त्वा mAs
Today we will look at the form त्वा from श्रीमद्वाल्मीकि-रामायणम् ।
क्षिप्रं विसृज वैदेहीं मा त्वा घोरेण चक्षुषा |
दहेद् दहनभूतेन वृत्रमिन्द्राशनिर्यथा || ३-५०-१६||
Gita Press translation “Release Sītā (a princess of the Videha territory) at once. Let not Śrī Rāma consume you with his fearful eye converted into fire, as the thunderbolt of Indra consumed (the demon) Vṛtra.”
‘युष्मद्’ gets प्रातिपदिकसंज्ञा by 1-2-45 अर्थवदधातुरप्रत्ययः प्रातिपदिकम् and सर्वनाम-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-1-27 सर्वादीनि सर्वनामानि । The विवक्षा here is द्वितीया-एकवचनम् । 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टाभ्याम्भिस्ङेभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसिँभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसोसाम्ङ्योस्सुप् mandates the प्रत्ययाः सुँ, औ, जस् etc. after the प्रातिपदिकम् ‘युष्मद्’ ।
(1) युष्मद् + अम् ।
(2) त्वा । By 8-1-23 त्वामौ द्वितीयायाः, the युष्मद्-प्रातिपदिकम् along with the अम्-प्रत्यय: (द्वितीया-एकवचनम्), gets त्वा as replacement, since the following conditions are met:
a) There is a पदम् in the same sentence preceding युष्मद्-शब्दः। Here in this example we have मा preceding.
b) युष्मद्-शब्दः is not at the beginning of the metrical पाद:।
Questions:
1. 8-1-23 त्वामौ द्वितीयायाः is an अपवाद: for which सूत्रम्?
2. Is the त्वा-आदेश: compulsory? If not, what would have been the other form (instead of त्वा) in this example?
3. Where is त्वा used in the गीता?
4. The अमरकोश: gives nine synonyms for the word वज्र:/वज्रम् (प्रातिपदिकम् “वज्र” masculine/neuter, meaning “thunderbolt”). One of them is अशनि: (प्रातिपदिकम् “अशनि” masculine/feminine) used in this verse. Please list the remaining eight.
ह्रादिनी वज्रमस्त्री स्यात् कुलिशं भिदुरं पविः।
शतकोटिः स्वरुः शम्बो दम्भोलिरशनिर्द्वयोः ।।१-१-४७।।
(इति दश “वज्रस्य” नामानि)
5. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“Give up laziness.” Use a verb from the verse for “give up” and use the प्रातिपदिकम् “आलस्य” (neuter) for “laziness.”
6. Where has the सूत्रम् 7-1-12 टाङसिङसामिनात्स्याः been used in this verse?
7. Which प्रातिपदिकम् used in the verse has the नदी-सञ्ज्ञा?
8. Condition b) is step 2 says that in order to take the form त्वा, युष्मद्-शब्द: should not be at the beginning of a metrical पाद:। Please state the पाद: that contains त्वा। Which word is at the beginning of this पाद:?
Easy questions:
1. Where has the सूत्रम् 6-1-107 अमि पूर्वः been used in this verse?
2. Which word in the verse translates to “at once”? (Use Apte dictionary for help.) Where does this word come in the गीता?
न: mDp
Today we will look at the form नः from श्रीमद्भागवतम् SB 8- 1-1
श्रीराजोवाच
स्वायम्भुवस्येह गुरो वंशोऽयं विस्तराच्छ्रुतः ।
यत्र विश्वसृजां सर्गो मनूनन्यान्वदस्व नः ।। ८-१-१ ।।
Gita Press translation “The king (Parīkṣit) submitted: I have heard at length in this context, O preceptor, (an account) of the line (daughter’s children) of Swāyambhuva Manu (just narrated by you), in which figured by the posterity (sons and grandsons) of Marīci and others (the creators of the universe). (Pray,) speak to us (now) about the other Manus (as well). “
‘अस्मद्’ gets प्रातिपदिकसंज्ञा by 1-2-45 अर्थवदधातुरप्रत्ययः प्रातिपदिकम् and सर्वनाम-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-1-27 सर्वादीनि सर्वनामानि । The विवक्षा here is चतुर्थी-बहुवचनम् । 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टाभ्याम्भिस्ङेभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसिँभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसोसाम्ङ्योस्सुप् mandates the प्रत्ययाः सुँ, औ, जस् etc. after the प्रातिपदिकम् ‘अस्मद्’ ।
(1) अस्मद् + भ्यस् ।
(2) नस् । By 8-1-21 बहुवचने वस्नसौ, the अस्मद्-प्रातिपदिकम् along with the भ्यस्-प्रत्यय: (चतुर्थी-बहुवचनम्), gets नस् as replacement, since the following conditions are met:
a) There is a पदम् in the same sentence preceding अस्मद्-शब्दः। Here in this example we have वदस्व preceding.
