Today we will look at the form जगाद 3As-लिँट् from श्रीमद्भागवतम् 10.85.20

सूतीगृहे ननु जगाद भवानजो नौ सञ्जज्ञ इत्यनुयुगं निजधर्मगुप्त्यै ।
नानातनूर्गगनवद्विदधज्जहासि को वेद भूम्न उरुगाय विभूतिमायाम् ।। १०-८५-२० ।।

Gita Press translation “O Lord, in the lying-in-chamber You said that, though unborn, You had, as a matter of fact, been manifesting Yourself through us in different pairs each time for defending Your own laws. Like the sky, You assume diverse forms and cast them off, even though You are one and infinite. Who can know the secret of Your wonderful potency – Yogamāyā? All people extensively sing Your glories.”

जगाद is derived from the धातुः √गद् (गदँ व्यक्तायां वाचि १. ५४)

In the धातु-पाठः, the √गद्-धातुः has one इत् letter which is the अकार: following the दकार:। This इत् letter has उदात्त-स्वरः। Hence, the √गद्-धातुः is devoid of any indications for bringing in आत्मनेपद-प्रत्ययाः। Therefore, as per 1-3-78 शेषात् कर्तरि परस्मैपदम्, the √गद्-धातुः, in कर्तरि प्रयोगः, will take the परस्मैपद-प्रत्ययाः by default. As per 1-4-99 लः परस्मैपदम्, 1-4-100 तङानावात्मनेपदम्, the nine प्रत्यया: from “तिप्” to “मस्” get the परस्मैपद-सञ्ज्ञा। So √गद्-धातुः can take only one of these nine प्रत्यया: in कर्तरि प्रयोगः।

The विवक्षा is लिँट्, कर्तरि प्रयोग:, प्रथम-पुरुषः, एकवचनम्, hence the प्रत्ययः is तिप्।

(1) गद् + लिँट् । By 3-2-115 परोक्षे लिँट् , the affix लिँट् (Perfect Tense) comes after a verbal root in the sense of the past not of today, provided that the action is unperceived by the narrator.

(2) गद् + ल् । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत्, 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

(3) गद् + तिप् । 3-4-78 तिप्तस्झिसिप्थस्थमिब्वस्मस्तातांझथासाथांध्वमिड्वहिमहिङ् mandates the प्रत्ययः “तिप्” as the substitute for the लकारः। By 3-4-115 लिट् च, a तिङ्-प्रत्यय: which comes in place of लिँट् gets the आर्धधातुक-सञ्ज्ञा। Therefore “तिप्” gets the आर्धधातुक-सञ्ज्ञा।

(4) गद् + णल् । By 3-4-82 परस्मैपदानां णलतुसुस्थलथुसणल्वमाः, when they come in place of लिँट्, the nine परस्मैपद-प्रत्यया: – “तिप्”, “तस्”, “झि”, “सिप्”, “थस्”, “थ”, “मिप्”, “वस्” and “मस्” – are substituted by “णल्”, “अतुस्”, “उस्”, “थल्”, “अथुस्”, “अ”, “णल्”, “व” and “म” respectively.

(5) गद् + अ । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-7 चुटू, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

(6) गद् गद् + अ । By 6-1-8 लिटि धातोरनभ्यासस्य , when लिँट् follows a verbal root, there is reduplication of the first portion – containing a single vowel – of the verbal root which is not already reduplicated. But if the verbal root (that has more than one vowel) begins with a vowel, then the reduplication is of the second portion – containing a single vowel.

(7) ग गद् + अ । By 7-4-60 हलादिः शेषः, of the consonants of a reduplicate (अभ्यासः – ref. 6-1-4 पूर्वोऽभ्यासः), only the one (if any) at the beginning is retained, the rest are elided.

(8) ज गद् + अ । By 7-4-62 कुहोश्चुः, in a reduplicate (अभ्यासः – ref. 6-1-4 पूर्वोऽभ्यासः), a letter of the कवर्गः or हकारः is replaced by a letter of the चवर्गः । The substitutions take place as per 1-1-50 स्थानेऽन्तरतमः।

(9) जगाद । By 7-2-116 अत उपधायाः , a penultimate (उपधा) अकार: of a अङ्गम् gets वृद्धिः as the substitute when followed by a प्रत्ययः which is a ञित् or a णित्।

Questions:

1. In the last ten verses of Chapter Nine of the गीता, where has 7-4-62 कुहोश्चुः (used in step 8 of the example) been used?

2. Where else (besides in जगाद) has 7-4-62 कुहोश्चुः been used in the verse?

3. Why is there no “नुँम्”-आगम: (by 7-1-70 उगिदचां सर्वनामस्थानेऽधातोः) in the form विदधत् (प्रातिपदिकम् “विदधत्”, पुंलिङ्गे प्रथमा-एकवचनम्)?

4. Can you spot a “णल्”-प्रत्यय: in the verse?

5. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“Sri Krishna said to Arjuna that ‘You should not lament.'” Use the अव्ययम् “इति” as an end-quote. Take the translation of ‘You should not lament’ directly from Chapter Two of the गीता।

6. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“Pierced by Sri Rama’s arrow, Ravana fell on the ground.” Use the adjective “विद्ध” for “pierced” and (a लिँट् form) of √पत् (पतॢँ गतौ १. ९७९) for “to fall.”

Easy questions:

1. Where has 6-4-134 अल्लोपोऽनः been used in the verse?

2. In the verse, can you spot a word which is a (short) alternate form for आवाम् (प्रातिपदिकम् “अस्मद्”, द्वितीया-द्विवचनम्)?

Today we will look at the form बभूव 3As-लिँट् from श्रीमद्भागवतम् 10.75.39

स व्रीडितोऽवाग्वदनो रुषा ज्वलन्निष्क्रम्य तूष्णीं प्रययौ गजाह्वयम् ।
हाहेति शब्दः सुमहानभूत्सतामजातशत्रुर्विमना इवाभवत् ।
बभूव तूष्णीं भगवान्भुवो भरं समुज्जिहीर्षुर्भ्रमति स्म यद्दृशा ।। १०-७५-३९ ।।

Gita Press translation “Duryodhana was abashed at this discomfiture. Burning with rage, and with his face cast down, he silently left the Hall and immediately departed for Hastināpura. The incident raised a cry of dismay from all good people and Yudhiṣṭhira felt perturbed over it as it were. Bhagavān Śrī Kṛṣṇa, however, kept quiet over the incident, intent as He was upon relieving the burden of the earth. In fact, it was His enchanting look which threw Duryodhana into confusion and brought about the incident.”

बभूव is derived from the धातुः √भू (भू सत्तायाम्, भ्वादि-गणः, धातु-पाठः #१. १)

In the धातु-पाठः, the भू-धातुः has no इत् letters. It is devoid of any indications for bringing in आत्मनेपद-प्रत्यया:। (Neither 1-3-12 अनुदात्तङित आत्मनेपदम् nor 1-3-72 स्वरितञितः कर्त्रभिप्राये क्रियाफले applies.) Therefore, as per 1-3-78 शेषात् कर्तरि परस्मैपदम्, the भू-धातुः, in कर्तरि प्रयोग:, takes the परस्मैपद-प्रत्यया: by default. As per 1-4-99 लः परस्मैपदम्, 1-4-100 तङानावात्मनेपदम्, the nine प्रत्यया: from “तिप्” to “मस्” get the परस्मैपद-सञ्ज्ञा। So भू-धातुः can take only one of these nine प्रत्यया: in कर्तरि प्रयोग:।

The विवक्षा is लिँट्, कर्तरि प्रयोग:, प्रथम-पुरुषः, एकवचनम्, hence the प्रत्ययः is तिप्।

(1) भू + लिँट् । By 3-2-115 परोक्षे लिँट् , the affix लिँट् (Perfect Tense) comes after a verbal root in the sense of the past not of today, provided that the action is unperceived by the narrator.

