् 2-1-31 (used in step 2) the सिद्धान्तकौमुदी says – मिश्रग्रहणे सोपसर्गस्यापि ग्रहणम्। ‘६-२-१५४ मिश्रं चानुपसर्गमसंधौ’ इत्यत्रानुपसर्गग्रहणात्। Please explain.
Answer: मिश्रग्रहणे सोपसर्गस्यापि ग्रहणम् – Even when ‘मिश्र’ is preceded by a उपसर्ग: (preposition), the सूत्रम् 2-1-31 पूर्वसदृशसमोनार्थकलहनिपुणमिश्रश्लक्ष्णैः allows compounding. How do we know this? ‘6-2-154 मिश्रं चानुपसर्गमसंधौ’ इत्यत्रानुपसर्गग्रहणात् – The fact that पाणिनि: has put the condition अनुपसर्गम् (without a preposition) in the सूत्रम् 6-2-154 tells us that a उपसर्ग: (preposition) is allowed with ‘मिश्र’। Otherwise there would be no point in specifying अनुपसर्गम्। Hence the following compound is allowed – गुडेन सम्मिश्राः (धाना:) = गुडसम्मिश्राः (धाना:) – (Cereals) well mixed with molasses.
2. Which सूत्रम् prescribes the elision of the nasal consonant ‘म्’ (of the verbal root √गम् (गमॢँ गतौ १. ११३७)) in the feminine प्रातिपदिकम् ‘गति’ used in the form गतिम् (द्वितीया-एकवचनम्) in the verses?
Answer: The सूत्रम् 6-4-37 अनुदात्तोपदेशवनतितनोत्यादीनामनुनासिकलोपो झलि क्ङिति prescribes the elision of the nasal consonant ‘म्’ (of the verbal root √गम् (गमॢँ गतौ १. ११३७)) in the feminine प्रातिपदिकम् ‘गति’ – derived from the verbal root √गम् (गमॢँ गतौ १. ११३७).
Please see answer to question 5 in the following comment for derivation of the feminine प्रातिपदिकम् ‘गति’ – http://avg-sanskrit.org/2015/02/02/तारकाचित्रम्-nns/#comment-35157
3. Where has the सूत्रम् 3-3-114 नपुंसके भावे क्तः been used in the verses?
Answer: The सूत्रम् 3-3-114 नपुंसके भावे क्तः has been used in the form व्यवहृतम् (नपुंसकलिङ्ग-प्रातिपदिकम् ‘व्यवहृत’, द्वितीया-एकवचनम्) – derived from the verbal root √हृ (हृञ् हरणे १. १०४६) preceded by the उपसर्गौ ‘वि’ and ‘अव’।
Please see answer to question 4 in the following comment for derivation of the प्रातिपदिकम् ‘हृत’ – http://avg-sanskrit.org/2014/11/24/सुरभेः-f-ab-s/#comment-35136
वि अव + हृत । ‘हृत’ is compounded with the उपसर्गौ ‘वि’ and ‘अव’ using the सूत्रम् 2-2-18 कुगतिप्रादयः।
= व्यवहृत । By 6-1-77 इको यणचि।
‘व्यवहृत’ gets the प्रातिपदिक-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-2-46 कृत्तद्धितसमासाश्च।
4. Which कृत् affix is used to form the masculine प्रातिपदिकम् ‘व्यवहार’ used in the form व्यवहारम् (द्वितीया-एकवचनम्) in the commentary? Which one is used to form the neuter प्रातिपदिकम् ‘वञ्चन’ used in the form वञ्चनम् (द्वितीया-एकवचनम्) in the commentary?
Answer: The कृत् affix ‘घञ्’ is used to form the masculine प्रातिपदिकम् ‘व्यवहार’ – derived from the verbal root √हृ (हृञ् हरणे १. १०४६) preceded by the उपसर्गौ ‘वि’ and ‘अव’।
व्यवहृतं व्यवहारः।
हृ + घञ् । By 3-3-18 भावे – The affix घञ् may be used following a verbal root to denote the sense of the verbal root as having attained to a completed state.
= हृ + अ । अनुबन्ध-लोप: by 1-3-8 लशक्वतद्धिते, 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम् and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।
= हर् + अ । By 7-3-84 सार्वधातुकार्धधातुकयोः, 1-1-51 उरण् रपरः।
= हार् + अ । By 7-2-116 अत उपधायाः।
= हार ।
वि अव + हार । ‘हार’ is compounded with the उपसर्गौ ‘वि’ and ‘अव’ using the सूत्रम् 2-2-18 कुगतिप्रादयः।
= व्यवहार । By 6-1-77 इको यणचि।
‘व्यवहार’ gets the प्रातिपदिक-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-2-46 कृत्तद्धितसमासाश्च।
Note: घञबन्त: (लिङ्गानुशासनम् २.२) – A प्रातिपदिकम् ending in the affix ‘घञ्’ or ‘अप्’ is used in the masculine gender.
The कृत् affix ‘ल्युट्’ is used to form the neuter प्रातिपदिकम् ‘वञ्चन’ – derived from the verbal root √वञ्च् ( वञ्चुँ गत्यर्थः १.२१६).
वञ्च् + ल्युट् । By 3-3-115 ल्युट् च – (In addition to the affix ‘क्त’ prescribed by the prior सूत्रम् 3-3-114) the affix ल्युट् may also be used following a verbal root to denote in the neuter gender the sense of the verbal root as having attained to a completed state.
= वञ्च् + यु । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-8 लशक्वतद्धिते and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।
= वञ्च् + अन । By 7-1-1 युवोरनाकौ, 1-1-55 अनेकाल्शित्सर्वस्य।
= वञ्चन ।
‘वञ्चन’ gets प्रातिपदिक-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-2-46 कृत्तद्धितसमासाश्च।
5. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“Give me some salt water.” Paraphrase to “Give me some water mixed with salt.”
Answer: किञ्चित् लवणमिश्रम् जलम् मे/मह्यम् देहि = किञ्चिल्लवणमिश्रं जलं मे/मह्यं देहि।
6. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“I suspect that this food is mixed with poison.” Use the verbal root √शङ्क्(शकिँ शङ्कायाम् १. ९१) for ‘to suspect’ and use the अव्ययम् ‘इति’ to covey the meaning of ‘that.’
Answer: इदम् अन्नम् विषमिश्रम् अस्ति इति (अहम्) शङ्के = इदमन्नं विषमिश्रमस्तीति शङ्के।
Easy questions:
1. What is the alternate form for नृणाम् (पुंलिङ्ग-प्रातिपदिकम् ‘नृ’, षष्ठी-बहुवचनम्)?
Answer: The alternate form for नृणाम् (पुंलिङ्ग-प्रातिपदिकम् ‘नृ’, षष्ठी-बहुवचनम्) is नॄणाम्।
Please see answer to easy question 1 in the following comment for derivation of नृणाम्/नॄणाम् – http://avg-sanskrit.org/2012/08/10/युगायते-3as-लँट्/#comment-4177
2. Where has the verbal root √ब्रू (ब्रूञ् व्यक्तायां वाचि २. ३९) been used in the commentary?
The verbal root √ब्रू (ब्रूञ् व्यक्तायां वाचि २. ३९) has been used in the commentary in the word आह। It is an alternate form for ब्रवीति।
Please see answer to question 4 in the following comment for derivation of the form आह – http://avg-sanskrit.org/2012/03/22/भूयासुः-3ap-आशीर्लिँङ्/#comment-3534