Today we will look at the form भास्करः mNs from श्रीमद्भागवतम् 10.70.15.

गृहीत्वा पाणिना पाणी सारथेस्तमथारुहत् । सात्यक्युद्धवसंयुक्तः पूर्वाद्रिमिव भास्करः ।। १०-७०-१५ ।।
ईक्षितोऽन्तःपुरस्त्रीणां सव्रीडप्रेमवीक्षितैः । कृच्छ्राद्विसृष्टो निरगाज्जातहासो हरन्मनः ।। १०-७०-१६ ।।
सुधर्माख्यां सभां सर्वैर्वृष्णिभिः परिवारितः । प्राविशद्यन्निविष्टानां न सन्त्यङ्ग षडूर्मयः ।। १०-७०-१७ ।।

श्रीधर-स्वामि-टीका –
पाणी कृताञ्जली गृहीत्वा ।। १५ ।। सव्रीडप्रेमवीक्षितैरीक्षितः क्षणं स्थितस्ताभिरेव वीक्षितैः कृच्छ्राद्विसृष्टो निरगादिति ।। १६ ।। एवं सर्वगृहेभ्यः पृथक्पृथङ्निर्गत्यानन्तरमेक एव सन्सुधर्मां प्राविशत् । यन्निविष्टानां यत्र प्रविष्टानाम् ।। १७ ।।

Gita Press translation – Holding the charioteer’s hands in His own hand, Śrī Kṛṣṇa would then (proceed to) mount the chariot accompanied by Sātyaki and Uddhava, even as the sun ascends the eastern hills (15). Watched with bashful and affectionate glances by the ladies of the gynaeceum and reluctantly permitted by them to go, the Lord would smile at them (for a moment) and, thus captivating their heart, would sally forth (to the Council Hall) (16). Parīkṣit, surrounded by all the Yadus, Śrī Kṛṣṇa would (then) enter the Hall bearing the name of Sudharmā, the inmates of which would not experience (for the time being) the six waves of existence (viz., hunger and thirst, grief and delusion, old age and death) (17).

भासं करोतीति भास्करः ।

“कर” is a कृदन्त-प्रातिपदिकम् (participle form) derived from the verbal root √कृ (डुकृञ् करणे, # ८. १०).

The (compound) प्रातिपदिकम् “भास्कर” is derived as follows:

(1) भास् + ङस् + कृ + ट । By 3-2-21 दिवाविभानिशाप्रभाभास्कारान्तानन्तादिबहुनान्दीकिंलिपिलिबिबलिभक्तिकर्तृचित्रक्षेत्रसंख्याजङ्घाबाह्वहर्यत्तद्धनुररुष्षु – The affix ‘ट’ may employed after the verbal root √कृ (डुकृञ् करणे, # ८. १०) when in composition with one of the following – ‘दिवा’ “by day”, ‘विभा’ “light”, ‘निशा’ “night”, ‘प्रभा’ “splendor”, ‘भास्’ “light”, ‘कार’ “work”, ‘अन्त’ “end”, ‘अनन्त’ “endless”, ‘आदि’ “beginning”, ‘बहु’ “much”, ‘नान्दी’ “benediction”, ‘किम्’ “what”, ‘लिपि’ “writing”, ‘लिबि’ “writing”, ‘बलि’ “oblation”, ‘भक्ति’ “devotion”, ‘कर्तृ’ “agent”, ‘चित्र’ “painting”, ‘क्षेत्र’ “field”, words denoting numerals, ‘जङ्घा’ “thigh”, ‘बाहु’ “hand”, ‘अहर्’ “day”, ‘यत्’ “what”, ‘तत्’ “that”, ‘धनुस्’ “bow” and ‘अरुस्’ “wound”.

Note: In the सूत्रम् 3-2-21 the term दिवाविभानिशाप्रभाभास्कारान्तानन्तादिबहुनान्दीकिंलिपिलिबिबलिभक्तिकर्तृचित्रक्षेत्रसंख्याजङ्घाबाह्वहर्यत्तद्धनुररुष्षु ends in the seventh (locative) case. Hence “भास् + ङस्” gets the उपपद-सञ्ज्ञा here by 3-1-92 तत्रोपपदं सप्तमीस्थम्‌ – The designation उपपदम् is applied to a term which denotes a thing – like a pot etc. – which is present (as the thing to be expressed) in a word ending in the locative case in the सूत्रम्।
Note: The affix “ङस्” is used here as per 2-3-65 कर्तृकर्मणोः कृति – To express the agent or the object (of an action), a nominal stem takes a sixth case affix when the nominal stem is used in conjunction with a term which ends in a कृत् affix. (This is what is called as कृद्योगे षष्ठी)।

(2) भास् + ङस् + कृ + अ । अनुबन्ध-लोप: by 1-3-7 चुटू and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

(3) भास् + ङस् + कर् अ । By 7-3-84 सार्वधातुकार्धधातुकयोः, an अङ्गम् whose final letter is an इक् gets गुण-आदेशः, when a सार्वधातुक-प्रत्यय: or an आर्धधातुक-प्रत्यय: follows. By 1-1-51 उरण् रपरः, in the place of ऋवर्ण: if an अण् letter (“अ”, “इ”, “उ”) comes as a substitute, it is always followed by a “रँ” (“र्”, “ल्”) letter.

= भास् + ङस् + कर

We form a compound between “भास् + ङस्” (which is the उपपदम्) and “कर” by using the सूत्रम् 2-2-19 उपपदमतिङ् – A सुबन्तम् (term ending in a सुँप् affix) having the designation “उपपद” (in this case “भास् + ङस्”) invariably compounds with a syntactically related term (in this case “कर”) as long as the compound does not end in a तिङ् affix.

In the compound, “भास् + ङस्” is placed in the prior position as per 2-2-30 उपसर्जनं पूर्वम्‌ – In a compound a term which has the designation “उपसर्जन” should be placed in the prior position. Note: Here “भास् + ङस्” is the उपपदम् and hence it gets the उपसर्जन-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-2-43 प्रथमानिर्दिष्टं समास उपसर्जनम् – A term denoted by a word (in this case “उपपदम्”) ending in a nominative case in a सूत्रम् (in this case 2-2-19 उपपदमतिङ्) which prescribes a compound gets the designation “उपसर्जन”।
“भास् + ङस् + कर” gets प्रातिपदिक-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-2-46 कृत्तद्धितसमासाश्च – A word form that ends in a कृत्-प्रत्ययः or a तद्धित-प्रत्ययः and so also compounds get the name प्रातिपदिकम्।

(4) भास् + कर । By 2-4-71 सुपो धातुप्रातिपदिकयोः – A सुँप् affix takes a लुक् elision when it is a part of a धातुः or a प्रातिपदिकम्।

= भास्कर । See questions 2 and 3 and also advanced question.

The विवक्षा is पुंलिङ्गे, प्रथमा-एकवचनम्।

(5) भास्कर + सुँ । By 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टाभ्याम्भिस्ङेभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसिँभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसोसाम्ङ्योस्सुप्।

(6) भास्कर + स् । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत्, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

(7) भास्करः । रुँत्व-विसर्गौ by 8-2-66 ससजुषो रुः and 8-3-15 खरवसानयोर्विसर्जनीयः।

Questions:

1. In which verse of the गीता has the प्रातिपदिकम् “भास्” been used twice?

2. Why doesn’t 8-2-66 ससजुषो रुः apply after step 4? The काशिका gives the following reasoning – सकारस्य निपातनाद् विसर्जनीयजिह्वामूलीयौ न भवतः। Please explain.

3. Could we have used 8-3-46 अतः कृकमिकंसकुम्भपात्रकुशाकर्णीष्वनव्ययस्य for the सकारादेश: in भास्करः? In answer to this the धातुवृत्ति: says – ‘8-3-46 अतः कृकमि..’ इति सत्वं तपरनिर्देशान्न प्राप्नोति। Please explain.

4. The verbal root √इ (इण् गतौ २. ४०) has been used in which तिङन्तं पदम् in the verses?

5. Why is आरुहत् a आर्ष-प्रयोग:? What would be the grammatically correct form?

6. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“The Sun has infinite rays.” Paraphrase to “Infinite rays of the Sun exist.” Use the adjective प्रातिपदिकम् “अनन्त” for “infinite (endless.)”

Advanced question:

1. Commenting on the सकार: in भास्करः, the सिद्धान्त-कौमुदी says – कस्कादित्वात्स:। Please explain. Hint: The reference is to the सूत्रम् 8-3-48 कस्कादिषु च। (We have not studied this सूत्रम् in the class.)

Easy questions:

1. Where has the सूत्रम् 6-1-102 प्रथमयोः पूर्वसवर्णः been used in the verses?

2. Which सूत्रम् is used for the substitution “ना” in the form पाणिना?

Today we will look at the form शङ्करः mNs from श्रीमद्भागवतम् 4.4.1.