(2) भू + ल् । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत्, 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

(3) भू + तिप् । 3-4-78 तिप्तस्झिसिप्थस्थमिब्वस्मस्तातांझथासाथांध्वमिड्वहिमहिङ् mandates the प्रत्ययः “तिप्” as the substitute for the लकारः। By 3-4-115 लिट् च, a तिङ्-प्रत्यय: which comes in place of लिँट् gets the आर्धधातुक-सञ्ज्ञा। Therefore “तिप्” gets the आर्धधातुक-सञ्ज्ञा। See easy question 2.

(4) भू + णल् । By 3-4-82 परस्मैपदानां णलतुसुस्थलथुसणल्वमाः, when they come in place of लिँट्, the nine परस्मैपद-प्रत्यया: – “तिप्”, “तस्”, “झि”, “सिप्”, “थस्”, “थ”, “मिप्”, “वस्” and “मस्” – are substituted by “णल्”, “अतुस्”, “उस्”, “थल्”, “अथुस्”, “अ”, “णल्”, “व” and “म” respectively. See question 2.

(5) भू + अ । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-7 चुटू, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

(6) भू वुक् + अ । By 6-4-88 भुवो वुग्लुङ्लिटोः , “भू” gets the augment “वुक्” when a vowel-beginning affix of लुँङ् or लिँट् follows. See question 3.

(7) भू व् + अ । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।
Note: The उकार: in “वुक्” is उच्चारणार्थ: (for pronunciation only.)

(8) भूव् भूव् + अ । By 6-1-8 लिटि धातोरनभ्यासस्य , when लिँट् follows a verbal root, there is reduplication of the first portion – containing a single vowel – of the verbal root which is not already reduplicated. But if the verbal root (that has more than one vowel) begins with a vowel, then the reduplication is of the second portion – containing a single vowel.

(9) भू भूव् + अ । By 7-4-60 हलादिः शेषः, of the consonants of a reduplicate (अभ्यासः – ref. 6-1-4 पूर्वोऽभ्यासः), only the one (if any) at the beginning is retained, the rest are elided.

(10) भु भूव् + अ । By 7-4-59 ह्रस्वः, the अच् (vowel) of a reduplicate (अभ्यासः – ref. 6-1-4 पूर्वोऽभ्यासः) is substituted by a short vowel.

(11) भ भूव् + अ । By 7-4-73 भवतेरः, अकारः is substituted for the उकारः of the अभ्यास: (reduplicate) of the verbal root √भू (भू सत्तायाम् १. १) when लिँट् follows.

(12) बभूव । By 8-4-54 अभ्यासे चर्च, in a reduplicate (अभ्यासः – ref. 6-1-4 पूर्वोऽभ्यासः), a letter of the झल्-प्रत्याहारः is substituted by a letter of the चर्-प्रत्याहारः or जश्-प्रत्याहारः। The substitutions take place as per 1-1-50 स्थानेऽन्तरतमः।

Questions:

1. Where has बभूव been used in the गीता?

2. Why did the “णल्”-आदेश: replace the entire प्रत्यय: “तिप्” in step 4? (Why didn’t 1-1-52 अलोऽन्त्यस्य apply?)

3. Why didn’t 7-2-115 अचो ञ्णिति apply (instead of 6-4-88 भुवो वुग्लुङ्लिटोः) in step 6?

4. Where has √भू (भू सत्तायाम्, भ्वादि-गणः, धातु-पाठः #१. १) been used with the लँङ्-प्रत्यय: in the verse?

5. Consider the form भ्रमति used in the verse. The विवक्षा is लँट्, कर्तरि प्रयोग:, प्रथम-पुरुषः, एकवचनम्। What would be an alternate form?

6. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“There was a king by name Dasaratha.” Use the अव्ययम् “नाम” for “by name.”

Easy questions:

1. In the verse, can you spot a word in which the सूत्रम् 6-4-77 अचि श्नुधातुभ्रुवां य्वोरियङुवङौ has been used?

2. Why didn’t 3-1-68 कर्तरि शप्‌ apply after step 3 of the example? (Which condition was not satisfied?)

Today we will look at the form प्राज्वालयत् 3As-लँङ् from श्रीमद्भागवतम् Sb10.70.39

जीवस्य यः संसरतो विमोक्षणं न जानतोऽनर्थवहाच्छरीरतः ।
लीलावतारैः स्वयशः प्रदीपकं प्राज्वालयत्त्वा तमहं प्रपद्ये ।। १०-७०-३९ ।।

Gita Press translation “(Tied down to the body) the soul moves on the whirling of birth and death and knows not the way to deliverance from this sheath, the source of (all) evil. Descending on earth in so many Forms by way of sport, You kindle the lamp of Your glory (with the help of which he may free himself from the bondage of the body). Lord, I resort to You for protection.”

प्राज्वालयत् is a causative form derived from the धातुः √ज्वल् (ज्वलँ दीप्तौ १. ९६५)

The ending अकार: of this धातुः is an इत् as per 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत् and takes लोप: by 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

ज्वल् + णिच् । By 3-1-26 हेतुमति च – The affix “णिच्” is used after a root, when the operation of a causer – such as the operation of directing – is to be expressed. “णिच्” gets आर्धधातुक-सञ्ज्ञा by 3-4-114 आर्धधातुकं शेषः।
= ज्वल् + इ । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-7 चुटू, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।
= ज्वाल् + इ । By 7-2-116 अत उपधायाः, a penultimate (उपधा) अकार: of a अङ्गम् gets वृद्धिः as the substitute when followed by a प्रत्ययः which is a ञित् or a णित्।
= ज्वालि । See question 2.

“ज्वालि” gets the धातु-सञ्ज्ञा by 3-1-32 सनाद्यन्ता धातवः।

As per 1-3-74 णिचश्च, the verbal roots that end in the णिच्-प्रत्ययः shall take आत्मनेपद-प्रत्ययाः when the fruit of the action (क्रियाफलम्) accrues to the doer (कर्त्रभिप्रायम् = कर्तृ-अभिप्रायम्)। In the remaining case – when the fruit of the action does not accrue to the doer these verbal roots shall take परस्मैपद-प्रत्ययाः।
In reality though, this distinction of the fruit of the action accruing to the doer or not, is rarely honored in the language. So as a practical matter, a verbal root that ends in the णिच्-प्रत्ययः will take either आत्मनेपद-प्रत्ययाः or परस्मैपद-प्रत्ययाः regardless of whether the fruit of the action accrues to the doer or not. In short, it will be उभयपदी। Here it has taken a परस्मैपद-प्रत्ययः।

The विवक्षा is लँङ्, कर्तरि प्रयोगः (हेतुमति), प्रथम-पुरुषः, एकवचनम्, therefore the प्रत्यय: will be “तिप्”।

(1) ज्वालि + लँङ् । By 3-2-111 अनद्यतने लङ्, the affix लँङ् follows a धातुः when used in the sense of past not of today.

(2) ज्वालि + ल् । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत्, 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

(3) ज्वालि + तिप् । 3-4-78 तिप्तस्झिसिप्थस्थमिब्वस्मस्तातांझथासाथांध्वमिड्वहिमहिङ् mandates the प्रत्ययः “तिप्” as the substitute for the लकारः। “तिप्” gets the सार्वधातुक-सञ्ज्ञा by 3-4-113 तिङ्शित्सार्वधातुकम्।

(4) ज्वालि + ति । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

(5) ज्वालि + त् । By 3-4-100 इतश्‍च, the ending इकारः of a परस्मैपद-प्रत्ययः which came in the place of a ङित्-लकारः is elided.