b) अस्मद्-शब्दः is not at the beginning of the metrical पाद:।
(3) नः । रुँत्व-विसर्गौ 8-2-66 ससजुषो रुः and 8-3-15 खरवसानयोर्विसर्जनीयः।
Questions:
1. In step 2, the condition a) is due to the अनुवृत्ति: of “पदात्” and condition b) is due to the अनुवृत्ति: of “अपादादौ”. From which सूत्रम् does each अनुवृत्ति: come into 8-1-21 बहुवचने वस्नसौ?
2. 8-1-21 बहुवचने वस्नसौ is an अपवाद: for which सूत्रम्?
3. Please list the eight synonyms for the word “वंश:” (प्रातिपदिकम् “वंश” masculine – meaning “lineage”) as given in the अमरकोश:।
We’ve already seen these in a prior example.
4. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“This word has not been heard by you before.”
5. Where does “नस्” come in the first chapter of the गीता? Please identify the विभक्ति: in each occurrence.
6. Where has the सूत्रम् 7-3-108 ह्रस्वस्य गुणः been used in this verse?
7. Where has the शस्-प्रत्यय: been used?
8. In which sections of the अष्टाध्यायी (in 7-1 and 7-2) do we have the rules required for declining अस्मद्/युष्मद्?
Easy questions:
1. Please do पदच्छेद: of विस्तराच्छ्रुतः।
2. Can you spot a place where the सूत्रम् 6-1-87 आद्गुणः has been used?
वणिजः mNp
Today we will look at the form वणिजः from श्रीमद्भागवतम् SB 10-87-33
विजितहृषीकवायुभिरदान्तमनस्तुरगं य इह यतन्ति यन्तुमतिलोलमुपायखिदः।
व्यसनशतान्विताः समवहाय गुरोश्चरणं वणिज इवाज सन्त्यकृतकर्णधरा जलधौ ।। १०-८७-३३ ।।
Gita Press translation “They who endeavor to break the most restless steed of their mind – unsubdued (even) by those who have controlled their senses and breath (too) – neglecting the feet of their preceptor, and taking (great) pains over other devices (for mind control), remain beset with a hundred and one calamities in this world like merchants that have not secured a pilot (for their vessel) in the sea, O birth-less Lord!”
‘वणिज्’ gets प्रातिपदिकसंज्ञा by 1-2-45 अर्थवदधातुरप्रत्ययः प्रातिपदिकम्। The विवक्षा here is प्रथमा-बहुवचनम्। 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टाभ्याम्भिस्ङेभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसिँभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसोसाम्ङ्योस्सुप् mandates the प्रत्ययाः सुँ, औ, जस् etc. after the प्रातिपदिकम् ‘वणिज्’।
(1) वणिज् + जस् ।
(2) वणिज् + अस् । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-7 चुटू and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः। 1-3-4 न विभक्तौ तुस्माः prevents the ending सकारः of जस् from getting इत्-सञ्ज्ञा ।
(3) वणिजः । रुँत्व-विसर्गौ 8-2-66 ससजुषो रुः and 8-3-15 खरवसानयोर्विसर्जनीयः।
Questions:
1. Why didn’t 8-2-30 चोः कुः apply in this example (to change the ending जकार: of “वणिज्” to a गकार:)? Which condition was not satisfied?
2. Can you spot the word in the verse which ends in the ल्यप्-प्रत्यय:? (Ref. 3-4-21 समानकर्तृकयोः पूर्वकाले, 7-1-37 समासेऽनञ्पूर्वे क्त्वो ल्यप्). Who is (are) the common doer(s)? Which is the later action of the common doer(s)?
3. Please list the seven synonyms for the word वणिक् (प्रातिपदिकम् “वणिज्” masculine, meaning “merchant”) as given in the अमरकोश:।
वैदेहकः सार्थवाहो नैगमो वाणिजो वणिक् ।
पण्याजीवो ह्यापणिकः क्रयविक्रयिकश्च सः ।।२-९-७८।।
(इति अष्टौ “क्रयविक्रयाभ्यां वर्तमानस्य” नामानि)
4. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“There are forty-seven verses in the first chapter of the गीता।” Use the verb सन्ति (“are”) from this example and the feminine noun सप्त-चत्वारिंशत् (to be used in the singular) for “forty-seven.”
