AVG-Sanskrit

Today we will look at the form कस्मात्-ind. from श्रीमद्भगवद्गीता Bg11-37.

कस्माच्च ते न नमेरन्महात्मन्‌ गरीयसे ब्रह्मणोऽप्यादिकर्त्रे |
अनन्त देवेश जगन्निवास त्वमक्षरं सदसत्तत्परं यत्‌ || ११-३७ ||

Gita Press translation “O Great soul, why should they not bow to you, who are the progenitor of Brahmā himself and the greatest of the great? O infinite Lord of celestials, Abode of the universe, You are that which is existent (Sat), that which is non-existent (Asat) and also that which is beyond both, viz., the indestructible Brahma.”

Here in this example ‘कस्मात्’ is used as an अव्ययम्। By the गणसूत्रम् उपसर्ग-विभक्ति-स्वर-प्रतिरूपकाश्च, words which mimic an उपसर्ग: or a word ending in a विभक्ति: or a vowel, may also be included in the चादि-गणः। ‘कस्मात्’ mimics the पञ्चमी-एकवचनम् of the प्रातिपदिकम् “किम्”। By 1-4-57 चादयोऽसत्त्वे, ‘कस्मात्’ gets the निपात-सञ्ज्ञा, since 1-4-57 चादयोऽसत्त्वे comes under the अधिकारः of 1-4-56 प्राग्रीश्वरान्निपाताः। Then, by 1-1-37 स्वरादिनिपातमव्ययम्, it gets the अव्यय-सञ्ज्ञा।

‘कस्मात्’ gets प्रातिपदिकसञ्ज्ञा by 1-2-45 अर्थवदधातुरप्रत्ययः प्रातिपदिकम्। 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टा… mandates the प्रत्ययाः सुँ, औ, जस् etc. after the प्रातिपदिकम् ‘कस्मात्’ । Since ‘कस्मात्’ is used as an अव्ययम्, it will only take the default सुँ-प्रत्यय:।

(1) कस्मात् + सुँ ।

(2) कस्मात् । By 2-4-82 अव्ययादाप्सुपः, the feminine affix आप् and सुँप् affixes that are prescribed after an अव्ययम् take the लुक् elision.

Questions:

1. Can you spot a word in the गीता Chapter 11, verse 36, where the गणसूत्रम् “उपसर्ग-विभक्ति-स्वर-प्रतिरूपकाश्च” can be applied?

2. Where has the सूत्रम् 8-2-8 न ङिसम्बुद्ध्योः been used in this verse?

3. Where has the युष्मद्-प्रातिपदिकम् been used?

4. The term “रीश्वर” (referred to in the सूत्रम् 1-4-56 प्राग्रीश्वरान्निपाताः) occurs in which सूत्रम्?

5. By which सूत्रम् does “च” get the निपात-सञ्ज्ञा? By which one does it get the अव्यय-सञ्ज्ञा?

6. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“Why did you not listen to what I told you?” Paraphrase “what I told you” to “what was told to you by me.” Use the adjective passive प्रातिपदिकम् “उक्त” for “told.” Similarly paraphrase “Why did you not listen” to “Why was that not listened to by you.” Use the adjective passive प्रातिपदिकम् “श्रुत” for “was listened.” Use यत्/तत्।

7. Please list the four synonyms of the word “जगत्” (प्रातिपदिकम् “जगत्” neuter, meaning “universe”) as given in the अमरकोश:। We’ve already seen these in a prior example. (Search this web site for “जगत्”)।

Advanced question:

1. In commenting on the सूत्रम् 1-4-56 प्राग्रीश्वरान्निपाताः, the काशिका says “प्राग्वचनं संज्ञासमावेशार्थम्। गत्युपसर्गकर्मप्रवचनीयसंज्ञाभिः सह निपातसंज्ञा समाविशति।” Please explain what this means.

Easy questions:

1. Where has the सूत्रम् 8-4-40 स्तोः श्चुना श्चुः been used in the verse?

2. Please derive the form “ब्रह्मण:” (पुंलिङ्गे पञ्चमी-एकवचनम्) from the प्रातिपदिकम् “ब्रह्मन्”। (Remember to use the सूत्रम् 6-4-137 न संयोगाद्वमन्तात्‌)।

Today we will look at the form मघवतः-mGs from श्रीमद्भागवतम् SB 10-18-29.

स आहतः सपदि विशीर्णमस्तको मुखाद्वमन्रुधिरमपस्मृतोऽसुरः ।
महारवं व्यसुरपतत्समीरयन्गिरिर्यथा मघवत आयुधाहतः ।। १०-१८-२९ ।।

Gita Press translation “With his head smashed forthwith and deprived of his consciousness when struck (by Balarāma), and vomiting blood, the said demon fell dead, uttering a loud cry, as a mountain struck with the weapon of Indra.”