(6) ज्वालि + शप् + त् । By 3-1-68 कर्तरि शप्‌, the शप्-प्रत्यय: is placed after a verbal root, when followed by a सार्वधातुक-प्रत्यय: that is used signifying the agent.

(7) ज्वालि + अ + त् । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-8 लशक्वतद्धिते , 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

(8) ज्वाले + अ + त् । By 7-3-84 सार्वधातुकार्धधातुकयोः, an अङ्गम् whose final letter is an इक् gets गुण-आदेशः, when a सार्वधातुक-प्रत्यय: or an आर्धधातुक-प्रत्यय: follows.

(9) ज्वालयत् । By 6-1-78 एचोऽयवायावः।

(10) अट् ज्वालयत् । By 6-4-71 लुङ्लङ्लृङ्क्ष्वडुदात्तः – When followed by लुँङ्, लँङ् or लृँङ्, an अङ्गम् gets the अट्-आगमः which is उदात्तः। 1-1-46 आद्यन्तौ टकितौ places the “अट्”-आगमः at the beginning of the अङ्गम् ।

(11) अज्वालयत् । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम् and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

“प्र” is the उपसर्गः (ref. 1-4-59 उपसर्गाः क्रियायोगे।)
प्र + अज्वालयत् = प्राज्वालयत् । 6-1-101 अकः सवर्णे दीर्घः।

Questions:

1. In the last verse of which chapter of the गीता has 3-4-100 इतश्‍च as well as 6-4-71 लुङ्लङ्लृङ्क्ष्वडुदात्तः been used in a word (as in this example)?

2. Should the सूत्रम् 6-4-92 मितां ह्रस्वः have applied in this example?

3. Can you spot a श्यन्-प्रत्यय: in the verse?

4. Where has 8-1-23 त्वामौ द्वितीयायाः been used in the verse?

5. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“How did you arrive at this deplorable state?” Use the adjective प्रातिपदिकम् “शोचनीय” (feminine “शोचनीया”) for “deplorable” and use the feminine प्रातिपदिकम् “अवस्था” for “state.” Use a धातु:/उपसर्ग: combination from the verse for “to arrive at.” Use the अव्ययम् “कथम्” for “how.”

6. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“In the evening, we should light a lamp in our house.” Use the अव्ययम् “सायम्” for “in the evening.”

Easy questions:

1. Please do पदच्छेद: of जानतोऽनर्थवहाच्छरीरतः and mention the relevant rules.

2. Where has 7-1-23 स्वमोर्नपुंसकात्‌ been used in the verse?

Today we will look at the form अनाशयन् 3Ap-लँङ् from श्रीमद्भागवतम् 4.5.15

रुरुजुर्यज्ञपात्राणि तथैकेऽग्नीननाशयन् ।
कुण्डेष्वमूत्रयन्केचिद्बिभिदुर्वेदिमेखलाः ।। ४-५-१५ ।।

Gita Press translation “Some smashed the sacrificial vessels and extinguished the sacred fires, while others urinated in the sacrificial pits and snapped the cotton threads marking the boundaries of the sacrificial dais (in the north).”

अनाशयन् is a causative form derived from the धातुः √नश् (णशँ अदर्शने ४. ९१)

The धातुः “णशँ” is णोपदेशः, since it has an initial णकारः in the धातु-पाठः। By 6-1-65 णो नः, there is the substitution of नकारः in the place of the initial णकारः of a धातुः। So, now we have “नशँ”। The अकारः at the end gets इत्-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत् and takes लोप: by 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

नश् + णिच् । By 3-1-26 हेतुमति च – The affix “णिच्” is used after a root, when the operation of a causer – such as the operation of directing – is to be expressed. “णिच्” gets आर्धधातुक-सञ्ज्ञा by 3-4-114 आर्धधातुकं शेषः।
= नश् + इ । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-7 चुटू, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।
= नाश् + इ । By 7-2-116 अत उपधायाः , a penultimate (उपधा) अकार: of a अङ्गम् gets वृद्धिः as the substitute when followed by a प्रत्ययः which is a ञित् or a णित्।
= नाशि ।

“नाशि” gets धातु-सञ्ज्ञा by 3-1-32 सनाद्यन्ता धातवः।

As per 1-3-74 णिचश्च, the verbal roots that end in the णिच्-प्रत्ययः shall take आत्मनेपद-प्रत्ययाः when the fruit of the action (क्रियाफलम्) accrues to the doer (कर्त्रभिप्रायम् = कर्तृ-अभिप्रायम्)। In the remaining case – when the fruit of the action does not accrue to the doer these verbal roots shall take परस्मैपद-प्रत्ययाः।
In reality though, this distinction of the fruit of the action accruing to the doer or not, is rarely honored in the language. So as a practical matter, a verbal root that ends in the णिच्-प्रत्ययः will take either आत्मनेपद-प्रत्ययाः or परस्मैपद-प्रत्ययाः regardless of whether the fruit of the action accrues to the doer or not. In short, it will be उभयपदी। Here it has taken a परस्मैपद-प्रत्ययः।

The विवक्षा is लँङ्, कर्तरि प्रयोगः (हेतुमति), प्रथम-पुरुषः, बहुवचनम्, therefore the प्रत्यय: will be “झि”।

(1) नाशि + लँङ् । By 3-2-111 अनद्यतने लङ्, the affix लँङ् follows a धातुः when used in the sense of past not of today.

(2) नाशि + ल् । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत्, 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

(3) नाशि + झि । 3-4-78 तिप्तस्झिसिप्थस्थमिब्वस्मस्तातांझथासाथांध्वमिड्वहिमहिङ् mandates the प्रत्ययः “झि” as the substitute for the लकारः। “झि” gets the सार्वधातुक-सञ्ज्ञा by 3-4-113 तिङ्शित्सार्वधातुकम्।

(4) नाशि + झ् । By 3-4-100 इतश्‍च, the ending इकारः of a परस्मैपद-प्रत्ययः which came in the place of a ङित्-लकारः is elided.

(5) नाशि + शप् + झ् । By 3-1-68 कर्तरि शप्‌, the शप्-प्रत्यय: is placed after a verbal root, when followed by a सार्वधातुक-प्रत्यय: that is used signifying the agent.

(6) नाशि + अ + झ् । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-8 लशक्वतद्धिते , 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

(7) नाशे + अ + झ् । By 7-3-84 सार्वधातुकार्धधातुकयोः, an अङ्गम् whose final letter is an इक् gets गुण-आदेशः, when a सार्वधातुक-प्रत्यय: or an आर्धधातुक-प्रत्यय: follows.

(8) नाशे + अ + अन्त् । By 7-1-3 झोऽन्तः, “अन्त्” comes in as a replacement for the झकारः of a प्रत्यय:।

(9) नाशय + अन्त् । By 6-1-78 एचोऽयवायावः।

(10) नाशयन्त् । एकादेश: by 6-1-97 अतो गुणे।

(11) अट् नाशयन्त् । By 6-4-71 लुङ्लङ्लृङ्क्ष्वडुदात्तः – When followed by लुँङ्, लँङ् or लृँङ्, an अङ्गम् gets the “अट्”-आगमः which is उदात्तः। 1-1-46 आद्यन्तौ टकितौ places the आट्-आगमः at the beginning of the अङ्गम् ।

(12) अनाशयन्त् । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम् and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

(13) अनाशयन् । By 8-2-23 संयोगान्तस्य लोपः।

Questions:

1. As in this example, where in the गीता has the णिच्-प्रत्यय: been used in a तिङन्तं पदम् with √नश् (णशँ अदर्शने ४. ९१)?