5. Where has the सूत्रम् 7-1-17 जसः शी been used in this verse?
6. Where has सम्बुद्धि: been used in this verse?
7. 8-2-66 ससजुषो रुः is an अपवाद: for which सूत्रम्?
8. Derive the form जलधौ (सप्तमी-एकवचनम्) from the प्रातिपदिकम् “जलधि”.
Easy questions:
1. Where has the सूत्रम् 8-3-19 लोपः शाकल्यस्य been used in this verse?
2. Please do पदच्छेद: of गुरोश्चरणम्।
भिषक् mNs
Today we will look at the form भिषक्-mNs from श्रीमद्भागवतम् SB 6-1-8
तस्मात्पुरैवाश्विह पापनिष्कृतौ यतेत मृत्योरविपद्यताऽऽत्मना।
दोषस्य दृष्ट्वा गुरुलाघवं यथा भिषक् चिकित्सेत रुजां निदानवित् ।।६-१-८।।
Gita Press translation “Therefore, with a body not (yet) incapacitated (for penance), one should take prompt measures here, even before death, for the atonement of one’s sins, after weighing the gravity and lightness of the crime, just as a physician who knows the cause of maladies would adopt prompt remedies before it is too late, duly considering the seriousness or mildness of a complaint.”
‘भिषज्’ gets प्रातिपदिकसंज्ञा by 1-2-45 अर्थवदधातुरप्रत्ययः प्रातिपदिकम्। The विवक्षा here is प्रथमा-एकवचनम्। 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टाभ्याम्भिस्ङेभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसिँभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसोसाम्ङ्योस्सुप् mandates the प्रत्ययाः सुँ, औ, जस् etc. after the प्रातिपदिकम् ‘भिषज्’।
(1) भिषज् + सुँ ।
(2) भिषज् + स् । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत् and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।
(3) भिषज् । सकार-लोपः by 6-1-68 हल्ङ्याब्भ्यो दीर्घात् सुतिस्यपृक्तं हल्। Using 1-1-62 प्रत्ययलोपे प्रत्ययलक्षणम् भिषज् gets पद-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-4-14 सुप्तिङन्तं पदम्।
(4) भिषग् । By 8-2-30 चोः कुः, the पदान्त-जकारः gets the क-वर्गः consonant as a replacement.
(5) भिषग् / भिषक् । By 8-4-56 वाऽवसाने, the झल् letter is optionally replaced by a चर् letter when nothing follows.
Questions:
1. The क्त्वा-प्रत्यय: (reference 3-4-21 समानकर्तृकयोः पूर्वकाले) has been used in दृष्ट्वा। The समान-कर्ता in the first line will be जन: (a person) – this has to be supplied. In the second line, in the उपमा, the समान-कर्ता is भिषक्। Which is the उत्तरवर्तिनी क्रिया (the later action – by the same doer) in each of the two cases?
2. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“A good son should strive in the service of his father.” Use a verb from the verse for “should strive.”
3. Please state the one synonym for the word निदानम् (प्रातिपदिकम् “निदान” neuter, meaning “main cause”) as given in the अमरकोश:।
निदानं त्वादिकारणम् ।।१-४-२८।।
(इति द्वे “मुख्यकारणस्य” नाम्नी)
4. Consider the word निष्कृतौ (= निस् + कृतौ) used in this verse. How did the ending सकार: of “निस्” (which is an अव्ययम् and has पद-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-4-14 सुप्तिङन्तं पदम्) end up as a षकार:? We have not covered this सूत्रम् so far. Can you try to find it in the अष्टाध्यायी? (We can expect to find it below 8-3-37 कुप्वोः ≍क≍पौ च which is the सूत्रम् that should have otherwise applied in this case.)
5. Where has the सूत्रम् 6-1-110 ङसिङसोश्च been used in this verse?
6. Where has the ङस्-प्रत्यय: been used?
7. Which word in the verse translates to “prompt”? Where has this word been used in the गीता?
8. 8-2-30 चोः कुः applies when a letter of the च-वर्ग: –
a) Is at the end of a पदम्
b) Has a झल् letter following
c) Is at the end of a पदम् or has a झल् letter following
d) Is at the end of a पदम् and has a झल् letter following
Easy questions:
1. Which सूत्रम् is used to get पुरा + एव = पुरैव ?
2. Which one for आशु + इह = आश्विह ?
एषः mNs
Today we will look at the form एषः from श्रीमद्वाल्मीकि-रामायणम् ।
एवमुक्तस्तु रामेण विश्वामित्रोऽब्रवीदिदम् |
एष पन्था मयोद्दिष्टो येन यान्ति महर्षयः || १-३५-५||
Gita Press translation “Questioned thus by Śrī Rāma, Viśwāmitra indeed replied as follows:- “Here is the ford (already) pointed out by me, through which the great Ṛṣis (over there) are wading.”