‘मघवन्’ gets प्रातिपदिकसञ्ज्ञा by 1-2-45 अर्थवदधातुरप्रत्ययः प्रातिपदिकम्। The विवक्षा here is षष्ठी-एकवचनम्। 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टा… mandates the प्रत्ययाः सुँ, औ, जस् etc. after the प्रातिपदिकम् ‘मघवन्’ ।

(1) मघवन् + ङस् ।

(2) मघवतृँ + ङस् । By 6-4-128 मघवा बहुलम्, मघवन् gets “तृँ” replacement optionally. As per 1-1-52 अलोऽन्त्यस्य, only the ending नकार: gets replaced.

(3) मघवतस् । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत्, 1-3-8 लशक्वतद्धिते and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः। 1-3-4 न विभक्तौ तुस्माः prevents the ending सकारः of ङस् from getting इत्-सञ्ज्ञा।

(4) मघवतः । रुँत्व-विसर्गौ – 8-2-66 ससजुषो रुः and 8-3-15 खरवसानयोर्विसर्जनीयः।

Questions:

1. Which is the other optional final form in this example? (When the तृँ-आदेश: is not done.)

2. By which सूत्रम् does “सपदि” get the अव्यय-सञ्ज्ञा?

3. In which other सूत्रम् (besides 6-4-128 मघवा बहुलम्) does पाणिनि: mention the प्रातिपदिकम् “मघवन्”। Why didn’t that सूत्रम् apply in this example?

4. Where has the सूत्रम् 7-1-70 उगिदचां सर्वनामस्थानेऽधातोः been used in this verse?

5. Which other विभक्ति:/वचनम् of the प्रातिपदिकम् “मघवन्” will give the form मघवत:?

6. The अमरकोश: gives thirty-four (!) synonyms for “इन्द्र:” (प्रातिपदिकम् “इन्द्र” masculine.) One of the them is मघवा (प्रातिपदिकम् “मघवन्” masculine). Please list the other thirty-three. We have already seen these in a prior example. (Search this web site for “मघवान्”)।

7. Which one of these (answer to question 6) has been used in chapter ten of the गीता?

8. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“Struck by Sri Rama’s arrow, Ravana fell on the ground, instantly.” Use a प्रातिपदिकम् from the verse for “struck”, use a verb from the verse for “fell” and an अव्ययम् from the verse for “instantly.”

Easy questions:

1. Derive the form “मुखात्” (पञ्चमी-एकवचनम्) from the प्रातिपदिकम् “मुख” (declined like ज्ञान/वन-शब्द:)।

2. Where has the सूत्रम् 8-3-19 लोपः शाकल्यस्य been used in the verse?

Today we will look at the form अमुना-mIs from श्रीमद्भागवतम् Sb10-56-31.

मणिहेतोरिह प्राप्ता वयमृक्षपते बिलम् ।
मिथ्याभिशापं प्रमृजन्नात्मनो मणिनामुना ।। १०-५६-३१ ।।

Gita Press translation “For the sake of this gem did we (the leading citizens of Dwārakā headed by Myself) arrive at (the mouth of) your cave, O chief of bears; whereas I came here (inside the cave) with a view to wiping off the false imputation against Me through that gem.”

‘अदस्’ gets प्रातिपदिक-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-2-45 अर्थवदधातुरप्रत्ययः प्रातिपदिकम् and सर्वनाम-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-1-27 सर्वादीनि सर्वनामानि । The विवक्षा here is पुंलिङ्गे तृतीया-एकवचनम् । 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टा… mandates the प्रत्ययाः सुँ, औ, जस् etc. after the प्रातिपदिकम् ‘अदस्’ ।

(1) अदस् + टा ।

(2) अद अ + टा । By 7-2-102 त्यदादीनामः, अदस् gets the अकारादेशः । As per 1-1-52 अलोऽन्त्यस्य, only the ending सकार: gets replaced.

(3) अद + टा । By 6-1-97 अतो गुणे, the अकारः at the end of “अद” and the following अकारादेशः is replaced by अकारः (पररूपम्) as एकादेशः ।

(4) अमु + टा । By 8-2-80 अदसोऽसेर्दादु दो मः, there is a substitution of उकार:/ऊकार: in place of the letter (vowel) following the दकार: of “अदस्” and the दकार: gets substituted by मकार:। This rule does not apply when there is a सकार: at the end of “अदस्”।
Note: As per 1-1-50 स्थानेऽन्तरतमः, there will be an उकार: substitution if the vowel following the दकार: is ह्रस्व: (short) and there will be an ऊकार: substitution if the vowel following the दकार: is दीर्घ: (long.)