2. In the verse, where else (besides in अनाशयन्) has the णिच्-प्रत्यय: been used in a तिङन्तं पदम्?

3. Can you recall another (besides 6-4-71 लुङ्लङ्लृङ्क्ष्वडुदात्तः) सूत्रम् (which we have studied) which prescribes a “अट्”-आगम:?

4. Can you spot a “शी”-आदेश: in the verse?

5. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“A man who urinates while standing is ignoble.” Use the adjective प्रातिपदिकम् “तिष्ठत्” (ending in the शतृँ-प्रत्यय:) for “while standing” and use the adjective (compound) प्रातिपदिकम् “अनार्य” for “ignoble.” Use a धातु: from the verse for “to urinate.” Use the appropriate forms of the pronouns “यद्”/”तद्”।

6. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“This explanation should remove (destroy) your doubts.” Use the neuter प्रातिपदिकम् “विवरण” for “explanation” and the masculine प्रातिपदिकम् “संशय” for “doubt.” Use (in the causative) the same verbal root as used in this example for “to destroy.”

Easy questions:

1. By which सूत्रम् does पाणिनि: define the उपधा-सञ्ज्ञा (used in 7-2-116 अत उपधायाः)?

2. Can you recall a नियम-सूत्रम् (a rule which limits the application) of 8-2-23 संयोगान्तस्य लोपः?

Today we will look at the form त्वरयन्ति 3Ap-लँट् from श्रीमद्भागवतम् 10.39.27

अनार्द्रधीरेष समास्थितो रथं तमन्वमी च त्वरयन्ति दुर्मदाः ।
गोपा अनोभिः स्थविरैरुपेक्षितं दैवं च नोऽद्य प्रतिकूलमीहते ।। १०-३९-२७ ।।

Gita Press translation “Śrī Kṛṣṇa (whose mind is altogether devoid of the moisture of love) is (already) comfortably seated in the chariot and, following Him, these arrogant Gopas in their bullock-carts are urging Akrūra to make haste. (On top of it) the aged ones have grown indifferent (do not interfere). And fate too is working against us today!””

त्वरयन्ति is a causative form derived from the धातुः √त्वर् (ञित्वराँ सम्भ्रमे १. ८८४)

The “ञि” at the beginning of this धातुः gets इत्-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-3-5 आदिर्ञिटुडवः। The आकारः at the end gets इत्-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत्। Both take लोप: by 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

त्वर् + णिच् । By 3-1-26 हेतुमति च – The affix “णिच्” is used after a root, when the operation of a causer – such as the operation of directing – is to be expressed. “णिच्” gets आर्धधातुक-सञ्ज्ञा by 3-4-114 आर्धधातुकं शेषः।
= त्वर् + इ । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-7 चुटू, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।
= त्वार् + इ । By 7-2-116 अत उपधायाः , a penultimate (उपधा) अकार: of a अङ्गम् gets वृद्धिः as the substitute when followed by a प्रत्ययः which is a ञित् or a णित्।
= त्वरि । By 6-4-92 मितां ह्रस्वः, a short vowel (ह्रस्व:) is substituted in place of the penultimate letter (vowel) of a verbal root which is मित् (has मकार: as an इत्) and is followed by the causative affix “णि”। Note: Any verbal root belonging to one of the following two special sections of the धातु-पाठ: is considered as a मित् (having मकार: as an इत्)।
1. Beginning with √घट् (घटँ चेष्टायाम् १. ८६७) and ending with √फण् (फणँ गतौ १. ९५५)
2. Beginning with √ज्ञप् (ज्ञपँ ज्ञानज्ञापनमारणतोषणनिशाननिशामनेषु १०. ११८) and ending with √चि (चिञ् चयने १०. १२४).
√त्वर् (ञित्वराँ सम्भ्रमे १. ८८४) belongs to the first group.

“त्वरि” gets धातु-सञ्ज्ञा by 3-1-32 सनाद्यन्ता धातवः।

As per 1-3-74 णिचश्च, the verbal roots that end in the णिच्-प्रत्ययः shall take आत्मनेपद-प्रत्ययाः when the fruit of the action (क्रियाफलम्) accrues to the doer (कर्त्रभिप्रायम् = कर्तृ-अभिप्रायम्)। In the remaining case – when the fruit of the action does not accrue to the doer these verbal roots shall take परस्मैपद-प्रत्ययाः।
In reality though, this distinction of the fruit of the action accruing to the doer or not, is rarely honored in the language. So as a practical matter, a verbal root that ends in the णिच्-प्रत्ययः will take either आत्मनेपद-प्रत्ययाः or परस्मैपद-प्रत्ययाः regardless of whether the fruit of the action accrues to the doer or not. In short, it will be उभयपदी। Here it has taken a परस्मैपद-प्रत्ययः।

The विवक्षा is लँट्, कर्तरि प्रयोगः (हेतुमति), प्रथम-पुरुषः, बहुवचनम्, therefore the प्रत्यय: will be “झि”।

(1) त्वरि + लँट् । By 3-2-123 वर्तमाने लट्, the affix लँट् comes after a धातुः when denoting an action in the present tense.

(2) त्वरि + ल् । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत्, 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

(3) त्वरि + झि । 3-4-78 तिप्तस्झिसिप्थस्थमिब्वस्मस्तातांझथासाथांध्वमिड्वहिमहिङ् mandates the प्रत्ययः “झि” as the substitute for the लकारः। “झि” gets the सार्वधातुक-सञ्ज्ञा by 3-4-113 तिङ्शित्सार्वधातुकम्।

(4) त्वरि + शप् + झि । By 3-1-68 कर्तरि शप्‌, the शप्-प्रत्यय: is placed after a verbal root, when followed by a सार्वधातुक-प्रत्यय: that is used signifying the agent.

(5) त्वरि + अ + झि । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-8 लशक्वतद्धिते , 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

(6) त्वरे + अ + झि । By 7-3-84 सार्वधातुकार्धधातुकयोः, an अङ्गम् whose final letter is an इक् gets गुण-आदेशः, when a सार्वधातुक-प्रत्यय: or an आर्धधातुक-प्रत्यय: follows.

(7) त्वरे + अ + अन्ति । By 7-1-3 झोऽन्तः, “अन्त्” comes in as a replacement for the झकारः of a प्रत्यय:।

(8) त्वरय + अन्ति । By 6-1-78 एचोऽयवायावः।

(9) त्वरयन्ति । एकादेश: by 6-1-97 अतो गुणे।

Questions:

1. In the first ten verses of Chapter Fifteen of the गीता, can you spot a तिङन्तं पदम् in which the णिच्-प्रत्यय: has been used?

2. Where else (besides in त्वरयन्ति) has the शप्-प्रत्यय: been used in the verse?

3. Where has 8-2-81 एत ईद्बहुवचने been used in the verse?

4. Can you spot a सकारान्त-प्रातिपदिकम् (a प्रातिपदिकम् ending in “स्”) in the verse?

5. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“Why do you make me rush?” Use the अव्ययम् “कस्मात्” for “why” and √त्वर् (ञित्वराँ सम्भ्रमे १. ८८४) in the causative for “to make rush.”

6. Use some words from the verse to construct the following sentence in Sanskrit:
“Even though fate is working against me today, still I’m not worried.” Use the combination of indeclinables यदि + अपि = यद्यपि for “even though” and तथा + अपि = तथापि for “still.” Use the adjective (compound) प्रातिपदिकम् “चिन्ताकुल” for “worried.”