मैत्रेय उवाच
एतावदुक्त्वा विरराम शङ्करः पत्न्यङ्गनाशं ह्युभयत्र चिन्तयन् । सुहृद्दिदृक्षुः परिशङ्किता भवान्निष्क्रामती निर्विशती द्विधास सा ।। ४-४-१ ।।
सुहृद्दिदृक्षाप्रतिघातदुर्मनाः स्नेहाद्रुदत्यश्रुकलातिविह्वला । भवं भवान्यप्रतिपूरुषं रुषा प्रधक्ष्यतीवैक्षत जातवेपथुः ।। ४-४-२ ।।

श्रीधर-स्वामि-टीका –
चतुर्थे तु पतिं हित्वा गता पित्रावमानिता ।। रुषा निर्भर्त्स्य तं यज्ञे जहौ देहमितीर्यते ।। १ ।। उभयत्रानुज्ञाने बलान्निवारणे च । सुहृद्दिदृक्षुर्निष्क्रामन्ती भवात्परिशङ्किता पुनर्निर्विशन्ती च तदा सा सती द्विधा आस बभूव । न गता न च स्थिता आन्दोलावद्गतिरभवत् ।। १ ।। सुहृदां दिदृक्षायाः प्रतिघातेन दुर्मनाः । अश्रूणां कलाभिर्लेशैरतिविह्वला व्याकुला । अप्रतिपूरुषं स्वसमानपुषान्तररहितम् । प्रधक्ष्यतीव भस्मीकरिष्यतीव रुषा जातो वेपथुः कम्पो यस्याः ।। २ ।।

Maitreya continued: Having said this much, Lord Śaṅkara (the Bestower of happiness) became silent; for He thought the death of His consort was inevitable in either case (whether she proceeded to her father’s house or stayed behind.) (As for the latter) she swung like a pendulum, (now) sallying forth in her eagerness to see her relations and (now) returning for fear of Lord Śiva (the Source of the universe) (1). Vexed at the thwarting of her desire to see her relations and overpowered with emotion, she burst into tears and wept. Shaking with anger, Satī (the spouse of Lord Bhava) looked at her peerless lord, Bhava, as if she would burn Him (2).

शं करोतीति शङ्करः ।

“कर” is a कृदन्त-प्रातिपदिकम् (participle form) derived from the verbal root √कृ (डुकृञ् करणे, # ८. १०).

The (compound) प्रातिपदिकम् “शङ्कर” is derived as follows:

(1) शम् + कृ + अच् । By 3-2-14 शमि धातोः संज्ञायाम् – To derive a word which is a proper name, the affix ‘अच्’ may employed after any verbal root when in composition with शम्। (We have not discussed this सूत्रम् in the class.) Note: शम् is a अव्ययम् meaning “welfare/happiness.”

Note: In the सूत्रम् 3-2-14 शमि धातोः संज्ञायाम् the term शमि ends in the seventh (locative) case. Hence शम् gets the उपपद-सञ्ज्ञा here by 3-1-92 तत्रोपपदं सप्तमीस्थम्‌ – The designation उपपदम् is applied to a term which denotes a thing – like a pot etc. – which is present (as the thing to be expressed) in a word ending in the locative case in the सूत्रम्।

(2) शम् + कृ + अ । अनुबन्ध-लोप: by 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम् and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

(3) शम् + कर् अ । By 7-3-84 सार्वधातुकार्धधातुकयोः, an अङ्गम् whose final letter is an इक् gets गुण-आदेशः, when a सार्वधातुक-प्रत्यय: or an आर्धधातुक-प्रत्यय: follows. By 1-1-51 उरण् रपरः, in the place of ऋवर्ण: if an अण् letter (“अ”, “इ”, “उ”) comes as a substitute, it is always followed by a “रँ” (“र्”, “ल्”) letter.

= शम् + कर

We form a compound between “शम्” (which is the उपपदम्) and “कर” by using the सूत्रम् 2-2-19 उपपदमतिङ् – A सुबन्तम् (term ending in a सुँप् affix) having the designation “उपपद” (in this case “शम्”) invariably compounds with a syntactically related term (in this case “कर”) as long as the compound does not end in a तिङ् affix.

In the compound, शम् is placed in the prior position as per 2-2-30 उपसर्जनं पूर्वम्‌ – In a compound a term which has the designation “उपसर्जन” should be placed in the prior position. Note: Here शम् is the उपपदम् and hence it gets the उपसर्जन-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-2-43 प्रथमानिर्दिष्टं समास उपसर्जनम् – A term denoted by a word (in this case “उपपदम्”) ending in a nominative case in a सूत्रम् (in this case 2-2-19 उपपदमतिङ्) which prescribes a compound gets the designation “उपसर्जन”।
“शम् + कर” gets प्रातिपदिक-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-2-46 कृत्तद्धितसमासाश्च – A word form that ends in a कृत्-प्रत्ययः or a तद्धित-प्रत्ययः and so also compounds gets the name प्रातिपदिकम्।

(5) शं + कर । By 8-3-23 मोऽनुस्वारः।

(6) शङ्कर/शंकर । By 8-4-59 वा पदान्तस्य।

The विवक्षा is पुंलिङ्गे, प्रथमा-एकवचनम्।

(6) शङ्कर + सुँ । By 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टाभ्याम्भिस्ङेभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसिँभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसोसाम्ङ्योस्सुप्।

(7) शङ्कर + स् । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत्, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

(8) शङ्करः । रुँत्व-विसर्गौ by 8-2-66 ससजुषो रुः and 8-3-15 खरवसानयोर्विसर्जनीयः।

Questions:

1. Where has the सूत्रम् 3-2-14 शमि धातोः संज्ञायाम् been used in the गीता?

2. Commenting on the सूत्रम् 3-2-14 शमि धातोः संज्ञायाम्, the सिद्धान्तकौमुदी says – पुनर्धातुग्रहणं बाधकविषयेऽपि प्रवृत्त्यर्थम्। कृञो हेत्वादिषु टो मा भूत्। Please explain. (Hint: Refer to the सूत्रम् 3-2-20 कृञो हेतुताच्छील्यानुलोम्येषु।)

3. Which सूत्रम् justifies the use of a परस्मैपदम् affix in the form विरराम?

4. Where has the सूत्रम् 6-1-90 आटश्च been used in a तिङन्तं पदम् in the verses?

5. In the verses, can you spot a अव्ययम् which is a तिङन्त-प्रतिरूपकम् (mimics a तिङन्तम्)?

6. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“Lord Śaṅkara bears a trident in (his) hand and a digit of the moon on (his) forehead.”

 

Easy Questions:

1. Where has the affix “ङसिँ” been used in the verses?

2. In the commentary, can you spot a प्रातिपदिकम् which ends in a ऋकार:?

 

Today we will look at the form विधिकरीः fAp from श्रीमद्भागवतम् 10.31.8.

प्रणतदेहिनां पापकर्शनं तृणचरानुगं श्रीनिकेतनम् । फणिफणार्पितं ते पदाम्बुजं कृणु कुचेषु नः कृन्धि हृच्छयम् ।। १०-३१-७ ।।
मधुरया गिरा वल्गुवाक्यया बुधमनोज्ञया पुष्करेक्षण । विधिकरीरिमा वीर मुह्यतीरधरसीधुनाप्याययस्व नः ।। १०-३१-८ ।।

श्रीधर-स्वामि-टीका –
अविशेषेण प्रणतानां देहिनां पापकर्शनं पापहन्तृ तृणचरान्पशूनप्यनु गच्छति कृपयेति तथा सौभाग्येन श्रियो निकेतनं वीर्यातिरेकेण फणिनः फणास्वर्पितं ते पदाम्बुजं नः कुचेषु कृणु कुरु । किमर्थम् । हृच्छयं कामं कृन्धि छिन्धि ।। ७ ।। हे पुष्करेक्षण, तवैव मधुरया गिरा वल्गूनि वाक्यानि यस्यां तया बुधानां मनोज्ञया हृद्यया गम्भीरयेत्यर्थः । मुह्यतीरिमा नो विधिकरीः किङ्करीरधरसीधुना आप्याययस्व संजीवयेति ।। ८ ।।

Gita Press translation – Set on our bosom Your lotus-feet – which dissipate the sins of (all) embodied beings that bow down to You, which follow (out of affection even) animals that live on grass, (nay,) which are the abode of beauty and prosperity and which were (dauntlessly) placed on the hoods of a (terrible) snake (Kāliya) – and thereby soothe the pangs of love pent up in our heart (7). (Pray,) revive with the nectar of Your lips O valiant one, these women, in the person of ourselves, who are ready to do Your bidding and who are getting charmed, O Lord with lotus eyes, by Your melodious speech, consisting of delightful expressions and pleasing (even) to the learned (8).

विधिं करोत्यनुलोमा विधिकरी (गोपी)।

“कर” is a कृदन्त-प्रातिपदिकम् (participle form) derived from the verbal root √कृ (डुकृञ् करणे, # ८. १०).

The (compound) प्रातिपदिकम् “विधिकर” is derived as follows:

(1) विधि + ङस् + कृ + ट । By 3-2-20 कृञो हेतुताच्छील्यानुलोम्येषु – When in composition with a पदम् which denotes the object (of the action), the verbal root √कृ (डुकृञ् करणे, # ८. १०) may take the affix “ट” to express the meaning of a cause or habitual/natural action or amiability (going with the grain.)