As per 8-2-3 न मु ने, when the “ना”-आदेश: (by 7-3-120 आङो नाऽस्त्रियाम्) is to be done or has been done, the “मु”-आदेश: is not असिद्ध:। Therefore, 7-1-12 टाङसिङसामिनात्स्याः is not applied, because doing so will make 8-2-3 useless. On the same basis 7-3-102 सुपि च also does not apply after the ना-आदेशः by 7-3-120.
See question 8 and advanced question 1.

(5) अमुना । “अमु” gets the घि-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-4-7 शेषो घ्यसखि। By 7-3-120 आङो नाऽस्त्रियाम् – Following a अङ्गम् having घि-सञ्ज्ञा, the affix “आङ्” is replaced by “ना”, but not in the feminine gender. “आङ्” is an ancient name for the (instrumental singular) affix “टा”।

Questions:

1. Can you spot a word from the स्वरादि-गण: (reference 1-1-37 स्वरादिनिपातमव्ययम्) used in this verse?

2. The अव्ययम् “इह” is derived by adding the तद्धित-प्रत्यय: “ह” to the प्रातिपदिकम् “इदम्” using the सूत्रम् 5-3-11 इदमो हः। (इदम् takes the इश्-आदेश: as per 5-3-3 इदम इश्)। By which सूत्रम् does इह get the अव्यय-सञ्ज्ञा?

3. “इह” comes as the last word in which chapter of the गीता?

4. Where else (besides in “अमुना”) has the सूत्रम् 7-3-120 आङो नाऽस्त्रियाम् been used?

5. Which terms from the प्रादि-गण: (reference 1-4-58 प्रादयः) occur in the verse? Which of these have the उपसर्ग-सञ्ज्ञा (reference 1-4-59 उपसर्गाः क्रियायोगे)?

6. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“When did the guests arrive here?” Use the प्रातिपदिकम् “अतिथि” for guest and the अव्ययम् “कदा” for “when.” Use a प्रातिपदिकम् from the verse for “did arrive.”

7. The अमरकोश: gives four words which mean “bear.” One of them is “ऋक्ष:” (प्रातिपदिकम् “ऋक्ष” masculine) used in this verse. Please list the other three.
ऋक्षाच्छभल्लभल्लूका: ।।२-५-४।।
(इति चत्वारि “भल्लूकस्य” नामानि)

Note: Some editions of अमरकोश: have “भालूका:” instead of “भल्लूका:”।

8. Derive the form “ने” used in the सूत्रम् 8-2-3 न मु ने। It is सप्तमी-एकवचनम् of the प्रातिपदिकम् “ना”।

Advanced question:

1. The सप्तमी used in “ने” in the सूत्रम् “8-2-3 न मु ने” is treated as a विषय-सप्तमी as well as a पर-सप्तमी (reference 1-1-66 तस्मिन्निति निर्दिष्टे पूर्वस्य)। Please explain.

Easy questions:

1. Please do पदच्छेद: of प्रमृजन्नात्मन: and mention the relevant rules.

2. Where has the अस्मद्-प्रातिपदिकम् been used in this verse?

3. Where has the सूत्रम् 6-1-69 एङ्ह्रस्वात्‌ सम्बुद्धेः been used?

Today we will look at the form गाम्-fAs from श्रीमद्भागवतम् Sb11-23-59.

श्रीभगवानुवाच
निर्विद्य नष्टद्रविणे गतक्लमः प्रव्रज्य गां पर्यटमान इत्थम् ।
निराकृतोऽसद्भिरपि स्वधर्मादकम्पितोऽमूं मुनिराह गाथाम् ।। ११-२३-५९ ।।

Gita Press translation “The glorious Lord went on: Getting disgusted with the pleasures of sense and leaving his home and wandering over the earth, the ascetic – whose depression of spirits was gone even though he had lost his fortune, and who did not budge from his righteous course of conduct though ill-treated as aforesaid by the wicked – chanted the foregoing song.”

‘गो’ gets प्रातिपदिकसंज्ञा by 1-2-45 अर्थवदधातुरप्रत्ययः प्रातिपदिकम्। The विवक्षा here is द्वितीया-एकवचनम्। 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टा… mandates the प्रत्ययाः सुँ, औ, जस् etc. after the प्रातिपदिकम् “गो” ।

(1) गो + अम् ।

(2) गाम् । By 6-1-93 औतोऽम्शसोः, आकारः shall be the single substitute in the place of an ओकारः and the following अकारः of affixes अम् and शस्।

Questions:

1. Where is the word “गाम्” found in the गीता?

2. Please do पदच्छेद: of the सूत्रम् 6-1-93 औतोऽम्शसोः and indicate the विभक्ति:/वचनम् of each term.

3. Derive the form “अमूम्” (स्त्रीलिङ्गे द्वितीया-एकवचनम्) from the सर्वनाम-प्रातिपदिकम् “अदस्”।

4. Which terms from the प्रादिगण: (reference 1-4-58 प्रादयः) have been used in this verse?

5. Which of these (answer to question 4) have the उपसर्ग-सञ्ज्ञा? (reference 1-4-59 उपसर्गाः क्रियायोगे)

6. Why did we not consider the सूत्रम् 6-1-107 अमि पूर्वः in this example?

7. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“This (is) an appropriate example.” Use the adjective प्रातिपदिकम् “उचित” for “appropriate.”