‘एतद्’ gets प्रातिपदिकसंज्ञा by 1-2-45 अर्थवदधातुरप्रत्ययः प्रातिपदिकम् and सर्वनाम-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-1-27 सर्वादीनि सर्वनामानि । The विवक्षा here is पुंलिङ्गे प्रथमा-एकवचनम् । 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टाभ्याम्भिस्ङेभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसिँभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसोसाम्ङ्योस्सुप् mandates the प्रत्ययाः सुँ, औ, जस् etc. after the प्रातिपदिकम् ‘एतद्’ ।
(1) एतद् + सुँ । Note: The affix ‘सुँ’ has the विभक्ति-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-4-104 विभक्तिश्च। This allows 7-2-102 to apply in the next step.
(2) एत अ + सुँ । By 7-2-102 त्यदादीनामः – The ending letter (see 1-1-52 अलोऽन्त्यस्य) of the pronouns, starting with ‘त्यद्’ and ending with ‘द्वि’, is replaced by ‘अ’ when followed by a विभक्ति: affix.
(3) एत + सुँ । By 6-1-97 अतो गुणे the अकारः at the end of ‘एत’ and the following अकारादेशः is replaced by ‘अ'(पररूपम्) as एकादेशः ।
(4) एत् अ + स् । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत् and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।
(5) ए स् अ + स् । By 7-2-106 तदोः सः सावनन्त्ययोः – When the affix ‘सुँ’ follows, the तकारः or दकारः belonging to any pronoun (सर्वनाम-शब्द:) starting with ‘त्यद्’ and ending with ‘द्वि’, gets सकारः as a replacement as long as the तकारः or दकारः does not occur at the end of the pronoun.
(6) एसः । रुँत्व-विसर्गौ 8-2-66 ससजुषो रुः and 8-3-15 खरवसानयोर्विसर्जनीयः ।
(7) एषः । By 8-3-59 आदेशप्रत्यययोः, the letter ‘स्’ is replaced by the cerebral ‘ष्’ ।
Questions:
1. Which noun in the verse has समानाधिकरणम् with एष:?
2. Where is the सूत्रम् 7-3-109 जसि च used in this verse?
3. Where has the “अस्मद्” प्रातिपदिकम् been used in this verse?
4. Please list the synonyms for the word पन्था: (प्रतिपदिकम् “पथिन्” masculine, meaning “path”) as given in the अमरकोश:।
We have already seen these in a prior example. Search this web site for “पन्था:”
5. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“People mostly don’t go by this path.” Use a verb from the verse and use “प्रायेण” for “mostly.”
6. In which verse of the गीता has “एष:” been used twice?
7. Match the columns:
i. एवम्
ii. रामेण
iii. मया
iv. येन
a) through which
b) thus
c) by Śrī Rāma
d) by me
8. Can you recall a सूत्रम् (that we have studied) which is an अपवाद: for 7-2-102 त्यदादीनामः ?
Easy questions:
1. Which सूत्रम् was used to get मया + उद्दिष्ट: = मयोद्दिष्ट: ?
2. Where is the सूत्रम् 8-3-22 हलि सर्वेषाम् used in this verse?
सः mNs
Today we will look at the form सः from श्रीमद्वाल्मीकि-रामायणम् ।
स सत्यवचनाद् राजा धर्मपाशेन संयतः |
विवासयामास सुतं रामं दशरथः प्रियम् || १-१-२३||
Gita Press translation “Bound (as he was) by the tie of duty (in the form of his plighted word) due to his (ever) speaking the truth, King Daśaratha exiled his beloved son, Rāma.”
‘तद्’ gets प्रातिपदिकसंज्ञा by 1-2-45 अर्थवदधातुरप्रत्ययः प्रातिपदिकम् and सर्वनाम-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-1-27 सर्वादीनि सर्वनामानि । The विवक्षा here is पुंलिङ्गे प्रथमा-एकवचनम् । 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टाभ्याम्भिस्ङेभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसिँभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसोसाम्ङ्योस्सुप् mandates the प्रत्ययाः सुँ, औ, जस् etc. after the प्रातिपदिकम् ‘तद्’ ।
(1) तद् + सुँ ।
(2) त अ + सुँ । By 7-2-102 त्यदादीनामः , तद् gets the अकारादेशः । As per 1-1-52 अलोऽन्त्यस्य , only the ending दकार: gets replaced.