Note: The term कर्मणि (which comes as अनुवृत्ति: in to the सूत्रम् 3-2-20 from the सूत्रम् 3-2-1 कर्मण्यण्) ends in the seventh (locative) case. Hence “विधि ङस्” (which is the object (कर्म-पदम्) of करोति) gets the उपपद-सञ्ज्ञा here by 3-1-92 तत्रोपपदं सप्तमीस्थम्‌ – The designation उपपदम् is applied to a term which denotes a thing – like a pot etc. – which is present (as the thing to be expressed) in a word ending in the locative case in the सूत्रम्।
Note: The affix “ङस्” is used here as per 2-3-65 कर्तृकर्मणोः कृति – To express the agent or the object (of an action), a nominal stem takes a sixth case affix when the nominal stem is used in conjunction with a term which ends in a कृत् affix. (This is what is called as कृद्योगे षष्ठी)।

(2) विधि + ङस् + कृ + अ । अनुबन्ध-लोप: by 1-3-7 चुटू and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

(3) विधि ङस् + कर् अ । By 7-3-84 सार्वधातुकार्धधातुकयोः, an अङ्गम् whose final letter is an इक् gets गुण-आदेशः, when a सार्वधातुक-प्रत्यय: or an आर्धधातुक-प्रत्यय: follows. By 1-1-51 उरण् रपरः, in the place of ऋवर्ण: if an अण् letter (“अ”, “इ”, “उ”) comes as a substitute, it is always followed by a “रँ” (“र्”, “ल्”) letter.

= विधि ङस् + कर

We form a compound between “विधि ङस्” (which is the उपपदम्) and “कर” by using the सूत्रम् 2-2-19 उपपदमतिङ् – A सुबन्तम् (term ending in a सुँप् affix) having the designation “उपपद” (in this case “विधि ङस्”) invariably compounds with a syntactically related term (in this case “कर”) as long as the compound does not end in a तिङ् affix.

In the compound, “विधि ङस्” is placed in the prior position as per 2-2-30 उपसर्जनं पूर्वम्‌ – In a compound a term which has the designation “उपसर्जन” should be placed in the prior position. Note: Here “विधि ङस्” is the उपपदम् and hence it gets the उपसर्जन-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-2-43 प्रथमानिर्दिष्टं समास उपसर्जनम् – A term denoted by a word (in this case “उपपदम्”) ending in a nominative case in a सूत्रम् (in this case 2-2-19 उपपदमतिङ्) which prescribes a compound gets the designation “उपसर्जन”।
“विधि ङस् + कर” gets प्रातिपदिक-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-2-46 कृत्तद्धितसमासाश्च – A word form that ends in a कृत्-प्रत्ययः or a तद्धित-प्रत्ययः and so also compounds gets the name प्रातिपदिकम्।

(4) विधि + कर । By 2-4-71 सुपो धातुप्रातिपदिकयोः – A सुँप् affix takes a लुक् elision when it is a part of a धातुः or a प्रातिपदिकम्।

The feminine प्रातिपदिकम् “विधिकरी” is derived as follows:

(5) विधिकर + ङीप् । By 4-1-15 टिड्ढाणञ्द्वयसज्दघ्नञ्मात्रच्तयप्ठक्ठञ्कञ्क्वरपः – To denote the feminine gender, the affix ङीप् is used following a प्रातिपदिकम् which satisfies the following conditions:
(i) the प्रातिपदिकम् ends in a अकार:
(ii) the प्रातिपदिकम् ends in a non-secondary affix which is either टित् (has टकार: as a इत्) or is one of the following – ‘ढ’, ‘अण्’, ‘अञ्’, ‘द्वयसच्’, ‘दघ्नच्’, ‘मात्रच्’, ‘तयप्’, ‘ठक्’, ‘ठञ्’, ‘कञ्’ or ‘क्वरप्’।

(6) विधिकर + ई । अनुबन्ध-लोप: by 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-8 लशक्वतद्धिते and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः। ‘विधिकर’ gets the भ-सञ्ज्ञा here by 1-4-18 यचि भम्।

(7) विधिकर् + ई । By 6-4-148 यस्येति च – When a ईकारः or a तद्धित-प्रत्यय: follows, the (ending) इ-वर्ण: (इकारः or ईकारः) or the (ending) अवर्ण: (अकारः or आकारः) of the अङ्गम् with the भ-सञ्ज्ञा takes लोपः। As per 1-1-52 अलोऽन्त्यस्य, only the ending अकार: takes लोपः।

= विधिकरी ।

The विवक्षा is स्त्रीलिङ्गे, द्वितीया-बहुवचनम्।

(8) विधिकरी + शस् । By 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टाभ्याम्भिस्ङेभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसिँभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसोसाम्ङ्योस्सुप्।

(9) विधिकरी + अस् । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-8 लशक्वतद्धिते and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः। 1-3-4 न विभक्तौ तुस्माः prevents the ending सकारः of “शस्” from getting इत्-सञ्ज्ञा।

(10) विधिकरीस् । 6-1-102 प्रथमयो: पूर्वसवर्ण: – When an अक् letter is followed by a vowel (अच्) of the first (nominative) or second (accusative) case then for the two of them (अक् + अच्) there is a single substitute which is the elongated form of the first member (the अक् letter.)

(11) विधिकरीः । रुँत्व-विसर्गौ by 8-2-66 ससजुषो रुः and 8-3-15 खरवसानयोर्विसर्जनीयः।

Questions:

1. Where has 3-2-20 कृञो हेतुताच्छील्यानुलोम्येषु (used in step 1) been used in the first five verses of Chapter Five of the गीता?

2. Commenting on the सूत्रम् 3-2-20 कृञो हेतुताच्छील्यानुलोम्येषु (used in step 1) the तत्त्वबोधिनी says – इह प्रसिद्धतरत्वाद्द्व्यनुबन्धोऽपि करोतिरेव गृह्यते, न तु कृञ् हिंसायामिति।

3. Where has the सूत्रम् 3-1-135 इगुपधज्ञाप्रीकिरः कः been used in the commentary?

4. From which verbal root is the form कृन्धि derived?

5. Which सूत्रम् is used for the उकारादेश: in the form कुरु (used in the commentary)?

6. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“Lack of knowledge (is) the cause of sorrow.” Use the feminine (compound) प्रातिपदिकम् “अविद्या” for “lack of knowledge.” Use a उपपद-समास: for “the cause of sorrow.” (शोकस्य हेतु:)।

Easy Questions:

1. Where has the प्रातिपदिकम् “अस्मद्” been used in the verses?

2. Can you spot an augment तुँक् in the commentary?

Today we will look at the form यशस्करम् nAs from श्रीमद्-वाल्मीकि-रामायणम् 1.2.42.

तस्य शिष्यास्ततः सर्वे जगुः श्लोकमिमं पुनः । मुहुर्मुहुः प्रीयमाणाः प्राहुश्च भृशविस्मिताः ।। १-२-३९ ।।
समाक्षरैश्चतुर्भिर्यः पादैर्गीतो महर्षिणा । सोऽनुव्याहरणाद्भूयः शोकः श्लोकत्वमागतः ।। १-२-४० ।।
तस्य बुद्धिरियं जाता वाल्मीकेर्भावितात्मनः । कृत्स्नं रामायणं काव्यमीदृशैः करवाण्यहम् ।। १-२-४१ ।।
उदारवृत्तार्थपदैर्मनोरमैस्तदास्य रामस्य चकार कीर्तिमान् । समाक्षरैः श्लोकशतैर्यशस्विनो यशस्करं काव्यमुदारदर्शनः ।। १-२-४२ ।।

Gita Press translation – Then all his pupils repeated the aforesaid verse (uttered by their teacher) and, getting delighted again and again, spoke (to one another as follows), greatly astonished (at the honor conferred on their teacher by the creator himself by calling on him of his own accord) :- (39) “What was uttered by the great sage (Vālmīki) in four feet consisting of an equal number of syllables was (nothing but) his grief converted into a verse because of it being voiced by him.” (40) The thought occurred to the great sage of purified mind that he should compose the entire poem of the Rāmāyaṇa in such verses (similar to the one already uttered by him out of grief) (41). The illustrious sage, endowed (as he was) with a catholic outlook, then composed in hundreds (thousands) of soul-ravishing verses with their feet comprising an even number of syllables and consisting of words depicting the noble deeds of the glorious Śrī Rāma, a poem which has brought (great) renown to him (42).

यश: करोतीति यशस्करम् (काव्यम्)। यशसो हेतु: (काव्यम्) इत्यर्थ:।

“कर” is a कृदन्त-प्रातिपदिकम् (participle form) derived from the verbal root √कृ (डुकृञ् करणे, # ८. १०).

The (compound) प्रातिपदिकम् “यशस्कर” is derived as follows:

(1) यशस् + ङस् + कृ + ट । By 3-2-20 कृञो हेतुताच्छील्यानुलोम्येषु – When in composition with a पदम् which denotes the object (of the action), the verbal root √कृ (डुकृञ् करणे, # ८. १०) may take the affix “ट” to express the meaning of a cause or habitual/natural action or amiability (going with the grain.)

Note: The term कर्मणि (which comes as अनुवृत्ति: in to the सूत्रम् 3-2-20 from the सूत्रम् 3-2-1 कर्मण्यण्) ends in the seventh (locative) case. Hence “यशस् ङस्” (which is the object (कर्म-पदम्) of करोति) gets the उपपद-सञ्ज्ञा here by 3-1-92 तत्रोपपदं सप्तमीस्थम्‌ – The designation उपपदम् is applied to a term which denotes a thing – like a pot etc. – which is present (as the thing to be expressed) in a word ending in the locative case in the सूत्रम्।
Note: The affix “ङस्” is used here as per 2-3-65 कर्तृकर्मणोः कृति – To express the agent or the object (of an action), a nominal stem takes a sixth case affix when the nominal stem is used in conjunction with a term which ends in a कृत् affix. (This is what is called as कृद्योगे षष्ठी)।

(2) यशस् + ङस् + कृ + अ । अनुबन्ध-लोप: by 1-3-7 चुटू and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

(3) यशस् ङस् + कर् अ । By 7-3-84 सार्वधातुकार्धधातुकयोः, an अङ्गम् whose final letter is an इक् gets गुण-आदेशः, when a सार्वधातुक-प्रत्यय: or an आर्धधातुक-प्रत्यय: follows. By 1-1-51 उरण् रपरः, in the place of ऋवर्ण: if an अण् letter (“अ”, “इ”, “उ”) comes as a substitute, it is always followed by a “रँ” (“र्”, “ल्”) letter.