8. Please state the one synonym for the word “क्लम:” (प्रातिपदिकम् “क्लम” masculine, meaning “fatigue”) as given in the अमरकोश:।
क्लमथः क्लमे ॥३-२-१०॥
(इति द्वे “ग्लाने:” नामनी)

Easy questions:

1. Derive the form “स्वधर्मात्” (पञ्चमी-एकवचनम्) from the प्रातिपदिकम् “स्वधर्म” (declined like राम-शब्द:)।

2. Which term used in the verse has the घि-सञ्ज्ञा (reference 1-4-7 शेषो घ्यसखि)?

Today we will look at the form स्वसः-fVs from श्रीमद्भागवतम् Sb10-82-21

कंसप्रतापिताः सर्वे वयं याता दिशं दिशम् ।
एतर्ह्येव पुनः स्थानं दैवेनासादिताः स्वसः ।। १०-८२-२१ ।।

Gita Press translation “Sister, you are aware how harassed by Kaṁsa, we had to flee from one quarter to another. It is only now that we have been restored to a secure position by Providence.”

‘स्वसृ’ gets प्रातिपदिकसंज्ञा by 1-2-45 अर्थवदधातुरप्रत्ययः प्रातिपदिकम्। The विवक्षा here is सम्बुद्धिः। 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टा… mandates the प्रत्ययाः सुँ, औ, जस् etc. after the प्रातिपदिकम् “स्वसृ” ।

(1) स्वसृ + सुँ ।

(2) स्वसर् । By 7-3-110 ऋतो ङिसर्वनामस्थानयोः, ऋत् (short ऋ) ending अङ्गम् gets a गुणः replacement, when followed by the affix ङि or an affix with the designation सर्वनामस्थानम्। By 1-1-51 उरण् रपरः, in the place of ऋवर्ण: if an अण् letter (अ, इ, उ) comes as a substitute, it is always followed by a रँ letter. See easy questions 1, 2 and 3.

(3) स्वसर् + स् । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत् and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

(4) स्वसर् । By 6-1-68 हल्ङ्याब्भ्यो दीर्घात्‌ सुतिस्यपृक्तं हल्, a single letter affix सुँ, ति or सि is dropped following a base ending in a consonant or in the long feminine affix ङी or आप्। Now “स्वसर्” gets the पद-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-1-62 प्रत्ययलोपे प्रत्ययलक्षणम्, 1-4-14 सुप्तिङन्तं पदम्।

(5) स्वसः । विसर्ग-आदेशः by 8-3-15 खरवसानयोर्विसर्जनीयः।

Questions:

1. We have studied one सूत्रम् in which पाणिनि: specifically mentions the प्रातिपदिकम् “स्वसृ”। Which one is it and why did it not apply in this example?

2. The अव्ययम् “एतर्हि” (meaning “अस्मिन् काले”) is formed using the तद्धित-प्रत्यय: “र्हिल्” as per the सूत्रम् 5-3-16 इदमो र्हिल्। By which सूत्रम् does it get the अव्यय-सञ्ज्ञा?

3. By which सूत्रम् does “पुनर्” get the अव्यय-सञ्ज्ञा?

4. Can you spot a प्रातिपदिकम् ending in the क्विन्-प्रत्यय: in the verse?

5. Where has the सूत्रम् 7-1-17 जसः शी been used?

6. Where is 7-3-110 ऋतो ङिसर्वनामस्थानयोः used for the first time in the गीता?

7. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“Just now I saw your brother.” Use words from the verse for “just now” and use the adjective प्रातिपदिकम् “दृष्टवत् (feminine दृष्टवती)” to convey the meaning “saw.”

8. Please state the one synonym for the word “स्वसा” (प्रातिपदिकम् “स्वसृ” feminine, meaning “sister”) as given in the अमरकोश:।
भगिनी स्वसा ।।२-६-२९।।
(इति द्वे “स्वसु:” नामनी)

Easy questions:

1. Which letters are contained in the रँ-प्रत्याहार:?

2. By which सूत्रम् does पाणिनि: define the गुण-सञ्ज्ञा?

3. By which सूत्रम् does the सुँ-प्रत्यय: get the सर्वनामस्थान-सञ्ज्ञा which is required to apply 7-3-110 ऋतो ङिसर्वनामस्थानयोः in step 2?

