Today we will look at the form क्षामाम् fAs from श्रीमद्भागवतम् 3.23.5.

कालेन भूयसा क्षामां कर्शितां व्रतचर्यया । प्रेमगद्गदया वाचा पीडितः कृपयाब्रवीत् ।। ३-२३-५ ।।
कर्दम उवाच
तुष्टोऽहमद्य तव मानवि मानदायाः शुश्रूषया परमया परया च भक्त्या । यो देहिनामयमतीव सुहृत्स्वदेहो नावेक्षितः समुचितः क्षपितुं मदर्थे ।। ३-२३-६ ।।

श्रीधर-स्वामि-टीका
व्रतचर्यया कर्शितां तत्रापि भूयसा कालेनातिक्षामामित्यर्थः ।। ५ ।। सुहृत्प्रियः । मदर्थे क्षपयितुं नावेक्षितो न गणितः । समुचितः श्लाघ्योऽपि मत्सेवासक्तयोपेक्षित इत्यर्थः ।। ६ ।।

Gita Press translation – Nay, having served him for a long time, she had grown weak and emaciated on account of her religious observances. Kardama (the foremost of celestial sages) was, therefore, oppressed with a feeling of commiseration for her and spoke to her in accents faltering with love (5). Kardama said: O daughter of Manu, you have shown great respect to me and I am pleased today with your most faithful service and supreme devotion. You ungrudgingly wasted your body for my sake (in my service) – body which is extremely dear to all living beings and deserves every attention (6).

The प्रातिपदिकम् “क्षाम” is derived from the verbal root √क्षै (क्षै क्षये १. १०६१).

(1) क्षा + क्त । By 6-1-45 आदेच उपदेशेऽशिति – The ending एच् (“ए”, “ओ”, “ऐ”, “औ”) letter of a धातु: in the धातु-पाठ: is replaced by a आकार:, but not in the context where a शकार: which is a इत् follows. By 3-2-102 निष्ठा – The affix “निष्ठा” (ref.1-1-26 क्तक्तवतू निष्ठा) may be used following a verbal root when denoting an action in the past tense. Note: The affix ‘क्त’ has been used कर्तरि (to denote the agent) here as per 3-4-72 गत्यर्थाकर्मकश्लिषशीङ्स्थासवसजनरुहजीर्यतिभ्यश्च – When following one of the verbal roots listed below, the affix “क्त” may be used in the active voice (कर्तरि) as well as in the passive voice (भावकर्मणो:) –
(i) any verbal root used in the sense of motion (गत्यर्थ:)
(ii) any verbal root used intransitively (अकर्मक:)
(iii) the verbal roots √श्लिष् (श्लिषँ आलिङ्गने ४. ८३), √शी (शीङ् स्वप्ने २. २६), √स्था (ष्ठा गतिनिवृत्तौ १. १०७७), √आस् (आसँ उपवेशने २. ११), √वस् (वसँ निवासे १. ११६०), √जन् (जनीँ प्रादुर्भावे ४. ४४), √रुह् (रुहँ बीजजन्मनि प्रादुर्भावे च १. ९९५) and √जॄ (जॄष् वयोहानौ ४. २५)।
Note: The verbal roots listed in (iii) are intransitive. But when used with a उपसर्ग: they may become transitive. In that case they would not be covered by (ii). This is the reason for listing them separately in (iii).

(2) क्षा + त । अनुबन्ध-लोप: by 1-3-8 लशक्वतद्धिते and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।Note: 7-2-10 एकाच उपदेशेऽनुदात्तात्‌ prevents the affix ‘त’ from taking the augment ‘इट्’ which would have been done by 7-2-35 आर्धधातुकस्येड् वलादेः।

(3) क्षा + म । By 8-2-53 क्षायो मः – A मकार: is the replacement in place of a तकार: of a निष्ठा affix (ref. 1-1-26) which immediately follows the verbal root √क्षै (क्षै क्षये १. १०६१).

“क्षाम” gets प्रातिपदिक-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-2-46 कृत्तद्धितसमासाश्च – A word form that ends in a कृत्-प्रत्ययः or a तद्धित-प्रत्ययः and so also compounds gets the name प्रातिपदिकम्।

(4) क्षाम + टाप् । By 4-1-4 अजाद्यतष्टाप्‌ – The प्रातिपदिकानि “अज” etc. and प्रातिपदिकानि ending in अकारः get the टाप् affix in the feminine gender.

(5) क्षाम + आ । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-7 चुटू, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

(6) क्षामा । By 6-1-101 अकः सवर्णे दीर्घः।

The विवक्षा is स्त्रीलिङ्गे, द्वितीया-एकवचनम्।

(7) क्षामा + अम् । By 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टाभ्याम्भिस्ङेभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसिँभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसोसाम्ङ्योस्सुप्। 1-3-4 न विभक्तौ तुस्माः prevents the ending मकार: of “अम्” from getting the इत्-सञ्ज्ञा।

(8) क्षामाम् । By 6-1-107 अमि पूर्वः – In place of a preceding अक् letter and the following vowel (अच्) belonging to the affix “अम्” there is a single substitute of that preceding अक् letter.

Questions:

1. Where has the सूत्रम् 6-4-16 अज्झनगमां सनि been used in the verses?

2. Can you spot the affix ‘क’ in the verses?

3. Can you spot the affix ‘क’ in the commentary?

4. Which कृत्य-प्रत्यय: has been used in the commentary?

5. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“Śrī Hanumān saw Sītā who had grown weak on account of grief.” As in the verse, use तृतीया विभक्ति: to express the meaning of ‘on account of.’

6. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“The study of grammar was never neglected by me.” Use a प्रातिपदिकम् from the commentary for ‘to be neglected.’

Easy questions:

1. Can you spot the augment ‘अट्’ in the verses?

2. Which सूत्रम् is used for the ह्रस्वादेश: (short substitute in the place of a long vowel) in the form मानवि?