= यशस् ङस् + कर

We form a compound between “यशस् ङस्” (which is the उपपदम्) and “कर” by using the सूत्रम् 2-2-19 उपपदमतिङ् – A सुबन्तम् (term ending in a सुँप् affix) having the designation “उपपद” (in this case “यशस् ङस्”) invariably compounds with a syntactically related term (in this case “कर”) as long as the compound does not end in a तिङ् affix.

In the compound, “यशस् ङस्” is placed in the prior position as per 2-2-30 उपसर्जनं पूर्वम्‌ – In a compound a term which has the designation “उपसर्जन” should be placed in the prior position. Note: Here “यशस् ङस्” is the उपपदम् and hence it gets the उपसर्जन-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-2-43 प्रथमानिर्दिष्टं समास उपसर्जनम् – A term denoted by a word (in this case “उपपदम्”) ending in a nominative case in a सूत्रम् (in this case 2-2-19 उपपदमतिङ्) which prescribes a compound gets the designation “उपसर्जन”।
“यशस् ङस् + कर” gets प्रातिपदिक-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-2-46 कृत्तद्धितसमासाश्च – A word form that ends in a कृत्-प्रत्ययः or a तद्धित-प्रत्ययः and so also compounds gets the name प्रातिपदिकम्।

(4) यशस् + कर । By 2-4-71 सुपो धातुप्रातिपदिकयोः – A सुँप् affix takes a लुक् elision when it is a part of a धातुः or a प्रातिपदिकम्।

(5) यशः + कर । रुँत्व-विसर्गौ by 8-2-66 ससजुषो रुः and 8-3-15 खरवसानयोर्विसर्जनीयः।

Note: At this point 8-3-37 कुप्वोः ≍क≍पौ च would apply, but the special सूत्रम् 8-3-46 अतः कृकमिकंसकुम्भपात्रकुशाकर्णीष्वनव्ययस्य comes into effect.

(6) यशस्कर । By 8-3-46 अतः कृकमिकंसकुम्भपात्रकुशाकर्णीष्वनव्ययस्य – In a compound, a विसर्ग: always takes सकार: as a substitute if the following conditions are satisfied:
(i) the विसर्ग: is preceded by a अकार:
(ii) the विसर्ग: does not belong to a अव्ययम्
(iii) the विसर्ग: is followed by one of the following – √कृ (डुकृञ् करणे, # ८. १०), √कम् (कमुँ कान्तौ, # १. ५११), ‘कंस’, ‘कुम्भ’, ‘पात्र’, ‘कुशा’ or ‘कर्णी’।

The विवक्षा is नपुंसकलिङ्गे, द्वितीया-एकवचनम्।

(7) यशस्कर + अम् । By 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टाभ्याम्भिस्ङेभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसिँभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसोसाम्ङ्योस्सुप्।

(8) यशस्कर + अम् । By 7-1-24 अतोऽम् – The affixes “सुँ” and “अम्” that follow a neuter अङ्गम् ending in the short vowel “अ” take “अम्” as their replacement. 1-3-4 न विभक्तौ तुस्माः prevents the ending मकार: of “अम्” from getting the इत्-सञ्ज्ञा।

(9) यशस्करम् । By 6-1-107 अमि पूर्वः – In place of a preceding अक् letter and the following vowel (अच्) belonging to the affix “अम्” there is a single substitute of that preceding अक् letter.

Questions:

1. In the सिद्धान्तकौमुदी the वृत्ति: of the सूत्रम् 3-2-20 कृञो हेतुताच्छील्यानुलोम्येषु (used in step 1) is given as एषु द्योत्येषु करोतेष्टः स्यात्। Commenting on this, the तत्त्वबोधिनी says – एषु किम्? कुम्भकार:। Please explain.

2. Commenting on the  सूत्रम् 8-3-46 अतः कृकमिकंसकुम्भपात्रकुशाकर्णीष्वनव्ययस्य (used in step 6) the सिद्धान्तकौमुदी says – समासे किम्? यश: करोति। Please explain.

3. Where has the सूत्रम् 3-4-89 मेर्निः been used in the verses?

4. Can you spot an affix क्यप् in the verses?

5. From which verbal root is जगुः derived?

6. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“Ignorance (is) the cause of bondage.” Use a उपपद-समास: for “the cause of bondage.”

Easy Questions:

1. Where has the सूत्रम् 7-2-110 यः सौ been used in the verses?

2. In the verses can you spot a प्रातिपदिकम् which is used only in the plural (no singular or dual)?

Today we will look at the form निशाचरी fNs from श्रीमद्भागवतम् 10.6.13.

तस्याः स्वनेनातिगभीररंहसा साद्रिर्मही द्यौश्च चचाल सग्रहा । रसा दिशश्च प्रतिनेदिरे जनाः पेतुः क्षितौ वज्रनिपातशङ्कया ।। १०-६-१२ ।।
निशाचरीत्थं व्यथितस्तना व्यसुर्व्यादाय केशांश्चरणौ भुजावपि । प्रसार्य गोष्ठे निजरूपमास्थिता वज्राहतो वृत्र इवापतन्नृप ।। १०-६-१३ ।।

श्रीधर-स्वामि-टीका –
रसाः रसातलानि च ।। १२ ।। व्यादाय मुखं विवृत्य । निजरूपमास्थिता मरणसमये कपटमयुक्तमितीव ।। १३ ।।

Gita Press translation – As a result of her very deep and violent roar the earth with its mountains and heaven with its planets shook, the subterranean worlds as well as the (four) quarters echoed and people toppled down on the ground under the apprehension of a thunderbolt (12). Thus tormented at her breasts and reverting (in her helpless state) to her own (demoniac) form, she (sprang and) fell dead in (the outskirts of) Vraja, opening her mouth and flinging about her hair and stretching her legs and arms too (even) like the demon Vṛtra knocked down by the thunderbolt (of Indra), O protector of men! (13)

निशायां चरतीति निशाचरी (राक्षसी)।

“चर” is a कृदन्त-प्रातिपदिकम् (participle form) derived from the verbal root √चर् (चरँ गत्यर्थ: १. ६४०).

The (compound) प्रातिपदिकम् “निशाचर” is derived as follows:

(1) निशा + ङि + चर् + ट । By 3-2-16 चरेष्टः – The affix “ट” may be used after the verbal root √चर् (चरँ गत्यर्थ: १. ६४०) when in composition with a पदम् which denotes the locus (of the action.)

Note: The term अधिकरणे (which comes as अनुवृत्ति: in to the सूत्रम् 3-2-16 from the prior सूत्रम् 3-2-15 अधिकरणे शेतेः) ends in the seventh (locative) case. Hence “निशा ङि” (which is the locus (अधिकरणम्) of चरति) gets the उपपद-सञ्ज्ञा here by 3-1-92 तत्रोपपदं सप्तमीस्थम्‌ – The designation उपपदम् is applied to a term which denotes a thing – like a pot etc. – which is present (as the thing to be expressed) in a word ending in the locative case in the सूत्रम्।

(2) निशा + ङि + चर् + अ । अनुबन्ध-लोप: by 1-3-7 चुटू and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

We form a compound between “निशा + ङि” (which is the उपपदम्) and “चर” by using the सूत्रम् 2-2-19 उपपदमतिङ् – A सुबन्तम् (term ending in a सुँप् affix) having the designation “उपपद” (in this case “निशा + ङि”) invariably compounds with a syntactically related term (in this case “चर”) as long as the compound does not end in a तिङ् affix.