4. Where has the सूत्रम् 6-1-77 इको यणचि been used in the verse?

Today we will look at the form अस्य-mGs from श्रीमद्भगवद्गीता Bg11-43.

पितासि लोकस्य चराचरस्य त्वमस्य पूज्यश्च गुरुर्गरीयान्‌ |
न त्वत्समोऽस्त्यभ्यधिकः कुतोऽन्यो लोकत्रयेऽप्यप्रतिमप्रभाव || ११-४३||

Gita Press translation “You are the father, nay, the greatest teacher of this moving and unmoving creation, and worthy of adoration. O Lord of incomparable might, in all the three worlds there is none else even equal to You; how, then, can anyone be superior to You?”

‘इदम्’ gets प्रातिपदिकसंज्ञा by 1-2-45 अर्थवदधातुरप्रत्ययः प्रातिपदिकम् and सर्वनाम-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-1-27 सर्वादीनि सर्वनामानि । The विवक्षा here is पुंलिङ्गे षष्ठी-एकवचनम् । 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टाभ्याम्भिस्ङेभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसिँभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसोसाम्ङ्योस्सुप् mandates the प्रत्ययाः सुँ, औ, जस् etc. after the प्रातिपदिकम् ‘इदम्’ ।

(1) इदम् + ङस् ।

(2) इद अ + ङस् । By 7-2-102 त्यदादीनामः, इदम् gets the अकारादेशः। As per 1-1-52 अलोऽन्त्यस्य , only the ending मकार: gets replaced.

(3) इद् अ + ङस् । By 6-1-97 अतो गुणे, the अकारः at the end of ‘इद’ and the following अकारादेशः is replaced by अकारः (पररूपम्) as एकादेशः ।

(4) इद् अ + स्य । By 7-1-12 टाङसिङसामिनात्स्याः, since the ङस्-प्रत्यय: is following an अङ्गम् ending in an अकार:, it is replaced by “स्य”। As per 1-1-55 अनेकाल्शित्सर्वस्य the entire ङस्-प्रत्यय: is replaced.

(5) अस्य । By 7-2-113 हलि लोपः, The “इद्” of इदम् that is without the ककारः takes लोपः, when the विभक्तिः affixes of the आप्-प्रत्याहारः, which begin with a consonant, follow. This rule is an अपवाद: (exception) to the prior rule 7-2-112 अनाप्यकः।
Only the दकारः of “इद्” would take लोपः by 1-1-52 अलोऽन्त्यस्य। But the following परिभाषा takes effect: नानर्थकेऽलोन्त्यविधिरनभ्यासविकारे।
This means that the rule 1-1-52 अलोऽन्त्यस्य does not apply in the case of a term that is devoid of meaning, except in the case which involves modification of an अभ्यास:।
In this example, the entire term इदम् has meaning but the “इद्” part doesn’t. So 1-1-52 will not apply when it comes to operating on the “इद्” part. Therefore, the “इद्” part completely takes लोपः by 7-2-113.

Questions:

1. The आप्-प्रत्याहारः referred to in the सूत्रम् 7-2-112 अनाप्यकः contains which प्रत्यया:?

2. Which noun in the verse is being qualified by the pronoun अस्य? (Since अस्य is declined पुंलिङ्गे षष्ठी-एकवचनम्, the noun that it is qualifying will also be masculine and declined षष्ठी-एकवचनम्)।

3. Can you spot an अनङ्-आदेश: in the verse?

4. Which terms from the प्रादि-गण: (reference 1-4-58 प्रादयः) have been used in this verse?

5. Where has the सूत्रम् 6-4-10 सान्तमहतः संयोगस्य been used?

6. The word कुत: is formed by using the तसिँल्-प्रत्यय: using the सूत्रम् 5-3-7 पञ्चम्यास्तसिल्। By which सूत्रम् does it get the अव्यय-सञ्ज्ञा?

7. How would you say the following in Sanskrit?
“The coming Monday is the first day of the New Year.” Use a verb from the verse for “is”, use the adjective प्रातिपदिकम् “आगामिन्” for “coming.”

8. Please state the one synonym for the word “पूज्य:” (प्रातिपदिकम् “पूज्य” adjective, meaning “worthy of honor”) as given in the अमरकोश:।
पूज्यः प्रतीक्ष्यः ।।३-१-५।।
(इति द्वे “पूज्यस्य” नामनी)

Easy questions:

1. Where has the सूत्रम् 6-1-109 एङः पदान्तादति been used in the verse? How about 8-4-40 स्तोः श्चुना श्चुः?

2. Derive the form लोकस्य (षष्ठी-एकवचनम्) from the प्रातिपदिकम् “लोक” (declined like राम-शब्द:)।

Today we will look at the form अमी-mNp from श्रीमद्भगवद्गीता Bg11-28.