(3) त + सुँ । By 6-1-97 अतो गुणे the अकारः at the end of त and the following अकारादेशः is replaced by अ (पररूपम्) as एकादेशः ।
(4) त् अ + स् । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत् and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।
(5) स् अ + स् । By 7-2-106 तदोः सः सावनन्त्ययोः, the तकारः of the pronoun (सर्वनाम-शब्द:) तद् gets सकारः as the replacement, since the affix सुँ follows and the तकारः does not occur at the end of the pronoun.
(6) सः । रुँत्व-विसर्गौ 8-2-66 ससजुषो रुः and 8-3-15 खरवसानयोर्विसर्जनीयः ।
Questions:
1. Please list the three synonyms of सत्यम् (प्रातिपदिकम् “सत्य” neuter, meaning “truth”) as given in the अमरकोश:।
सत्यं तथ्यमृतं सम्यग् ।।१-६-२२।।
(इति चत्वारि “सत्यवचस:” नामानि)
2. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“श्रीराम: (was) the eldest among the four sons of King दशरथ:।” Use the adjective “ज्येष्ठ” for “eldest.”
3. When is स: used for the first time in the गीता? Which noun does it refer to in that verse?
4. Where is the सूत्रम् 6-4-8 सर्वनामस्थाने चासम्बुद्धौ used in this verse?
5. Where has the ङसिँ-प्रत्यय: been used in this verse?
6. In the commenting on the सूत्रम् 7-2-106 तदोः सः सावनन्त्ययोः, the तत्त्वबोधिनी makes the following statements – त्यदादीनामिति किम्? आतपः। तारकः। तदोरिति किम्? यः। Please explain what this means.
7. Consider the word “राजा” – one possibility is प्रथमा-एकवचनम् of the प्रातिपदिकम् “राजन्”. Is there any other possibility?
8. Where could have the सूत्रम् 8-4-46 अचो रहाभ्यां द्वे applied in this verse?
Easy questions:
1. In the सूत्रम् 7-2-106 तदोः सः सावनन्त्ययोः which सूत्रम् has been used to get सौ + अनन्त्ययोः = सावनन्त्ययोः ?
2. Where has the सूत्रम् 6-1-107 अमि पूर्वः been used in this verse?
सम्राट् mNs
Today we will look at the form सम्राट् mNs from श्रीमद्भागवतम् 3.21.25
प्रजापतिसुतः सम्राण्मनुर्विख्यातमङ्गलः । ब्रह्मावर्तं योऽधिवसञ्शास्ति सप्तार्णवां महीम् ।। ३-२१-२५ ।।
Gita Press translation “(You know) Emperor Swāyambhuva Manu (son of Brahmā), who is celebrated for his righteous acts, rules over the earth bounded by the seven oceans, having his seat in Brahmāvarta.”
The प्रातिपदिकम् here is ‘सम्राज्’। ‘सम्राज्’ is formed using the affix ‘क्विप्’ with the verbal root √राज् (राजृँ दीप्तौ १. ९५६) preceded by the उपसर्गः ‘सम्’। Just like in the case of the affix ‘क्विन्’, the entire affix ‘क्विप्’ takes लोप: (elision.)
सम्राज् + क्विप् । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-8 लशक्वतद्धिते and 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम् along with 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः। The letter ‘इ’ in the affix ‘क्विप्’ is उच्चारणार्थः। The single letter ‘व्’ that remains gets अपृक्त-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-2-41 अपृक्त एकाल् प्रत्ययः। By 6-1-67 वेरपृक्तस्य, this letter ‘व्’ which is अपृक्तः takes लोपः।
The affix ‘क्विप्’ has the कृत्-सञ्ज्ञा by 3-1-93 कृदतिङ् । By 1-1-62 प्रत्ययलोपे प्रत्ययलक्षणम्, even though the affix ‘क्विप्’ has taken लोपः, ‘सम्राज्’ gets प्रातिपदिक-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-2-46 कृत्तद्धितसमासाश्च।
The विवक्षा is प्रथमा-एकवचनम्।
(1) सम्राज् + सुँ । By 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टाभ्याम्भिस्ङेभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसिँभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसोसाम्ङ्योस्सुप्।
(2) सम्राज् + स् । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत् and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।
(3) सम्राज् । By 6-1-68 हल्ङ्याब्भ्यो दीर्घात् सुतिस्यपृक्तं हल् – A single letter affix ‘सुँ’, ‘ति’ or ‘सि’ is dropped following a base ending in a consonant or in the long feminine affix ‘ङी’ or ‘आप्’। Using 1-1-62 प्रत्ययलोपे प्रत्ययलक्षणम् ‘सम्राज्’ gets पद-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-4-14 सुप्तिङन्तं पदम्।
(4) सम्राष् । By 8-2-36 व्रश्चभ्रस्जसृजमृजयजराजभ्राजच्छशां षः the ending letter ‘ज्’ gets the letter ‘ष्’ as a replacement. See question 8.