In the compound, “निशा + ङि” is placed in the prior position as per 2-2-30 उपसर्जनं पूर्वम्‌ – In a compound a term which has the designation “उपसर्जन” should be placed in the prior position. Note: Here “निशा + ङि” is the उपपदम् and hence it gets the उपसर्जन-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-2-43 प्रथमानिर्दिष्टं समास उपसर्जनम् – A term denoted by a word (in this case “उपपदम्”) ending in a nominative case in a सूत्रम् (in this case 2-2-19 उपपदमतिङ्) which prescribes a compound gets the designation “उपसर्जन”।
“निशा + ङि + चर” gets प्रातिपदिक-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-2-46 कृत्तद्धितसमासाश्च – A word form that ends in a कृत्-प्रत्ययः or a तद्धित-प्रत्ययः and so also compounds gets the name प्रातिपदिकम्।

(3) निशाचर । By 2-4-71 सुपो धातुप्रातिपदिकयोः – A सुँप् affix takes a लुक् elision when it is a part of a धातुः or a प्रातिपदिकम्।

The विवक्षा is स्त्रीलिङ्गे, प्रथमा-एकवचनम्।

The feminine प्रातिपदिकम् “निशाचरी” is derived as follows:

(4) निशाचर + ङीप् । By 4-1-15 टिड्ढाणञ्द्वयसज्दघ्नञ्मात्रच्तयप्ठक्ठञ्कञ्क्वरपः – To denote the feminine gender, the affix ङीप् is used following a प्रातिपदिकम् which satisfies the following conditions:
(i) the प्रातिपदिकम् ends in a अकार:
(ii) the प्रातिपदिकम् ends in a non-secondary affix which is either टित् (has टकार: as a इत्) or is one of the following – ‘ढ’, ‘अण्’, ‘अञ्’, ‘द्वयसच्’, ‘दघ्नच्’, ‘मात्रच्’, ‘तयप्’, ‘ठक्’, ‘ठञ्’, ‘कञ्’ or ‘क्वरप्’।

(5) निशाचर + ई । अनुबन्ध-लोप: by 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-8 लशक्वतद्धिते and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः। ‘निशाचर’ gets the भ-सञ्ज्ञा here by 1-4-18 यचि भम्।

(6) निशाचर् + ई । By 6-4-148 यस्येति च – When a ईकारः or a तद्धित-प्रत्यय: follows, the (ending) इ-वर्ण: (इकारः or ईकारः) or the (ending) अवर्ण: (अकारः or आकारः) of the अङ्गम् with the भ-सञ्ज्ञा takes लोपः। As per 1-1-52 अलोऽन्त्यस्य, only the ending अकार: of the अङ्गम् takes लोपः।

= निशाचरी ।

The विवक्षा is स्त्रीलिङ्गे, प्रथमा-एकवचनम्।

(7) निशाचरी + सुँ । By 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टाभ्याम्भिस्ङेभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसिँभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसोसाम्ङ्योस्सुप्।

(8) निशाचरी + स् । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत्, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

(9) निशाचरी । By 6-1-68 हल्ङ्याब्भ्यो दीर्घात्‌ सुतिस्यपृक्तं हल् – A single letter affix “सुँ”, “ति” or “सि” is dropped following a base ending in a consonant or in the long feminine affix “ङी” or “आप्”।

Questions:

1. In Chapter Eleven of the गीता can you spot a word wherein 4-1-15 टिड्ढाणञ्द्वयसज्दघ्नञ्मात्रच्तयप्ठक्ठञ्कञ्क्वरपः (used in step 4) has applied on the basis of there being a टकार: as a इत्? Hint: In Chapter Eleven there are very few words which contain the feminine affix ङीप्। One of them must be the answer to this question (because 4-1-15 prescribes the feminine affix ङीप्।)

2. Commenting on the सूत्रम् 3-2-16 चरेष्टः (used in step 1) the काशिका says – प्रत्ययान्तरकरणं ङीबर्थम्। Please explain.

3. In the absence of 4-1-15 टिड्ढाणञ्द्वयसज्दघ्नञ्मात्रच्तयप्ठक्ठञ्कञ्क्वरपः, which सूत्रम् would have applied in step 4?

4. Which सूत्रम् is used for the एकारादेश: in the form पेतु:?

5. Where has the सूत्रम् 3-2-3 आतोऽनुपसर्गे कः been used in the verses?

6. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“An ogress by the name Trijaṭā consoled Sītā.” Use the verbal root √सान्त्व् (षान्त्वँ सामप्रयोगे १०. ५१) for to “console.” Use the अव्ययम् “नाम” for “by the name.”

Easy Questions:

1. Where has  the सूत्रम् 8-3-7 नश्छव्यप्रशान् been used in the verses?

2. Which सूत्रम् is used for the औकारादेश: (substitute “औ”) in the form द्यौ:?

 

Today we will look at the form निशाचर mVs from श्रीमद्-वाल्मीकि-रामायणम् 3.41.20.

मां निहत्य तु रामोऽसावचिरात्त्वां वधिष्यति । अनेन कृतकृत्योऽस्मि म्रिये चाप्यरिणा हतः ।। ३-४१-१७ ।।
दर्शनादेव रामस्य हतं मामवधारय । आत्मानं च हतं विद्धि हृत्वा सीतां सबान्धवम् ।। ३-४१-१८ ।।
आनयिष्यसि चेत्सीतामाश्रमात्सहितो मया । नैव त्वमपि नाहं वै नैव लङ्का न राक्षसाः ।। ३-४१-१९ ।।
निवार्यमाणस्तु मया हितैषिणा न मृष्यसे वाक्यमिदं निशाचर । परेतकल्पा हि गतायुषो नरा हितं न गृह्णन्ति सुहृद्भिरीरितम् ।। ३-४१-२० ।।

Gita Press translation – Having killed me, the aforesaid Rāma for his part will dispose of you before long. I shall, however, feel accomplished of purpose through such death; for I would fain give up the ghost when killed by an enemy (rather than killed by you, my king) (17). Take me as killed at the very sight of Rāma and deem yourself as killed with your kith and kin as soon as you bear away Sītā (18). If, accompanied by me, you fetch Sītā from the hermitage, under no circumstances will you survive nor I nor even Laṅkā (your capital) nor the ogres (19). You do not heed this counsel of mine, though being checked by me, your wellwisher, O ranger of the night! For men whose span of life has come to an end and who are on the verge of death do not accept the salutary advice tendered by their disinterested friends (20).

निशायां चरतीति निशाचरः (राक्षस:)।

“चर” is a कृदन्त-प्रातिपदिकम् (participle form) derived from the verbal root √चर् (चरँ गत्यर्थ: १. ६४०).

The (compound) प्रातिपदिकम् “निशाचर” is derived as follows:

(1) निशा + ङि + चर् + ट । By 3-2-16 चरेष्टः – The affix “ट” may be used after the verbal root √चर् (चरँ गत्यर्थ: १. ६४०) when in composition with a पदम् which denotes the locus (of the action.)

Note: The term अधिकरणे (which comes as अनुवृत्ति: in to the सूत्रम् 3-2-16 from the prior सूत्रम् 3-2-15 अधिकरणे शेतेः) ends in the seventh (locative) case. Hence “निशा ङि” (which is the locus (अधिकरणम्) of चरति) gets the उपपद-सञ्ज्ञा here by 3-1-92 तत्रोपपदं सप्तमीस्थम्‌ – The designation उपपदम् is applied to a term which denotes a thing – like a pot etc. – which is present (as the thing to be expressed) in a word ending in the locative case in the सूत्रम्।

(2) निशा + ङि + चर् + अ । अनुबन्ध-लोप: by 1-3-7 चुटू and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

We form a compound between “निशा + ङि” (which is the उपपदम्) and “चर” by using the सूत्रम् 2-2-19 उपपदमतिङ् – A सुबन्तम् (term ending in a सुँप् affix) having the designation “उपपद” (in this case “निशा + ङि”) invariably compounds with a syntactically related term (in this case “चर”) as long as the compound does not end in a तिङ् affix.

In the compound, “निशा + ङि” is placed in the prior position as per 2-2-30 उपसर्जनं पूर्वम्‌ – In a compound a term which has the designation “उपसर्जन” should be placed in the prior position. Note: Here “निशा + ङि” is the उपपदम् and hence it gets the उपसर्जन-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-2-43 प्रथमानिर्दिष्टं समास उपसर्जनम् – A term denoted by a word (in this case “उपपदम्”) ending in a nominative case in a सूत्रम् (in this case 2-2-19 उपपदमतिङ्) which prescribes a compound gets the designation “उपसर्जन”।
“निशा + ङि + चर” gets प्रातिपदिक-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-2-46 कृत्तद्धितसमासाश्च – A word form that ends in a कृत्-प्रत्ययः or a तद्धित-प्रत्ययः and so also compounds get the name प्रातिपदिकम्।

(3) निशाचर । By 2-4-71 सुपो धातुप्रातिपदिकयोः – A सुँप् affix takes a लुक् elision when it is a part of a धातुः or a प्रातिपदिकम्।

The विवक्षा is पुंलिङ्गे सम्बुद्धिः।

(4) (हे) निशाचर + सुँ (सम्बुद्धिः) । By 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टा…। The affix “सुँ” has the सम्बुद्धि-सञ्ज्ञा here by 2-3-49 एकवचनं संबुद्धिः।

(5) (हे) निशाचर + स् । अनुबन्ध-लोप: by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत् and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः। The सकार: which is an एकाल् (single letter) प्रत्यय: gets the अपृक्त-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-2-41 अपृक्त एकाल् प्रत्ययः।

(6) (हे) निशाचर । By 6-1-69 एङ्ह्रस्वात्‌ सम्बुद्धेः।

Questions:

1. In the verses can you spot a तिङन्तं पदम् which is a आर्ष-प्रयोग: (irregular grammatical construct)?

2. Where has the affix “श” been used in the verses?

3. Which सूत्रम् is used for the “धि”-आदेश: in the word विद्धि?

4. The form गृह्णन्ति is derived from the verbal root √ग्रह् (ग्रहँ उपादाने ९. ७१). Can you recall six सूत्राणि (which we have studied) wherein पाणिनि: specifically mentions this verbal root? Which one of these six सूत्राणि has been used in the form गृह्णन्ति?

5. Please correct the following sentence:
शूर्पणखा नामैका निशाचरा बभूव।

6. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“A fisherman found a ring in the stomach of a fish.” Use the सूत्रम् 3-2-16 चरेष्टः to form a word for “fish” (“own who roams in the water” – जले चरति)। Use the masculine प्रातिपदिकम् “धीवर” for “fisherman.” Use the neuter प्रातिपदिकम् “अङ्गुलीय” for “(finger-)ring.”