यथा नदीनां बहवोऽम्बुवेगाः समुद्रमेवाभिमुखा द्रवन्ति |
तथा तवामी नरलोकवीरा विशन्ति वक्त्राण्यभिविज्वलन्ति || ११-२८||

Gita Press translation “As the myriad streams of rivers rush towards the sea alone, so do those warriors of the mortal world enter Your flaming mouths.”

‘अदस्’ gets प्रातिपदिक-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-2-45 अर्थवदधातुरप्रत्ययः प्रातिपदिकम् and सर्वनाम-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-1-27 सर्वादीनि सर्वनामानि । The विवक्षा here is पुंलिङ्गे प्रथमा-बहुवचनम् । 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टा… mandates the प्रत्ययाः सुँ, औ, जस् etc. after the प्रातिपदिकम् ‘अदस्’ ।

(1) अदस् + जस् ।

(2) अद अ + जस् । By 7-2-102 त्यदादीनामः, अदस् gets the अकारादेशः । As per 1-1-52 अलोऽन्त्यस्य, only the ending सकार: gets replaced.

(3) अद + जस् । By 6-1-97 अतो गुणे, the अकारः at the end of “अद” and the following अकारादेशः is replaced by अकारः (पररूपम्) as एकादेशः ।

(4) अद + शी । By 7-1-17 जसः शी, following a pronoun ending in short अ the nominative plural ending जस् is replaced by शी।

(5) अद + ई । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-8 लशक्वतद्धिते and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

(6) अदे । गुणादेशः by 6-1-87 आद्गुणः।

(7) अमी । By 8-2-81 एत ईद्बहुवचने, in the plural, the ईकार: is substituted in place of the एकार: that follows the दकार: of “अदस्” and the दकार: gets substituted by a मकार:।

Questions:

1. The words यथा and तथा are formed using the तद्धित-प्रत्यय: “थाल्” using the सूत्रम् 5-3-23 प्रकारवचने थाल्। By which सूत्रम् do they get the अव्यय-सञ्ज्ञा?

2. Why didn’t 6-1-102 प्रथमयोः पूर्वसवर्णः apply (instead of 6-1-87 आद्गुणः) in step 6?

3. What would have been the final form in this example if the gender had been neuter?

4. In which verse of the गीता has the अदस्-प्रातिपदिकम् been used twice?

5. पाणिनि: defines the प्रगृह्य-सञ्ज्ञा in the अष्टाध्यायी by the rules 1-1-11 to 1-1-19. Can you find a सूत्रम् there by which the ending ईकार: of “अमी” gets the प्रगृह्य-सञ्ज्ञा?

6. Can you spot a प्रातिपदिकम् ending in the शतृँ-प्रत्यय: in the verse?

7. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“In the morning, all the cows enter the forest, with the cowherds.” Use a verb from the verse for “enter” and use the अव्ययम् “प्रातर्” for “in the morning.”

8. The अमरकोश: gives two meanings for the word “वेग:”। Which one has been used in this verse?
वेगः प्रवाहजवयोरपि ॥३-३-२०॥

Easy questions:

1. Can you spot a नुँट्-आगम: in the verse?

2. Where has the सूत्रम् 8-3-22 हलि सर्वेषाम् been used? How about 6-1-113 अतो रोरप्लुतादप्लुते?

3. Derive the form वक्त्राणि (द्वितीया-बहुवचनम्) from the नपुंसकलिङ्ग-प्रातिपदिकम् “वक्त्र” (declined like ज्ञान/वन-शब्द:)। Use 8-4-2 अट्कुप्वाङ्नुम्व्यवायेऽपि for the णकारादेश:।

Today we will look at the form पुम्भिः-mIp from श्रीमद्वाल्मीकि-रामायणम् ।

माहेश्वरे प्रवृत्ते तु यज्ञे पुम्भिः सुदुर्लभे |
वरांस्ते लब्धवान्पुत्रः साक्षात् पशुपतेरिह || ७-२५-९||

“And when the sacrifice intended to propitiate Lord Maheśwara, which is exceedingly difficult for the mortals to accomplish, commenced, your son received boons personally from Lord Śiva (the ruler of embodied souls in bondage, who are no better than beasts) here (on this very ground).”