Easy questions:

1. Which word used in the verse is a short (alternate) form for अस्माकम् (षष्ठी-बहुवचनम् of the प्रातिपदिकम् “अस्मद्”)?

2. Why did 6-1-101 अकः सवर्णे दीर्घः not apply between गोपा अनोभिः?

Today we will look at the form स्मारयन्ति 3Ap-लँट् from श्रीमद्भागवतम् 10.47.50

पुनः पुनः स्मारयन्ति नन्दगोपसुतं बत ।
श्रीनिकेतैस्तत्पदकैर्विस्मर्तुं नैव शक्नुमः ।। १०-४७-५० ।।

Gita Press translation “(They) Awaken again and again the memory of Śrī Kṛṣṇa (the Son of Nanda, the cowherd chief) through His footprints, the abodes of (all) charm and prosperity. Surely we cannot (therefore) forget Him.”

स्मारयन्ति is a causative form derived from the धातुः √स्मृ (स्मृ चिन्तायाम् १. १०८२)

This धातुः is devoid of any इत् letters.

स्मृ + णिच् । By 3-1-26 हेतुमति च – The affix “णिच्” is used after a root, when the operation of a causer – such as the operation of directing – is to be expressed. “णिच्” gets आर्धधातुक-सञ्ज्ञा by 3-4-114 आर्धधातुकं शेषः।
= स्मृ + इ । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-7 चुटू, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।
= स्मार् + इ । By 7-2-115 अचो ञ्णिति , a vowel ending अङ्गम् gets a वृद्धिः substitute, when followed by a प्रत्ययः that has ञकारः or a णकारः as an indicatory letter. By 1-1-51 उरण् रँपरः , in the place of ऋवर्ण: if an अण् letter (“अ”, “इ”, “उ”) comes as a substitute, it is always followed by a रँ (“र्”, “ल्”) letter.
= स्मारि ।

“स्मारि” gets धातु-सञ्ज्ञा by 3-1-32 सनाद्यन्ता धातवः।

As per 1-3-74 णिचश्च, the verbal roots that end in the णिच्-प्रत्ययः shall take आत्मनेपद-प्रत्ययाः when the fruit of the action (क्रियाफलम्) accrues to the doer (कर्त्रभिप्रायम् = कर्तृ-अभिप्रायम्)। In the remaining case – when the fruit of the action does not accrue to the doer these verbal roots shall take परस्मैपद-प्रत्ययाः।
In reality though, this distinction of the fruit of the action accruing to the doer or not, is rarely honored in the language. So as a practical matter, a verbal root that ends in the णिच्-प्रत्ययः will take either आत्मनेपद-प्रत्ययाः or परस्मैपद-प्रत्ययाः regardless of whether the fruit of the action accrues to the doer or not. In short, it will be उभयपदी। Here it has taken a परस्मैपद-प्रत्ययः।

The विवक्षा is लँट्, कर्तरि प्रयोगः (हेतुमति), प्रथम-पुरुषः, बहुवचनम्, therefore the प्रत्यय: will be “झि”।

(1) स्मारि + लँट् । By 3-2-123 वर्तमाने लट्, the affix लँट् comes after a धातुः when denoting an action in the present tense.

(2) स्मारि + ल् । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत्, 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

(3) स्मारि + झि । 3-4-78 तिप्तस्झिसिप्थस्थमिब्वस्मस्तातांझथासाथांध्वमिड्वहिमहिङ् mandates the प्रत्ययः “झि” as the substitute for the लकारः। “झि” gets the सार्वधातुक-सञ्ज्ञा by 3-4-113 तिङ्शित्सार्वधातुकम्।

(4) स्मारि + शप् + झि । By 3-1-68 कर्तरि शप्‌, the शप्-प्रत्यय: is placed after a verbal root, when followed by a सार्वधातुक-प्रत्यय: that is used signifying the agent.

(5) स्मारि + अ + झि । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-8 लशक्वतद्धिते , 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

(6) स्मारे + अ + झि । By 7-3-84 सार्वधातुकार्धधातुकयोः, an अङ्गम् whose final letter is an इक् gets गुण-आदेशः, when a सार्वधातुक-प्रत्यय: or an आर्धधातुक-प्रत्यय: follows.

(7) स्मारे + अ + अन्ति । By 7-1-3 झोऽन्तः, “अन्त्” comes in as a replacement for the झकारः of a प्रत्यय:।

(8) स्मारय + अन्ति । By 6-1-78 एचोऽयवायावः।

(9) स्मारयन्ति । एकादेश: by 6-1-97 अतो गुणे।

Questions:

1. In the first ten verses of Chapter Nine of the गीता where has the णिच्-प्रत्यय: been used in a तिङन्तं पदम् after a ऋकारान्त-धातु: (as in this example)?

2. The term “हेतु” used in the सूत्रम् 3-1-26 हेतुमति च is a technical term. By which सूत्रम् does पाणिनि: define this term?

3. Can you recall a सूत्रम् (which we have studied) which prescribes a लोप: (elision) of the “णि”-प्रत्यय:? Why didn’t that सूत्रम् apply in this example after step 5? (Which condition was not satisfied?)

4. Can you spot a “श्नु”-प्रत्यय: in the verse?

5. Use some words from the verse to construct the following sentence in Sanskrit.
“Surely, we cannot forget the words of our teacher.” Use the neuter प्रातिपदिकम् “वचस्” for “word.”

6. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“The अष्टाध्यायी brings to mind the greatness of पाणिनि:।” Use √स्मृ (स्मृ चिन्तायाम् १. १०८२) in the causative for “to bring to mind” (“to cause to remember”) and use the neuter प्रातिपदिकम् “माहात्म्य” for greatness.

Easy questions:

1. Which सूत्रम् is used for न + एव = नैव?

2. Can you spot a word in the verse which has the अव्यय-सञ्ज्ञा by the सूत्रम् 1-1-39 कृन्मेजन्तः?

Today we will look at the form आरोपयत् 3As-लँङ् from श्रीमद्भागवतम् Sb4.23.21

देहं विपन्नाखिलचेतनादिकं पत्युः पृथिव्या दयितस्य चात्मनः ।
आलक्ष्य किञ्चिच्च विलप्य सा सती चितामथारोपयदद्रिसानुनि ।। ४-२३-२१ ।।

Gita Press translation “Finding the body of the sovereign of the entire globe and her own beloved lord bereft of consciousness and all other signs (of life), that virtuous lady wept for a while and then placed it on a pyre on the ridge of the hill.”

अरोपयत् is s causative form derived from the धातुः √रुह् (रुहँ बीजजन्मनि प्रादुर्भावे च १. ९९५)

The ending अकार: of this धातुः is an इत् as per 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत् and takes लोप: by 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

रुह् + णिच् । By 3-1-26 हेतुमति च – The affix “णिच्” is used after a root, when the operation of a causer – such as the operation of directing – is to be expressed. “णिच्” gets आर्धधातुक-सञ्ज्ञा by 3-4-114 आर्धधातुकं शेषः।
= रुप् + णिच् । By 7-3-43 रुहः पोऽन्यतरस्याम्, the ending letter (as per 1-1-52 अलोऽन्त्यस्य) of the verbal root √रुह् (रुहँ बीजजन्मनि प्रादुर्भावे च १. ९९५) takes the पकारादेश: optionally when the “णि”-प्रत्यय: follows.
= रुप् + इ । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-7 चुटू, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।
= रोप् + इ । By 7-3-86 पुगन्‍तलघूपधस्‍य च, when a अङ्गम् is followed by a सार्वधातुक-प्रत्ययः or an आर्धधातुक-प्रत्ययः, then its इक्-letter takes गुण-आदेशः in the following two cases: i) The अङ्गम् ends in a पुक्-आगमः
or ii) The penultimate letter of the अङ्गम् has the लघु-सञ्ज्ञा।
= रोपि ।

“रोपि” gets the धातु-सञ्ज्ञा by 3-1-32 सनाद्यन्ता धातवः।

By 1-3-87 निगरणचलनार्थेभ्यः, when used in the causative, a verbal root which has the sense of “eating or swallowing” or “shaking or moving” takes a परस्मैपद-प्रत्ययः। Since √रुह् is used in the meaning of “ascending” (which is kind of movement), a परस्मैपद-प्रत्ययः is used here.