(5) सम्राड् । By 8-2-39 झलां जशोऽन्ते, the झल् letter occurring at the end of a पदम् it is replaced by a जश् letter.
(6) सम्राड् / सम्राट् । By 8-4-56 वाऽवसाने, the झल् letter is optionally replaced by a चर् letter when nothing follows.
Questions:
1. By 8-3-23 मोऽनुस्वारः, the मकार: in सम्राट् should have become an अनुस्वार:। But there is a special rule which keeps the मकार: as a मकार:। We have not studied this special rule in the class, but we can expect to find it below 8-3-23 मोऽनुस्वारः (since it is an exception to 8-3-23.) Can you locate it in the अष्टाध्यायी?
2. Which term used in the verse has the नदी-सञ्ज्ञा? Which one has the घि-सञ्ज्ञा?
3. Where are these two terms (answers to #2) used in the गीता? (Not in a compound, but on their own.)
4. How come 8-2-30 चोः कुः (which is an earlier rule in the त्रिपादी) did not apply instead of 8-2-36 in step 4?
5. Use a word from the verse to compose the following sentence in Sanskrit:
“This (is) a celebrated text.” Use “ग्रन्थ: for “text.”
6. The अमरकोश: gives four synonyms for the word “पुत्र:” (प्रातिपदिकम् “पुत्र” masculine, meaning “son”). One of them is “सुत:” (प्रातिपदिकम् “सुत” masculine) used in this verse. Do you recall the other three? (We have already seen these in a prior example. Search this web site for “सुत”)
7. Where is the धुँट्-आगम: used in the declension table of the प्रातिपदिकम् “सम्राज्”?
8. 8-2-36 व्रश्चभ्रस्जसृजमृजयजराजभ्राजच्छशां षः applies when one of the terms listed in “व्रश्चभ्रस्जसृजमृजयजराजभ्राजच्छशां” –
a) Is at the end of a पदम्
b) Has a झल् letter following
c) Is at the end of a पदम् or has a झल् letter following
d) Is at the end of a पदम् and has a झल् letter following
Easy questions:
1. Please state the rules required to do the पदच्छेद: of सम्राण्मनु:|
2. Where is the सूत्रम् 6-1-113 अतो रोरप्लुतादप्लुते used in this verse?
ऋत्विग्भिः mIp
Today we will look at the form ऋत्विग्भिः from श्रीमद्भागवतम् SB 9-13-3.
निमिश्चलमिदं विद्वान् सत्रमारभतात्मवान् ।
ऋत्विग्भिरपरैस्तावन्नागमद् यावता गुरुः ।। ९-१३-३ ।।
Gita Press translation “Knowing all this (his life and everything connected with it) to be evanescent, the thoughtful Nimi proceeded with the sacrificial session with the help of other priests and continued it till his preceptor (the sage Vasiṣṭha) did not return.”
By 3-2-59 ऋत्विग्दधृक्स्रग्दिगुष्णिगञ्चुयुजिक्रुञ्चां च we get “ऋत्विज्” as a ready-made प्रातिपदिकम्, ending in the क्विन्-प्रत्यय:। By अनुबन्ध-लोपः the ककार: and नकार: are removed using 1-3-8 लशक्वतद्धिते and 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम् along with 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः। The इकारः in the क्विन्-प्रत्यय: is उच्चारणार्थः। The single letter वकार: that remains gets अपृक्त-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-2-41 अपृक्त एकाल् प्रत्ययः। By 6-1-67 वेरपृक्तस्य, this वकार: which is अपृक्तः takes लोपः।
The क्विन्-प्रत्यय: has the कृत्-सञ्ज्ञा by 3-1-93 कृदतिङ् । By 1-1-62 प्रत्ययलोपे प्रत्ययलक्षणम्, even though the क्विन्-प्रत्ययः has taken लोपः, ऋत्विज् gets प्रातिपदिक-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-2-46 कृत्तद्धितसमासाश्च and hence it will take the affixes सुँ, औ, जस् etc. mandated by 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टाभ्याम्भिस्ङेभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसिँभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसोसाम्ङ्योस्सुप्। The विवक्षा here is तृतीया-बहुवचनम्।
(1) ऋत्विज् + भिस् । The अङ्गम् has पद-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-4-17 स्वादिष्वसर्वनमस्थाने। 1-3-4 न विभक्तौ तुस्माः prevents the ending सकारः of भिस् from getting इत्-सञ्ज्ञा ।
(2) ऋत्विग् + भिस् । Since ‘ऋत्विज्’ ends in the affix क्विन्, by 8-2-62 क्विन्प्रत्ययस्य कुः, ‘ऋत्विज्’ which has पद-सञ्ज्ञा, takes the कवर्ग: (in this case गकार:) as a replacement for its ending जकार:।
(3) ऋत्विग्भिः । रुँत्व-विसर्गौ 8-2-66 ससजुषो रुः and 8-3-15 खरवसानयोर्विसर्जनीयः।
Questions:
1. Why do we need to use 8-2-62 क्विन्प्रत्ययस्य कुः in step 2? Why not simply use 8-2-30 चोः कुः?
2. In the third chapter of the अष्टाध्यायी, why does पाणिनि: run the “धातो:” अधिकार: a second time starting from 3-1-91 धातोः ? Why not just let the prior “धातो:” अधिकार: (starting from 3-1-22 धातोरेकाचो हलादेः क्रियासमभिहारे यङ्।) run all the way through?
3. Please state the one synonym for the word ऋत्विक् (प्रातिपदिकम् “ऋत्विज्” masculine, meaning “a priest who officiates at a sacrifice”) as given in the अमर-कोश:।
ऋत्विजो याजकाश्च ते ।।२-७-१७।।
4. How do you say this in Sanskrit?
“What else?” Take the answer from Chapter 16 of the गीता।
5. Where has the सूत्रम् 7-1-24 अतोऽम् been used in this verse?
6. What would have been the problem if पाणिनि: did not say “अतिङ्” in the सूत्रम् 3-1-93 कृदतिङ् ?
7. Which सर्वनाम-शब्द: has been used in this verse?
8. Which word in the verse has समानाधिकरम् with the word “ऋत्विग्भिः”?
9. Can you recall another सूत्रम् (besides 6-1-67 वेरपृक्तस्य) which we have studied, in which पाणिनि: uses the अपृक्त-सञ्ज्ञा ?
Easy questions:
1. Please do पदच्छेद: of निमिश्चलम्।
2. Can you spot the place where the सूत्रम् 8-4-45 यरोऽनुनासिकेऽनुनासिको वा has been used in this verse?
पथि mLs
Today we will look at the form पथि from श्रीमद्वाल्मीकि-रामायणम् ।
भृत्यवत्सल तिष्ठन्तं भर्तृपुत्रगते पथि |
भक्तं भृत्यं स्थितं स्थित्या न मा त्वं हातुमर्हसि || २-५२-५८||
Gita Press translation “O prince, who are so fond of your dependents, you ought not to desert me, your devoted servant, standing resolved to tread on the path chosen by the son of his master and (ever) keeping within bounds.”
‘पथिन्’ gets प्रातिपदिकसंज्ञा by 1-2-45 अर्थवदधातुरप्रत्ययः प्रातिपदिकम्। The विवक्षा here is सप्तमी-एकवचनम्। 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टाभ्याम्भिस्ङेभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसिँभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसोसाम्ङ्योस्सुप् mandates the प्रत्ययाः सुँ, औ, जस् etc. after the प्रातिपदिकम् ‘पथिन्’।
(1) पथिन् + ङि ।
(2) पथिन् + इ । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-8 लशक्वतद्धिते and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः। ‘पथिन्’ gets भ-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-4-18 यचि भम् ।
(3) पथि । The टि-भागः of पथिन् which has the भ-सञ्ज्ञा, takes लोपः by 7-1-88 भस्य टेर्लोपः।
See question 1.
Questions:
1. By which सूत्रम् does पाणिनि: define the टि-सञ्ज्ञा ?
2. What is the प्रातिपदिकम् in the form “त्वम्”? Which विभक्ति:/वचनम् has been used? Is there an alternate form possible?
3. Which one of the following statements is true regarding अस्मद् and युष्मद् ?
a) They are used only in the masculine
b) They are used in all three genders and the forms are different in all three genders.
c) They are used in all three genders but the forms are the same in all three genders.
d) They are used only in the plural
4. Please state the one synonym for वत्सल: (प्रातिपदिकम् “वत्सल” adjective, meaning “fond of”) as given in the अमरकोश:।
स्निग्धस्तु वत्सलः ।।३-१-१४।।
5. Use some words from the verse to construct the following sentence in Sanskrit:
“You ought not to give up the study of grammar.” Use the प्रातिपदिकम् “अध्ययन” (declined like “वन”) for “study.”