The प्रातिपदिकम् “पुम्स्” is formed using the उणादि-प्रत्यय: “डुम्सुँन्”।

‘पुम्स्’ gets प्रातिपदिकसंज्ञा by 1-2-46 कृत्तद्धितसमासाश्च। The विवक्षा here is तृतीया-बहुवचनम्। 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टा… mandates the प्रत्ययाः सुँ, औ, जस् etc. after the प्रातिपदिकम् ‘पुम्स्’।

(1) पुम्स् + भिस् । अङ्गम् has पद-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-4-17 स्वादिष्वसर्वनामस्थाने ।

(2) पुम् + भिस् । By 8-2-23 संयोगान्तस्य लोपः, the संयोगान्तपदम् “पुम्स्” takes लोपः। As per 1-1-52 अलोऽन्त्यस्य, only the ending letter (सकार:) of the पदम् will take लोपः।

(3) पुम्भिः । रुँत्व-विसर्गौ by 8-2-66 ससजुषो रुः and 8-3-15 खरवसानयोर्विसर्जनीयः।
See question 1.

Questions:

1. Which two rules should be applied after step 3? (They will give an alternate form.)

2. In which सूत्रम् does पाणिनि: specifically mention the प्रातिपदिकम् “पुम्स्”? Why didn’t that सूत्रम् apply in this example? (Which condition was not satisfied?)

3. By which सूत्रम् does “साक्षात्” get the अव्यय-सञ्ज्ञा?

4. By which सूत्रम् does “तु” get the अव्यय-सञ्ज्ञा?

5. The अव्ययम् “इह” is formed by using the सूत्रम् 5-3-11 इदमो हः। It gets the अव्यय-सञ्ज्ञा by –
a) 1-1-37 स्वरादिनिपातमव्ययम्।
b) 1-1-38 तद्धितश्चासर्वविभक्तिः।
c) 1-1-39 कृन्मेजन्तः।
d) 1-1-40 क्त्वातोसुन्कसुनः।

6. Where is the प्रातिपदिकम् “पुम्स्” used in Chapter 2 of the गीता?

7. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“A man who has conquered passion (is) very difficult to find.” Use the masculine प्रातिपदिकम् “पुम्स्” for “man”, the masculine प्रातिपदिकम् “काम” for “passion” and the adjective प्रातिपदिकम् “सुदुर्लभ” for “very difficult to find.” Use the pronouns “यद्” and “तद्”।

8. Please list the four synonyms for the word “पुमान्” (प्रातिपदिकम् “पुम्स्” masculine, meaning “man”) as given in the अमरकोश:।
स्युः पुमांसः पञ्चजनाः पुरुषाः पूरुषा नरः ।।२-६-१।।
(इति पञ्च “मनुष्यजातौ पुरुषस्य” नामानि)

Easy questions:

1. Please do पदच्छेद: of वरांस्ते and mention the relevant rules.

2. We have studied one नियम-सूत्रम् (a rule which limits the application of another rule) for 1-4-7 शेषो घ्यसखि। Which one is it and where has it been used in the verse?

Today we will look at the form मरुताम्-mGp from श्रीमद्भागवतम् Sb6-18-78

एवं ते सर्वमाख्यातं यन्मां त्वं परिपृच्छसि ।
मङ्गलं मरुतां जन्म किं भूयः कथयामि ते ।। ६-१८-७८ ।।

Gita Press translation “In this way I have told you all that you enquired of me, viz., the story of the auspicious birth of the Maruts. What more shall I speak to you about?”

‘मरुत्’ gets प्रातिपदिकसञ्ज्ञा by 1-2-45 अर्थवदधातुरप्रत्ययः प्रातिपदिकम्. The विवक्षा here is षष्ठी-विभक्तिः बहुवचनम्। 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टा… mandates the प्रत्ययाः सुँ, औ, जस् etc. after the प्रातिपदिकम् ‘ मरुत्’।

(1) मरुत् + आम् ।

(2) मरुताम्

Questions:

1. Where is the word “मरुताम्” used in the गीता?

2. By which सूत्रम् does “एवम्” get the अव्यय-सञ्ज्ञा?

3. Which five rules in the अष्टाध्यायी give the अव्यय-सञ्ज्ञा?

4. Which terms from the प्रादि-गण: (reference – 1-4-58 प्रादयः) have been used in this verse? Do they have the उपसर्ग-सञ्ज्ञा here?

5. In how many places has the युष्मद्-प्रातिपदिकम् been used? In each instance, please state if it is an optional form.

6. In this example, the अङ्गम् “ मरुत्” has:
a) पद-सञ्ज्ञा
b) भ-सञ्ज्ञा
c) Neither पद-सञ्ज्ञा nor भ-सञ्ज्ञा
d) Both पद-सञ्ज्ञा and भ-सञ्ज्ञा

7. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“I shall tell you my opinion.” Use a verb from the verse and use the neuter प्रातिपदिकम् “मत” for “opinion.”