The विवक्षा is लँङ्, कर्तरि प्रयोगः (हेतुमति), प्रथम-पुरुषः, एकवचनम्, therefore the प्रत्यय: will be “तिप्”।

(1) रोपि + लँङ् । By 3-2-111 अनद्यतने लङ्, the affix लँङ् follows a धातुः when used in the sense of past not of today.

(2) रोपि + ल् । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत्, 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

(3) रोपि + तिप् । 3-4-78 तिप्तस्झिसिप्थस्थमिब्वस्मस्तातांझथासाथांध्वमिड्वहिमहिङ् mandates the प्रत्ययः “तिप्” as the substitute for the लकारः। “तिप्” gets the सार्वधातुक-सञ्ज्ञा by 3-4-113 तिङ्शित्सार्वधातुकम्।

(4) रोपि + ति । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

(5) रोपि + त् । By 3-4-100 इतश्‍च, the ending इकारः of a परस्मैपद-प्रत्ययः which came in the place of a ङित्-लकारः is elided.

(6) रोपि + शप् + त् । By 3-1-68 कर्तरि शप्‌, the शप्-प्रत्यय: is placed after a verbal root, when followed by a सार्वधातुक-प्रत्यय: that is used signifying the agent.

(7) रोपि + अ + त् । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-8 लशक्वतद्धिते , 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

(8) रोपे + अ + त् । By 7-3-84 सार्वधातुकार्धधातुकयोः, an अङ्गम् whose final letter is an इक् gets गुण-आदेशः, when a सार्वधातुक-प्रत्यय: or an आर्धधातुक-प्रत्यय: follows.

(9) रोपयत् । By 6-1-78 एचोऽयवायावः।

(10) अट् रोपयत् । By 6-4-71 लुङ्लङ्लृङ्क्ष्वडुदात्तः – When followed by लुँङ्, लँङ् or लृँङ्, an अङ्गम् gets the अट्-आगमः which is उदात्तः। 1-1-46 आद्यन्तौ टकितौ places the आट्-आगमः at the beginning of the अङ्गम् ।

(11) अरोपयत् । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम् and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

“आङ्” is the उपसर्गः (ref. 1-4-59 उपसर्गाः क्रियायोगे।)
आङ् + अरोपयत्
= आ + अरोपयत् । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम् and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।
= आरोपयत् । 6-1-101 अकः सवर्णे दीर्घः।

Questions:

1. In the last fifteen verses of Chapter Eleven of the गीता, can you find a तिङन्तं पदम् wherein the णिच्-प्रत्यय: has been used and the लकार: is लोँट्?

2. What would be the other optional final form in this example?

3. Where has 6-1-112 ख्यत्यात्‌ परस्य been used in the verse?

4. Can you spot a “नुँम्”-आगम: in the verse?

5. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“Seat the boy on the horse’s back.” Paraphrase this to “Make the boy climb on the horse’s back.” Use the neuter प्रातिपदिकम् “पृष्ठ” for “back” and use √रुह् (रुहँ बीजजन्मनि प्रादुर्भावे च १. ९९५) in the causative with the उपसर्ग: “आङ्” for “to seat (make climb.)”

6. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“Climb on my shoulder.” Paraphrase this to passive “Let my shoulder be climbed on.” Use the masculine प्रातिपदिकम् “स्कन्ध” for “shoulder” and use (in the passive) √रुह् (रुहँ बीजजन्मनि प्रादुर्भावे च १. ९९५) with the उपसर्ग: “आङ्” for “to climb on.”

Easy questions:

1. Can you spot a “आट्”-आगम: in the verse?

2. Where has 6-4-137 न संयोगाद्वमन्तात्‌ been used in the verse?

Today we will look at the form अध्यापयत् 3As-लँङ् from श्रीमद्भागवतम् Sb12.6.45

पुत्रानध्यापयत्तांस्तु ब्रह्मर्षीन्ब्रह्मकोविदान् ।
ते तु धर्मोपदेष्टारः स्वपुत्रेभ्यः समादिशन् ।। १२-६-४५ ।।

Gita Press translation “He then taught them to his (mind-born) sons (Marīci and others), who were (all) Brāhmaṇa sages and (accordingly) expert in reciting the Vedas (with proper intonation etc.). The latter in turn proved to be the promulgators of righteousness and taught the Vedas to their sons (Kaśyapa and others).”

अध्यापयत् is derived from the causative form of the verbal root √इ (इङ् अध्ययने – नित्यमधिपूर्वः २. ४१)

The ending ङकार: of “इङ्” is an इत् as per 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम् and takes लोप: by 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः। Note: This धातु: is always preceded by the उपसर्ग: “अधि”।

अधि इ + णिच् । By 3-1-26 हेतुमति च – The affix “णिच्” is used after a root, when the operation of a causer – such as the operation of directing – is to be expressed. “णिच्” gets आर्धधातुक-सञ्ज्ञा by 3-4-114 आर्धधातुकं शेषः।
= अधि इ + इ । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-7 चुटू, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।
= अधि ऐ + इ । 7-2-115 अचो ञ्णिति, a vowel ending अङ्गम् gets a वृद्धिः substitute, when followed by a प्रत्ययः that has ञकारः or a णकारः as an indicatory letter.
= अधि आ + इ । By 6-1-48 क्रीङ्जीनां णौ, when the “णि”-प्रत्यय: follows, there is a substitution of आकार: in the place of the एच् letter of the following verbal roots – (डुक्रीञ् द्रव्यविनिमये ९. १) ‘to buy’, (इङ् अध्ययने – नित्यमधिपूर्वः २. ४१) ‘to study’ and (जि जये १. ६४२) ‘to conquer.’
= अधि आ पुक् + इ । By 7-3-36 अर्त्तिह्रीव्लीरीक्नूयीक्ष्माय्यातां पुङ्णौ, the augment पुक् is added to the roots √ऋ (ऋ गतिप्रापणयोः १. १०८६, ऋ गतौ ३. १७), √ह्री (ह्री लज्जायाम् ३. ३), √व्ली (व्ली वरणे ९. ३७), √री (रीङ् श्रवणे ४. ३३, री गतिरेषणयोः ९. ३५), √क्नूय् (क्नूयीँ शब्द उन्दने च १. ५५८), √क्ष्माय् (क्ष्मायीँ विधूनने १. ५५९) and to a root ending in a आकार: when the causative affix “णि” follows. As per 1-1-46 आद्यन्तौ टकितौ, the “पुक्”-आगम: joins at the end of the अङ्गम् “आ”।
= अधि आप् + इ । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः। Note: The उकार: in “पुक्” is उच्चारणार्थ: (for pronunciation only.)
= अधि आपि

“आपि” gets the धातु-सञ्ज्ञा by 3-1-32 सनाद्यन्ता धातवः।

As per 1-3-74 णिचश्च, the verbal roots that end in the णिच्-प्रत्ययः shall take आत्मनेपद-प्रत्ययाः when the fruit of the action (क्रियाफलम्) accrues to the doer (कर्त्रभिप्रायम् = कर्तृ-अभिप्रायम्)। In the remaining case – when the fruit of the action does not accrue to the doer these verbal roots shall take परस्मैपद-प्रत्ययाः।
In reality though, this distinction of the fruit of the action accruing to the doer or not, is rarely honored in the language. So as a practical matter, a verbal root that ends in the णिच्-प्रत्ययः will take either आत्मनेपद-प्रत्ययाः or परस्मैपद-प्रत्ययाः regardless of whether the fruit of the action accrues to the doer or not. In short, it will be उभयपदी। Here it has taken a परस्मैपद-प्रत्ययः। (See advanced question.)