Easy Questions:

1. Which सूत्रम् is used for the substitution “ना” in the form अरिणा?

2. Where has the सूत्रम् 6-4-8 सर्वनामस्थाने चाऽसम्बुद्धौ been used in the verses?

Today we will look at the form शत्रुघ्नः mNs from श्रीमद्भागवतम् 9.11.14.

तदीयं धनमानीय सर्वं राज्ञे न्यवेदयत् । शत्रुघ्नश्च मधोः पुत्रं लवणं नाम राक्षसम् । हत्वा मधुवने चक्रे मथुरां नाम वै पुरीम् ।। ९-११-१४ ।।
मुनौ निक्षिप्य तनयौ सीता भर्त्रा विवासिता । ध्यायन्ती रामचरणौ विवरं प्रविवेश ह ।। ९-११-१५ ।।

श्रीधर-स्वामि-टीका –
No commentary on these verses.

Gita Press translation – (Bharat) bringing their wealth (to Ayodhyā,) presented it all to the King (Śrī Rāma.) Again, getting rid of the demon, Lavaṇa by name, son of Madhu, Śatrughna for his part founded on the site of (the forest of) Madhuvana a city known as Mathurā (14). Having committed Her sons (Kuśa and Lava) to the care of the sage (Vālmīki) and contemplating on Śrī Rāma’s feet – so the tradition goes – Sītā, who had been exiled by Her (divine) Spouse (and could no longer bear separation from Him) found Her way into the bowels of the earth (that parted asunder to take Her) (15).

शत्रुं हन्तीति शत्रुघ्नः।

“घ्न” is a कृदन्त-प्रातिपदिकम् (participle form) derived from the verbal root √हन् (हनँ हिंसागत्योः, अदादि-गणः, धातु-पाठः #२. २).

The (compound) प्रातिपदिकम् “शत्रुघ्न” is derived as follows:

(1) शत्रु + ङस् (ref: 2-3-65 कर्तृकर्मणोः कृति) + हन् + क । By the वार्तिकम् (under 3-2-5 तुन्दशोकयोः परिमृजापनुदोः) मूलविभुजादिभ्यः कः – The affix “क” may be used to derive forms such as “मूलविभुज”।
Note: The मूलविभुजादि-गण: is a आकृति-गण:। The members of this गण: have not been explicitly listed. When we see a शिष्ट-प्रयोगः (usage accepted by the scholars) such as “शत्रुघ्न” wherein the grammatical operations (based on the affix “क”) are similar to those in “मूलविभुज” we have to understand that this usage is included in the मूलविभुजादि-गण:।
Note: The affix “ङस्” is used here as per 2-3-65 कर्तृकर्मणोः कृति – To express the agent or the object (of an action), a nominal stem takes a sixth case affix when the nominal stem is used in conjunction with a term which ends in a कृत् affix. (This is what is called as कृद्योगे षष्ठी)।

Note: In the above वार्तिकम्, the term कर्मणि (which comes down as अनुवृत्तिः from 3-2-1 कर्मण्यण्) ends in the seventh (locative) case. Hence the object “शत्रु + ङस्” gets the उपपद-सञ्ज्ञा here by 3-1-92 तत्रोपपदं सप्तमीस्थम्‌ – The designation उपपदम् is applied to a term which denotes a thing – like a pot etc. – which is present (as the thing to be expressed) in a word ending in the locative case in the सूत्रम्।

(2) शत्रु + ङस् + हन् + अ । अनुबन्ध-लोप: by 1-3-8 लशक्वतद्धिते and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।
Note: The affix “क” is a कित् (has the letter ‘क्’ as a इत्)। This allows 6-4-98 गमहनजनखनघसां लोपः क्ङित्यनङि to apply in the next step.

(3) शत्रु + ङस् + ह् न् + अ । By 6-4-98 गमहनजनखनघसां लोपः क्ङित्यनङि – The उपधा (penultimate letter – ref. 1-1-65) of the verbal roots √गम् (गमॢँ गतौ १. ११३७), √हन् (हनँ हिंसागत्योः २. २), √जन् ([जनीँ प्रादुर्भावे ४. ४४], [जनँ जनने ३. २५]), √खन् (खनुँ अवदारणे १. १०२०) and √घस् (घसॢँ अदने १. ८१२) is elided, when followed by an अजादि-प्रत्ययः which is a कित् (has the letter ‘क्’ as a इत्) or a ङित् (has the letter ‘ङ्’ as a इत्) with the exclusion of the अङ्-प्रत्ययः।

(4) शत्रु + ङस् + घ् न् + अ । By 7-3-54 हो हन्तेर्ञ्णिन्नेषु – The हकारः of √हन् (हनँ हिंसागत्योः २. २) gets replaced by a letter of the कवर्ग: when followed by an affix with ञकारः or णकारः as an इत् , or when followed (immediately) by a नकारः।
Note: As per 1-1-50 स्थानेऽन्तरतमः – When a substitute is ordained, the closest substitute is intended. Of the five letters in the क-वर्गः (‘क्, ख्, ग्, घ्, ङ्’), ‘घ्’ is the closest substitute because it is both voiced (घोषवान्) as well as aspirate (महाप्राण:) just like the letter ‘ह्’।

We form a compound between “शत्रु + ङस्” (which is the उपपदम्) and “घ्न” by using the सूत्रम् 2-2-19 उपपदमतिङ् – A सुबन्तम् (term ending in a सुँप् affix) having the designation “उपपद” (in this case “शत्रु + ङस्”) invariably compounds with a syntactically related term (in this case “घ्न”) as long as the compound does not end in a तिङ् affix.

In the compound, “शत्रु + ङस्” is placed in the prior position as per 2-2-30 उपसर्जनं पूर्वम्‌ – In a compound a term which has the designation “उपसर्जन” should be placed in the prior position. Note: Here “शत्रु + ङस्” is the उपपदम् and hence it gets the उपसर्जन-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-2-43 प्रथमानिर्दिष्टं समास उपसर्जनम् – A term denoted by a word (in this case “उपपदम्”) ending in a nominative case in a सूत्रम् (in this case 2-2-19 उपपदमतिङ्) which prescribes a compound gets the designation “उपसर्जन”।
“शत्रु + ङस् + घ्न” gets प्रातिपदिक-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-2-46 कृत्तद्धितसमासाश्च – A word form that ends in a कृत्-प्रत्ययः or a तद्धित-प्रत्ययः and so also compounds get the name प्रातिपदिकम्।

(5) शत्रुघ्न । By 2-4-71 सुपो धातुप्रातिपदिकयोः – A सुँप् affix takes a लुक् elision when it is a part of a धातुः or a प्रातिपदिकम्।

The विवक्षा is पुंलिङ्गे, प्रथमा-एकवचनम्।

(6) शत्रुघ्न + सुँ । By 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टाभ्याम्भिस्ङेभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसिँभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसोसाम्ङ्योस्सुप्।

(7) शत्रुघ्न + स् । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत्, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

(8) शत्रुघ्नः । रुँत्व-विसर्गौ by 8-2-66 ससजुषो रुः and 8-3-15 खरवसानयोर्विसर्जनीयः।

Questions:

1. Where has the वार्तिकम् (under 3-2-5 तुन्दशोकयोः परिमृजापनुदोः) मूलविभुजादिभ्यः कः (used in step 1) been used in the last five verses of Chapter One of the गीता?

2. Where has the सूत्रम् 3-1-134 नन्दिग्रहिपचादिभ्यो ल्युणिन्यचः been used in the verses?

3. Where has the affix तृच् been used in the verses?

4. प्रविवेश is derived from the verbal root √विश् (विशँ प्रवेशने ६. १६०) with the उपसर्ग: “प्र”। Can you recall a सूत्रम् (which we have studied) wherein पाणिनि: specifically mentions this verbal root? Why doesn’t this सूत्रम् apply in the form प्रविवेश?

5. Which सूत्रम् is used for the एकारादेश: in the form चक्रे?

6. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“There’s not a single cloud in the sky today.” Use the वार्तिकम् (under 3-2-5 तुन्दशोकयोः परिमृजापनुदोः) मूलविभुजादिभ्यः कः to derive a word for “cloud” (one which bears water – अपो बिभर्ति)।

Easy Questions:

1. Where has the सूत्रम् 6-4-134 अल्लोपोऽनः been used in the verses?

2. In the verses can you spot a इकारान्तं प्रातिपदिकम् (a प्रातिपदिकम् which ends in a इकार:)?

Today we will look at the form गजस्थस्य mGs from श्रीमद्भागवतम् 10.59.21.