8. Please give the five synonyms of the word “जन्म” (प्रातिपदिकम् “जन्मन्” neuter, meaning “birth”) as given in the अमरकोश:।
जनुर्जननजन्मानि जनिरुत्पत्तिरुद्भवः ।।१-४-३०।।
(इति षट् “जननस्य” नामानि)

Easy questions:

1. Please do पदच्छेद: of “यन्माम्” and mention the relevant rules.

2. Derive the form “जन्म” (प्रथमा/द्वितीया-एकवचनम्) from the नपुंसकलिङ्ग-प्रातिपदिकम् “जन्मन्”।

Today we will look at the form भ्राता-mNs from श्रीमद्भागवतम् Sb8-19-7

निशम्य तद्वधं भ्राता हिरण्यकशिपुः पुरा ।
हन्तुं भ्रातृहणं क्रुद्धो जगाम निलयं हरेः ।। ८-१९-७ ।।

Gita Press translation “Hearing of his death, his (elder) brother, Hiraṇyakaśipu (Prahrāda’s father), full of rage, went of yore to the abode of Hari in order to kill the slayer of his brother.”

‘भ्रातृ’ gets प्रातिपदिकसञ्ज्ञा by 1-2-45 अर्थवदधातुरप्रत्ययः प्रातिपदिकम्. The विवक्षा here is प्रथमा-विभक्तिः एकवचनम्। 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टा… mandates the प्रत्ययाः सुँ, औ, जस् etc. after the प्रातिपदिकम् ‘भ्रातृ’।

(1) भ्रातृ + सुँ ।

(2) भ्रात् अनँङ् + सुँ । By 7-1-94 ऋदुशनस्पुरुदंसोऽनेहसां च, ऋत् (short ऋ) ending words, as well as the words उशनस्, पुरुदंसस् and अनेहस् get the अनँङ् replacement when the सुँ suffix, that is not सम्बुद्धिः, follows. By 1-1-53 ङिच्च, a ङित् substitute (substitute which has the letter ङ् as a marker), even if it is अनेकाल् (having more than one letter), takes place of only the last letter of the term being substituted.

(3) भ्रातन् + स् । अनुबन्ध-लोप: by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत् , 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम् and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

(4) भ्रातान् + स् । By 6-4-8 सर्वनामस्थाने चासम्बुद्धौ, the penultimate letter of the अङ्गम् (base) ending in a नकार: gets elongated if it is followed by a non-vocative affix having the designation सर्वनामस्थानम्।

(5) भ्रातान् । सकार-लोपः by 6-1-68 हल्ङ्याब्भ्यो दीर्घात्‌ सुतिस्यपृक्तं हल्। Using 1-1-62 प्रत्ययलोपे प्रत्ययलक्षणम् भ्रातान् gets पद-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-4-14 सुप्तिङन्तं पदम्।

(6) भ्राता । By 8-2-7 नलोपः प्रातिपदिकान्तस्य, the ending letter न् of a पदम् is dropped when the पदम् also has the designation प्रातिपदिकम् ।

Questions :

1. Which सूत्रम् is used to do the णकारादेश: in the form भ्रातृहणम्? (The प्रातिपदिकम् “भ्रातृहन्” is similar to the प्रातिपदिकम् “वृत्रहन्” which we have studied in the class.)

2. 1-1-53 ङिच्च (used in step 2) is an अपवाद: for which सूत्रम्?

3. By which सूत्रम् does “पुरा” get the अव्यय-सञ्ज्ञा?

4. Where has this अव्ययम् “पुरा” been used in the गीता?

5. Which term from the प्रादि-गण: (reference – 1-4-58 प्रादयः) is used in this verse?

6. In commenting on the सूत्रम् 7-1-94 ऋदुशनस्पुरुदंसोऽनेहसां च, the काशिका says “असम्बुद्धौ इत्येव – हे मातः।” Please explain what this means.

7. Use some words from the verse to construct the following sentence in Sanskrit:
“Hearing the command of his father, Sri Rama went to the forest with Sita and Lakshmana.” Use the masculine प्रातिपदिकम् “आदेश” for “command.”

8. Please list the fifteen synonyms for the word “निलय:” (प्रातिपदिकम् “निलय” masculine, meaning “abode/residence”) as given in the अमरकोश:। We’ve already seen these in a previous example. (Search this website for “निलय”)।

Easy questions:

1. Derive the form “हरे:” (षष्ठी-एकवचनम्) from the प्रातिपदिकम् “हरि”। (Use 1-4-7 शेषो घ्यसखि, 7-3-111 घेर्ङिति and 6-1-110 ङसिङसोश्च)।

2. Where has the सूत्रम् 6-1-114 हशि च been used in the verse?