The विवक्षा is लँङ्, कर्तरि प्रयोगः (हेतुमति), प्रथम-पुरुषः, एकवचनम्, therefore the प्रत्यय: will be “तिप्”।

(1) अधि आपि + लँङ् । By 3-2-111 अनद्यतने लङ्, the affix लँङ् follows a धातुः when used in the sense of past not of today.

(2) अधि आपि + ल् । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत्, 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

(3) अधि आपि + तिप् । 3-4-78 तिप्तस्झिसिप्थस्थमिब्वस्मस्तातांझथासाथांध्वमिड्वहिमहिङ् mandates the प्रत्ययः “तिप्” as the substitute for the लकारः। “तिप्” gets the सार्वधातुक-सञ्ज्ञा by 3-4-113 तिङ्शित्सार्वधातुकम्।

(4) अधि आपि + ति । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

(5) अधि आपि + त् । By 3-4-100 इतश्‍च, the ending इकारः of a परस्मैपद-प्रत्ययः which came in the place of a ङित्-लकारः is elided.

(6) अधि आपि + शप् + त् । By 3-1-68 कर्तरि शप्‌, the शप्-प्रत्यय: is placed after a verbal root, when followed by a सार्वधातुक-प्रत्यय: that is used signifying the agent.

(7) अधि आपि + अ + त् । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-8 लशक्वतद्धिते , 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

(8) अधि आपे + अ + त् । By 7-3-84 सार्वधातुकार्धधातुकयोः, an अङ्गम् whose final letter is an इक् gets गुण-आदेशः, when a सार्वधातुक-प्रत्यय: or an आर्धधातुक-प्रत्यय: follows.

(9) अधि आपयत् । By 6-1-78 एचोऽयवायावः।

(10) अधि आट् आपयत् । By 6-4-72 आडजादीनाम् – When followed by लुँङ्, लँङ् or लृँङ्, an अङ्गम् which begins with an अच् gets आट् as an augment. 1-1-46 आद्यन्तौ टकितौ places the आट्-आगमः at the beginning of the अङ्गम् ।

(11) अधि आ आपयत् । अनुबन्ध-लोपः is done by 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम् and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

(12) अधि आपयत् । By 6-1-90 आटश्च, वृद्धिः letter is a single replacement when आट् is followed by a vowel.

(13) अध्यापयत् । By 6-1-77 इको यणचि।

Questions:

1. Where is the णिच्-प्रत्यय: used in a तिङन्तं पदम् for the first time in Chapter Eighteen of the गीता?

2. The अनुवृत्ति: of “आत्” (आकार: – ref. 1-1-70 तपरस्तत्कालस्य) comes in to the सूत्रम् 6-1-48 क्रीङ्जीनां णौ (used in this example) from a सूत्रम् which we have studied. Which सूत्रम् is it?

3. Can you spot a श-प्रत्यय: in the verse?

4. Where has 6-4-11 अप्तृन्तृच्स्वसृनप्तृनेष्टृत्वष्टृक्षत्तृहोतृपोतृप्रशास्तॄणाम् been used in the verse?

5. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“One should not teach the गीता to one who is devoid of austerity.” Use the adjective (compound) प्रातिपदिकम् “अतपस्क” for “one who is devoid of austerity.” Use द्वितीया विभक्ति: with both “गीता” and “अतपस्क”।

Advanced question:

1. There is actually a specific सूत्रम् (which we have not studied in the class) in the third पाद: of Chapter One of the अष्टाध्यायी, by which पाणिनि: mandates that only a परस्मैपद-प्रत्यय: can be used with a causative form of √इ (इङ् अध्ययने – नित्यमधिपूर्वः २. ४१). Can you try to find this सूत्रम्?

Easy questions:

1. Can you spot a अकारादेश: (letter “अ” used as a substitute) in the verse?

2. Where has 8-3-7 नश्छव्यप्रशान् been used in the verse?

Today we will look at the form अदूषयत् 3As-लँङ् from श्रीमद्भागवतम् Sb10.67.6.

आश्रमानृषिमुख्यानां कृत्वा भग्नवनस्पतीन् ।
अदूषयच्छकृन्मूत्रैरग्नीन्वैतानिकान्खलः ।। १०-६७-६ ।।

Gita Press translation “The villian used to knock down trees in the hermiatages of great sages and profaned their sacrificial fires with his excrement and urine.”

अदूषयत् is a causative form derived from the धातुः √दुष् (दुषँ वैकृत्ये ४. ८२)

The ending अकार: of “दुषँ” is an इत् as per 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत् and takes लोप: by 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

दुष् + णिच् । By 3-1-26 हेतुमति च – The affix “णिच्” is used after a root, when the operation of a causer – such as the operation of directing – is to be expressed. “णिच्” gets आर्धधातुक-सञ्ज्ञा by 3-4-114 आर्धधातुकं शेषः।
= दुष् + इ । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-7 चुटू, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।
= दोष् + इ । By 7-3-86 पुगन्‍तलघूपधस्‍य च, when a अङ्गम् is followed by a सार्वधातुक-प्रत्ययः or an आर्धधातुक-प्रत्ययः, then its इक्-letter takes गुण-आदेशः in the following two cases:
i) The अङ्गम् ends in a पुक्-आगमः or
ii) The penultimate letter of the अङ्गम् has the लघु-सञ्ज्ञा।
= दूषि । By 6-4-90 दोषो णौ, the penultimate letter (उपधा) of the verbal root √दुष् (दुषँ वैकृत्ये ४. ८२) takes the ऊकारादेश: when the “णि”-प्रत्यय: follows.

“दूषि” gets धातु-सञ्ज्ञा by 3-1-32 सनाद्यन्ता धातवः।

As per 1-3-74 णिचश्च, the verbal roots that end in the णिच्-प्रत्ययः shall take आत्मनेपद-प्रत्ययाः when the fruit of the action (क्रियाफलम्) accrues to the doer (कर्त्रभिप्रायम् = कर्तृ-अभिप्रायम्)। In the remaining case – when the fruit of the action does not accrue to the doer these verbal roots shall take परस्मैपद-प्रत्ययाः।
In reality though, this distinction of the fruit of the action accruing to the doer or not, is rarely honored in the language. So as a practical matter, a verbal root that ends in the णिच्-प्रत्ययः will take either आत्मनेपद-प्रत्ययाः or परस्मैपद-प्रत्ययाः regardless of whether the fruit of the action accrues to the doer or not. In short, it will be उभयपदी। Here it has taken a परस्मैपद-प्रत्ययः।

The विवक्षा is लँङ्, कर्तरि प्रयोगः (हेतुमति), प्रथम-पुरुषः, एकवचनम्, therefore the प्रत्यय: will be “तिप्”।

(1) दूषि + लँङ् । By 3-2-111 अनद्यतने लङ्, the affix लँङ् follows a धातुः when used in the sense of past not of today.