शूलं भौमोऽच्युतं हन्तुमाददे वितथोद्यमः । तद्विसर्गात्पूर्वमेव नरकस्य शिरो हरिः । अपाहरद्गजस्थस्य चक्रेण क्षुरनेमिना ।। १०-५९-२१ ।।
सकुण्डलं चारुकिरीटभूषणं बभौ पृथिव्यां पतितं समुज्ज्वलत् । हाहेति साध्वित्यृषयः सुरेश्वरा माल्यैर्मुकुन्दं विकिरन्त ईडिरे ।। १०-५९-२२ ।।

श्रीधर-स्वामि-टीका –
गरुडे वितथोद्यमः सन् शूलं त्रिशूलमाददे धृतवान् ।। २१ ।। २२ ।।

Gita Press translation – His attempt having proved futile, Naraka (son of Mother Earth) picked up a pike with intent to strike at Śrī Kṛṣṇa. (But) before he could discharge it, Śrī Kṛṣṇa with his discus (Sudarśana), which was keen-edged as a razor, lopped up the head of Naraka, who rode on an elephant (21). Fallen on the ground, Naraka’s head, which was accompanied with a pair of ear-rings and adorned with a lovely diadem, shone most resplendent. “Oh, what a pity!” cried his people and “Bravo!” exclaimed the seers; while the chiefs of gods extolled Śrī Kṛṣṇa (the Bestower of Liberation,) covering Him with (a shower of) flowers (22).

गजे तिष्ठतीति गजस्थः।

“स्थ” is a कृदन्त-प्रातिपदिकम् (participle form) derived from the verbal root √स्था (ष्ठा गतिनिवृत्तौ १. १०७७).

The (compound) प्रातिपदिकम् “गजस्थ” is derived as follows:

(1) गज + ङि + स्था + क । By 3-2-4 सुपि स्थः – This rule is split in to two parts. The first part is सुपि – When in composition with a पदम् which ends in a सुप् affix (ref. 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टा..), a verbal root which ends in a आकारः may take the affix “क”। (We don’t need the second part of the सूत्रम् in the present example.)

Note: In the सूत्रम् 3-2-4 (सुपि), the term सुपि ends in the seventh (locative) case. Hence “गज + ङि” gets the उपपद-सञ्ज्ञा here by 3-1-92 तत्रोपपदं सप्तमीस्थम्‌ – The designation उपपदम् is applied to a term which denotes a thing – like a pot etc. – which is present (as the thing to be expressed) in a word ending in the locative case in the सूत्रम्।

(2) गज + ङि + स्था + अ । अनुबन्ध-लोप: by 1-3-8 लशक्वतद्धिते and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

(3) गज + ङि + स्थ् + अ । By 6-4-64 आतो लोप इटि च – The ending आकार: of an अङ्गम् takes लोप: when followed by a vowel-beginning आर्धधातुक-प्रत्यय: that has either: (i) a “इट्”-आगम: or (ii) a ककार: or ङकार: as a इत्।

(4) गज + ङि + स्थ । We form a compound between “गज + ङि” (which is the उपपदम्) and “स्थ” by using the सूत्रम् 2-2-19 उपपदमतिङ् – A सुबन्तम् (term ending in a सुँप् affix) having the designation “उपपद” (in this case “गज + ङि”) invariably compounds with a syntactically related term (in this case “स्थ”) as long as the compound does not end in a तिङ् affix.
In the compound, “गज + ङि” is placed in the prior position as per 2-2-30 उपसर्जनं पूर्वम्‌ – In a compound a term which has the designation “उपसर्जन” should be placed in the prior position. Note: Here “गज + ङि” is the उपपदम् and hence it gets the उपसर्जन-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-2-43 प्रथमानिर्दिष्टं समास उपसर्जनम् – A term denoted by a word (in this case “उपपदम्”) ending in a nominative case in a सूत्रम् (in this case 2-2-19 उपपदमतिङ्) which prescribes a compound gets the designation “उपसर्जन”।
“गज + ङि + स्थ” gets प्रातिपदिक-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-2-46 कृत्तद्धितसमासाश्च – A word form that ends in a कृत्-प्रत्ययः or a तद्धित-प्रत्ययः and so also compounds gets the name प्रातिपदिकम्।

(5) गजस्थ । By 2-4-71 सुपो धातुप्रातिपदिकयोः – A सुँप् affix takes a लुक् elision when it is a part of a धातुः or a प्रातिपदिकम्।

The विवक्षा is पुंलिङ्गे षष्ठी-एकवचनम्।

(6) गजस्थ + ङस् । By 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टाभ्याम्भिस्ङेभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसिँभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसोसाम्ङ्योस्सुप्।

(7) गजस्थस्य । By 7-1-12 टाङसिङसामिनात्स्याः, the “ङस्”-प्रत्यय: it is replaced by “स्य” since it is following an अङ्गम् ending in an अकार:। As per 1-1-55 अनेकाल्शित्सर्वस्य the entire “ङस्”-प्रत्यय: is replaced.

Questions:

1. Where has 3-2-4 सुपि स्थः (used in step 1) been used in the last twenty verses of Chapter Six of the गीता?

2. Commenting on the सूत्रम् 7-1-12 टाङसिङसामिनात्स्याः (used in step 7), the काशिका says – अत इति किम्? सख्या।

3. Where has the सूत्रम् 1-3-20 आङो दोऽनास्यविहरणे been used in the verses?

4. Where has the affix णल् been used in the verses?

5. Which सूत्रम् is used for the “इरे”-आदेश: in the form ईडिरे?

6. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“Look at the rabbit (situated) on the moon.” Use a उपपदसमास: for “(situated) on the moon.”

Easy Questions:

1. Please do पदच्छेद: of साध्वित्यृषयः।

2. Where has the सूत्रम् 7-3-116 ङेराम्नद्याम्नीभ्यः been used in the verses?

Today we will look at the form द्विपाः mNp from श्रीमद्भागवतम् 11.30.15.

पतत्पताकै रथकुञ्जरादिभिः खरोष्ट्रगोभिर्महिषैर्नरैरपि । मिथः समेत्याश्वतरैः सुदुर्मदा न्यहञ्छरैर्दद्भिरिव द्विपा वने ।। ११-३०-१५ ।।
प्रद्युम्नसाम्बौ युधि रूढमत्सरावक्रूरभोजावनिरुद्धसात्यकी । सुभद्रसङ्ग्रामजितौ सुदारुणौ गदौ सुमित्रासुरथौ समीयतुः ।। ११-३०-१६ ।।

श्रीधर-स्वामि-टीका –
पतन्त्य इतस्ततश्चलन्त्यः पताका येषु तै रथादिभिर्मिथः समेत्य न्यहन्न्यघ्नन्नित्यर्थः । दद्भिर्दन्तैरिव ।। १५ ।। मिथः समेत्येत्यस्य प्रपञ्चः – प्रद्युम्नेत्यादिचतुर्भिः । गदौ श्रीकृष्णस्य भ्राता एकः, पुत्रश्चापरस्तौ । सुमित्रासुरथाविति दैर्घ्यमार्षम् । असुरथनामा वा कश्चित् ।। १६ ।।

Gita Press translation – Closing with one another in chariots and on elephants etc., as well as on (the back of) donkeys, camels, bulls, buffaloes and mules and men, bearing ensigns that fluttered in the breeze, the highly intoxicated warriors hit one another with arrows even as elephants in a forest would strike one another with their tusks (15). Pradyumna closed on the battle-field with Sāmba, Akrūra with Bhoja, Aniruddha with Sātyaki, Subhadra with Saṅgrāmajit, Gada (Śrī Kṛṣṇa’s brother) with Śrī Kṛṣṇa’s son of the same name and Sumitra with Āśuratha. All the pairs looked very fierce, their rancor having grown very intense (16).

द्वाभ्यां पिबतीति द्विपः।

“प” is a कृदन्त-प्रातिपदिकम् (participle form) derived from the verbal root √पा (पा पाने १. १०७४).

The (compound) प्रातिपदिकम् “द्विप” is derived as follows:

(1) द्वि + भ्याम् + पा + क । By 3-2-4 सुपि स्थः – This rule is split in to two parts. The first part is सुपि – When in composition with a पदम् which ends in a सुप् affix (ref. 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टा..), a verbal root which ends in a आकारः may take the affix “क”। (We don’t need the second part of the सूत्रम् in the present example.)

Note: In the सूत्रम् 3-2-4 (सुपि), the term सुपि ends in the seventh (locative) case. Hence “द्वि + भ्याम्” gets the उपपद-सञ्ज्ञा here by 3-1-92 तत्रोपपदं सप्तमीस्थम्‌ – The designation उपपदम् is applied to a term which denotes a thing – like a pot etc. – which is present (as the thing to be expressed) in a word ending in the locative case in the सूत्रम्।

(2) द्वि + भ्याम् + पा + अ । अनुबन्ध-लोप: by 1-3-8 लशक्वतद्धिते and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

(3) द्वि + भ्याम् + प् + अ । By 6-4-64 आतो लोप इटि च – The ending आकार: of an अङ्गम् takes लोप: when followed by a vowel-beginning आर्धधातुक-प्रत्यय: that has either: (i) a “इट्”-आगम: or (ii) a ककार: or ङकार: as a इत्।

(4) द्वि + भ्याम् + प । We form a compound between “द्वि + भ्याम्” (which is the उपपदम्) and “प” by using the सूत्रम् 2-2-19 उपपदमतिङ् – A सुबन्तम् (term ending in a सुँप् affix) having the designation “उपपद” (in this case “द्वि + भ्याम्”) invariably compounds with a syntactically related term (in this case “प”) as long as the compound does not end in a तिङ् affix.
In the compound, “द्वि + भ्याम्” is placed in the prior position as per 2-2-30 उपसर्जनं पूर्वम्‌ – In a compound a term which has the designation “उपसर्जन” should be placed in the prior position. Note: Here “द्वि + भ्याम्” is the उपपदम् and hence it gets the उपसर्जन-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-2-43 प्रथमानिर्दिष्टं समास उपसर्जनम् – A term denoted by a word (in this case “उपपदम्”) ending in a nominative case in a सूत्रम् (in this case 2-2-19 उपपदमतिङ्) which prescribes a compound gets the designation “उपसर्जन”।
“द्वि + भ्याम् + प” gets प्रातिपदिक-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-2-46 कृत्तद्धितसमासाश्च – A word form that ends in a कृत्-प्रत्ययः or a तद्धित-प्रत्ययः and so also compounds gets the name प्रातिपदिकम्।

(5) द्विप । By 2-4-71 सुपो धातुप्रातिपदिकयोः – A सुँप् affix takes a लुक् elision when it is a part of a धातुः or a प्रातिपदिकम्।

The विवक्षा is पुंलिङ्गे प्रथमा-बहुवचनम्।

(6) द्विप + जस् । By 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टाभ्याम्भिस्ङेभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसिँभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसोसाम्ङ्योस्सुप्।

(7) द्विप + अस् । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-7 चुटू and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः। 1-3-4 न विभक्तौ तुस्माः prevents the ending सकारः of “जस्” from getting इत्-सञ्ज्ञा।

(8) द्विपास् । 6-1-102 प्रथमयो: पूर्वसवर्ण: – When an अक् letter is followed by a vowel (अच्) of the first (nominative) or second (accusative) case then for the two of them (अक् + अच्) there is a single substitute which is the elongated form of the first member (the अक् letter.)