6. Where has the सूत्रम् 8-1-23 त्वामौ द्वितीयायाः been used in this verse?
7. Which प्रातिपदिकम् used in the verse has the घि-सञ्ज्ञा?
8. Where has सम्बुद्धि: been used in the verse?
Easy questions:
1. Consider the form भर्तृपुत्रगते which is सप्तमी-एकवचनम् of the प्रातिपदिकम् “भर्तृपुत्रगत” – the derivation is as follows:
भर्तृपुत्रगत + ङि by 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छस्टा…
भर्तृपुत्रगत + इ by 1-3-8 लशक्वतद्धिते, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।
भर्तृपुत्रगते by ?
Which सूत्रम् was used in the last step to get अ + इ = ए ?
2. Consider the form स्थित्या which is तृतीया-एकवचनम् of the प्रातिपदिकम् “स्थिति” – steps are as follows:
स्थिति + टा by 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छस्टा…
स्थिति + आ by 1-3-7 चुटू , 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।
स्थित्या by ?
Which सूत्रम् was used in the last step to get replace इ by य् ?
युवानः mNp
Today we will look at the form युवानः from श्रीमद्भागवतम् SB 10-45-19.
तत्र प्रवयसोऽप्यासन् युवानोऽतिबलौजसः ।
पिबन्तोऽक्षैर्मुकुन्दस्य मुखाम्बुजसुधां मुहुः ।। १०-४५-१९ ।।
Gita Press translation “Drinking now and again with (the cup of) their eyes the nectar-like beauty of the lotus face of Śri Kṛṣṇa (the Bestower of Liberation), even the aged there (at Mathurā) turned young and acquired great strength and energy.”
‘युवन्’ gets प्रातिपदिकसंज्ञा by 1-2-45 अर्थवदधातुरप्रत्ययः प्रातिपदिकम्। The विवक्षा here is प्रथमा-बहुवचनम्। 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टाभ्याम्भिस्ङेभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसिँभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसोसाम्ङ्योस्सुप् mandates the प्रत्ययाः सुँ, औ, जस् etc. after the प्रातिपदिकम् ‘युवन्’ ।
(1) युवन् + जस् । ‘जस्’ is a सर्वनामस्थानम् affix by 1-1-43 सुडनपुंसकस्य।
(2) युवन् + अस् । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-7 चुटू and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः। 1-3-4 न विभक्तौ तुस्माः prevents the ending सकारः of जस् from getting इत्-सञ्ज्ञा ।
(3) युवान् + अस् । By 6-4-8 सर्वनामस्थाने चासम्बुद्धौ, the penultimate letter of the अङ्गम् (base) ending in a नकार: gets elongated if it is followed by a सर्वनामस्थानम् affix.
(4) युवानः । रुँत्व-विसर्गौ 8-2-66 ससजुषो रुः and 8-3-15 खरवसानयोर्विसर्जनीयः।
Questions:
1. Why didn’t सम्प्रसारणम् occur (by 6-4-133 श्वयुवमघोनामतद्धिते) in this example?
2. Please list the five synonyms for the word प्रवया: (प्रातिपदिकम् “प्रवयस्” masculine, meaning “aged”) as given in the अमर-कोश:।
प्रवयाः स्थविरो वृद्धो जीनो जीर्णो जरन्नपि ।।२-६-४२।।
(इति षट् “वृद्धस्य” नामानि)
3. Which is the correct तृतीया-बहुवचनम् form of the प्रातिपदिकम् “प्रवयस्” ?
a) प्रवयसै:
b) प्रवयोभि:
c) प्रवयस्भि:
d) प्रवयभि:
4. How would say this in Sanskrit?
“This elderly man came to the temple with his grand-son.” Use the adjective प्रातिपदिकम् “आगत” for “came” and “प्रपुत्र” for grand-son.
5. Where in the first ten verses of the Sixth Chapter of the गीता is the सूत्रम् 6-4-8 सर्वनामस्थाने चासम्बुद्धौ used?
6. Can you find a सूत्रम् used in this example which takes the entire prior सूत्रम् (in the अष्टाध्यायी) as अनुवृत्ति:?
7. Where is the ङस्-प्रत्यय: used in this verse?
8. In this example, the अङ्गम् “युवन्” has:
a) पद-सञ्ज्ञा
b) भ-सञ्ज्ञा
c) Neither पद-सञ्ज्ञा nor भ-सञ्ज्ञा
d) Both पद-सञ्ज्ञा and भ-सञ्ज्ञा
Easy questions:
1. Which सूत्रम् was used to get अपि + आसन् = अप्यासन् ?
2. Please do पदच्छेद: of प्रवयसोऽपि and mention the relevant rules.
3. List the प्रत्यया: included in the सुट्-प्रत्याहार:।
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