(2) दूषि + ल् । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत्, 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

(3) दूषि + तिप् । 3-4-78 तिप्तस्झिसिप्थस्थमिब्वस्मस्तातांझथासाथांध्वमिड्वहिमहिङ् mandates the प्रत्ययः “तिप्” as the substitute for the लकारः। “तिप्” gets the सार्वधातुक-सञ्ज्ञा by 3-4-113 तिङ्शित्सार्वधातुकम्।

(4) दूषि + ति । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

(5) दूषि + त् । By 3-4-100 इतश्‍च, the ending इकारः of a परस्मैपद-प्रत्ययः which came in the place of a ङित्-लकारः is elided.

(5) दूषि + शप् + त् । By 3-1-68 कर्तरि शप्‌, the शप्-प्रत्यय: is placed after a verbal root, when followed by a सार्वधातुक-प्रत्यय: that is used signifying the agent.

(6) दूषि + अ + त् । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-8 लशक्वतद्धिते , 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

(7) दूषे + अ + त् । By 7-3-84 सार्वधातुकार्धधातुकयोः, an अङ्गम् whose final letter is an इक् gets गुण-आदेशः, when a सार्वधातुक-प्रत्यय: or an आर्धधातुक-प्रत्यय: follows.

(8) दूषयत् । By 6-1-78 एचोऽयवायावः।

(9) अट् दूषयत् । by 6-4-71 लुङ्लङ्लृङ्क्ष्वडुदात्तः – When followed by लुँङ्, लँङ् or लृँङ्, an अङ्गम् gets the अट्-आगमः which is उदात्तः। 1-1-46 आद्यन्तौ टकितौ places the अट्-आगमः at the beginning of the अङ्गम् ।

(10) अदूषयत् । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम् and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

Questions:

1. Where has the णिच्-प्रत्यय: been used in a तिङन्तं पदम् in the first five verses of Chapter Seven of the गीता?

2. Commenting on the सूत्रम् “6-4-90 दोषो णौ”, the सिद्धान्तकौमुदी says – दुष इति सुवचम्। Please explain.

3. Commenting on the सूत्रम् 7-3-86 पुगन्‍तलघूपधस्‍य च, the काशिका gives the example: पुगन्तस्य – ह्रेपयति। Please derive the form ह्रेपयति।

4. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“Who spoiled my new book?” Use the adjective प्रातिपदिकम् “नूतन” for “new” and √दुष् (दुषँ वैकृत्ये ४. ८२) in the causative for “to spoil.”

5. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“Let the man who violated this girl be punished.” Use √दुष् (दुषँ वैकृत्ये ४. ८२) in the causative for “to violate” and use (in the passive) √दण्ड (दण्ड दण्डनिपाते १०. ४७२) for “to punish.” Use the feminine प्रातिपदिकम् “कन्या” for “girl.”

6. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“Make my sorrow go away.” Use √गम् (गमॢँ – गतौ १. ११३७) in the causative with the उपसर्ग: “अप” for “to make go away.”

Easy questions:

1. Where has 8-4-63 शश्छोऽटि been used in the verse?

2. Does “पति” have the घि-सञ्ज्ञा in the form भग्नवनस्पतीन्?

Today we will look at the form अनुकार्यते 3Ps-लँट् from श्रीमद्भागवतम् Sb4.29.17.

यथा यथा विक्रियते गुणाक्तो विकरोति वा ।
तथा तथोपद्रष्टाऽऽत्मा तद्वृत्तीरनुकार्यते ।। ४-२९-१७ ।।

Gita Press translation “According as the equilibrium of the intellect is disturbed (in the dreaming state) or it disturbs the senses in its turn (in the waking state), the Jīva (the embodied soul), that is affected by its qualities, is compelled to follow its changes, although (by its essential nature) the Jīva is a (mere) witness.”

कार्यते is a causative passive form derived from the धातुः √कृ (डुकृञ् करणे ८. १०)

The “डु” at the beginning of this धातुः gets इत्-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-3-5 आदिर्ञिटुडवः। The ञकारः at the end gets इत्-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्। Both take लोप: by 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

कृ + णिच् । By 3-1-26 हेतुमति च – The affix “णिच्” is used after a root, when the operation of a causer – such as the operation of directing – is to be expressed. “णिच्” gets आर्धधातुक-सञ्ज्ञा by 3-4-114 आर्धधातुकं शेषः।
= कृ + इ । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-7 चुटू, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।
= कार् + इ । By 7-2-115 अचो ञ्णिति , a vowel ending अङ्गम् gets a वृद्धिः substitute, when followed by a प्रत्ययः that has ञकारः or a णकारः as an indicatory letter. By 1-1-51 उरण् रँपरः , in the place of ऋवर्ण: if an अण् letter (“अ”, “इ”, “उ”) comes as a substitute, it is always followed by a रँ (“र्”, “ल्”) letter.
= कारि

“कारि” gets धातु-सञ्ज्ञा by 3-1-32 सनाद्यन्ता धातवः।

Since this is a कर्मणि प्रयोग: (passive usage), a आत्मनेपद-प्रत्ययः is used as per 1-3-13 भावकर्मणोः।

The विवक्षा is लँट्, कर्मणि प्रयोगः (हेतुमति), प्रथम-पुरुषः, एकवचनम्, therefore the प्रत्यय: is “त”।

(1) कारि + लँट् । By 3-2-123 वर्तमाने लट्, the affix लँट् comes after a धातुः when denoting an action in the present tense.

(2) कारि + ल् । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत्, 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

(3) कारि + त । 3-4-78 तिप्तस्झिसिप्थस्थमिब्वस्मस्तातांझथासाथांध्वमिड्वहिमहिङ् mandates the प्रत्ययः “त” as the substitute for the लकारः। “त” gets the सार्वधातुक-सञ्ज्ञा by 3-4-113 तिङ्शित्सार्वधातुकम्।

(4) कारि + ते । By 3-4-79 टित आत्मनेपदानां टेरे, the टि-भागः of a आत्मनेपद-प्रत्ययः which substitutes a टित्-लकारः (a लकार: which has टकार: as a इत्), gets एकारः as the replacement.

(5) कारि + यक् + ते । By 3-1-67 सार्वधातुके यक्, the यक्-प्रत्ययः follows a धातुः when a सार्वधातुक-प्रत्ययः follows denoting the action of the verb (भावे) or the object of the verb (कर्मणि)।
Note: The प्रत्यय: “यक्” is a आर्धधातुक-प्रत्यय: but it does not begin with a letter of the वल्-प्रत्याहार:। Hence it cannot take an इट्-आगम: by 7-2-35 आर्धधातुकस्येड् वलादेः।

(6) कारि + य + ते । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

(7) कार्यते । By 6-4-51 णेरनिटि, the “णि”-प्रत्यय: is elided when followed by an आर्धधातुक-प्रत्यय: which does not have the augment इट्।

“अनु” is the उपसर्गः (ref. 1-4-59 उपसर्गाः क्रियायोगे।)
अनु + कार्यते = अनुकार्यते।

Questions:

1. Where is कार्यते used in the गीता?

2. Can you spot a “रिङ्”-आदेश: in the verse?

3. Can you spot a “उ”-प्रत्यय: in the verse?

4. In the absence of 6-4-51 णेरनिटि, which सूत्रम् would have applied in step 7 to give which (undesired) form?

5. Commenting on the सूत्रम् “7-2-35 आर्धधातुकस्येड् वलादेः”, the तत्त्वबोधिनी says – आर्धधातुकस्येति किम्? आस्ते। Please explain.

6. How would you say this Sanskrit?
“I’m compelled to follow my father’s command.” Use the masculine प्रातिपदिकम् “आदेश” for “command.”

Easy questions:

1. Can you spot a “अनँङ्”-आदेश: in the verse?

2. Which consonant (हल्) is not included in the “वल्”-प्रत्याहार: (used in the सूत्रम् 7-2-35 आर्धधातुकस्येड् वलादेः)?