(9) द्विपाः । रुँत्व-विसर्गौ by 8-2-66 ससजुषो रुः and 8-3-15 खरवसानयोर्विसर्जनीयः।

Questions:

1. Where has the सूत्रम् 3-2-4 सुपि स्थः (used in step 1) been used in the first ten verses of Chapter Seventeen of the गीता?

2. Commenting on the सूत्रम् 3-2-4 सुपि स्थः, the तत्त्वबोधिनी says सुबिति प्रत्याहारो गृह्यते, न तु सप्तमीबहुवचम्। Please explain.

3. Commenting on the सूत्रम् 3-2-4 सुपि स्थः, the काशिका says इत उत्तरं कर्मणीति च सुपीति च द्वयमप्यनुवर्तते। तत्र सकर्मकेषु धातुषु कर्मणीत्येतदुपतिष्ठते। अन्यत्र सुपीति। Please explain.

4. Which सूत्रम् is used for the घकारादेश: in the form न्यघ्नन् (used in the commentary)?

5. From which verbal root is समीयतुः derived?

6. How would you say this in this Sanskrit?
“An elephant drinks with his (own) trunk and mouth.”

Easy Questions:

1. Please list the steps in the सन्धि-कार्यम् between  न्यहन् + शरै: =  न्यहञ्छरै:।

2. Can you spot a place in the verses where a रेफ: (the letter ‘र्’) has been elided (लोप:)?

Today we will look at the form पुरुषादैः mIp from श्रीमद्भागवतम् 5.26.13.

एवमेव महारौरवो यत्र निपतितं पुरुषं क्रव्यादा नाम रुरवस्तं क्रव्येण घातयन्ति यः केवलं देहम्भरः ।। ५-२६-१२ ।।
यस्त्विह वा उग्रः पशून्पक्षिणो वा प्राणत उपरन्धयति तमपकरुणं पुरुषादैरपि विगर्हितममुत्र यमानुचराः कुम्भीपाके तप्ततैले उपरन्धयन्ति ।। ५-२६-१३ ।।

श्रीधर-स्वामि-टीका –
क्रव्येण निमित्तेन मांसार्थमित्यर्थः ।। १२ ।। प्राणतः सजीवान् उपरन्धयति पचति । अपकरुणं निष्कृपम् ।। १३ ।।

Gita Press translation – Quite similar is (the hell called) Mahāraurava (a class of Rurus), called Kravyādas (fleeaters, so-called because of their being carnivorous by nature) kill for the sake of flesh the man who solely nourishes (here) his own body (hating others,) and (consequently) falls into that region (12). Again, in (the hell called) Kumbhīpāka in the region, the servants of Yama fry in boiling oil that merciless fellow, censured even by the Rākṣasas (those feeding on the human flesh,) who is actually so cruel as to cook the beasts and birds alive (13).

पुरुषानत्तीति पुरुषादः।

“आद” is a कृदन्त-प्रातिपदिकम् (participle form) derived from the verbal root √अद् (अदादि-गणः, अदँ भक्षणे २. १).

The (compound) प्रातिपदिकम् “पुरुषाद” is derived as follows:

(1) पुरुष + आम् (ref: 2-3-65 कर्तृकर्मणोः कृति) + अद् + अण् । By 3-2-1 कर्मण्यण् – The affix “अण्” may be used after a verbal root when in composition with a पदम् which denotes the object (of the action.) Note: In the सूत्रम् 3-2-1 कर्मण्यण्, the term कर्मणि ends in the seventh (locative) case. Hence “पुरुष + आम्” (which is the object (कर्म-पदम्) of अत्ति) gets the उपपद-सञ्ज्ञा here by 3-1-92 तत्रोपपदं सप्तमीस्थम्‌ – The designation उपपदम् is applied to a term which denotes a thing – like a pot etc. – which is present (as the thing to be expressed) in a word ending in the locative case in the सूत्रम्।
Note: The affix आम् is used here as per 2-3-65 कर्तृकर्मणोः कृति – To express the agent or the object (of an action), a nominal stem takes a sixth case affix when the nominal stem is used in conjunction with a term which ends in a कृत् affix. (This is what is called as कृद्योगे षष्ठी)।

(2) पुरुष + आम् + अद् + अ । अनुबन्ध-लोप: by 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम् and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

(3) पुरुष + आम् + आद् + अ । By 7-2-116 अत उपधायाः – A penultimate (उपधा) अकार: of a अङ्गम् gets वृद्धिः as the substitute when followed by a प्रत्ययः which is a ञित् or a णित्।

(4) पुरुष + आम् + आद । We form a compound between “पुरुष + आम्” (which is the उपपदम्) and “आद” by using the सूत्रम् 2-2-19 उपपदमतिङ् – A सुबन्तम् (term ending in a सुँप् affix) having the designation “उपपद” (in this case “पुरुष + आम्”)  invariably compounds with a syntactically related term (in this case “आद”) as long as the compound does not end in a तिङ् affix.

In the compound, “पुरुष + आम्” is placed in the prior position as per 2-2-30 उपसर्जनं पूर्वम्‌ – In a compound a term which has the designation “उपसर्जन” should be placed in the prior position. Note: Here “पुरुष + आम्” is the उपपदम् and hence it gets the उपसर्जन-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-2-43 प्रथमानिर्दिष्टं समास उपसर्जनम् – A term denoted by a word (in this case “उपपदम्”) ending in a nominative case in a सूत्रम् (in this case 2-2-19 उपपदमतिङ्) which prescribes a compound gets the designation “उपसर्जन”।

“पुरुष आम् + आद” gets प्रातिपदिक-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-2-46 कृत्तद्धितसमासाश्च – A word form that ends in a कृत्-प्रत्ययः or a तद्धित-प्रत्ययः and so also compounds get the name प्रातिपदिकम्।

(5) पुरुष + आद । By 2-4-71 सुपो धातुप्रातिपदिकयोः – A सुँप् affix takes a लुक् elision when it is a part of a धातुः or a प्रातिपदिकम्।

(6) पुरुषाद । By 6-1-101 अकः सवर्णे दीर्घः।

The विवक्षा is पुंलिङ्गे, तृतीया-बहुवचनम्।

(7) पुरुषाद + भिस् । By 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टाभ्याम्भिस्ङेभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसिँभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसोसाम्ङ्योस्सुप्। 1-3-4 न विभक्तौ तुस्माः prevents the ending सकारः of “भिस्” from getting इत्-सञ्ज्ञा।

(8) पुरुषाद + ऐस् । By 7-1-9 अतो भिस ऐस् – Following a अङ्गम् ending in a अकार:, the affix “भिस्” is replaced by “ऐस्”।

(9) पुरुषादैस् । By 6-1-88 वृद्धिरेचि।

(10) पुरुषादैः । रुँत्व-विसर्गौ by 8-2-66 ससजुषो रुः and 8-3-15 खरवसानयोर्विसर्जनीयः।

Questions:

1. Commenting on the सूत्रम् 3-2-1 कर्मण्यण् (used in step 1), the सिद्धान्तकौमुदी says – आदित्यं पश्यतीत्यादावनभिधानान्न। Please explain.

2. Where else (besides in पुरुषादैः) has 3-2-1 कर्मण्यण् been used in the verses?

3. Can you recall a सूत्रम् (which we have studied) which is a अपवाद: for 3-2-1 कर्मण्यण्?

4. From which verbal root is घातयन्ति derived?

5. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“This tiger is not a man-eater.”

Advanced question:

1. Can you find the सूत्रम् which prescribes the augment नुँम् in the form उपरन्धयति? We have not studied this सूत्रम् in the class. Hint: The topic of the augment नुँम् runs in the अष्टाध्यायी from 7-1-58 इदितो नुम् धातोः down to 7-1-83 दृक्स्ववस्स्वतवसां छन्दसि ।

Easy questions:

1. Can you spot a place in the verses where the सन्धि-कार्यम् has not been done?

2. Where has the सूत्रम् 6-1-103 तस्माच्छसो नः पुंसि been used in the verses?