Today we will look at the form प्रपेदे 3As-लिँट् from श्रीमद्भागवतम् 2.7.3

जज्ञे च कर्दमगृहे द्विज देवहूत्यां स्त्रीभिः समं नवभिरात्मगतिं स्वमात्रे ।
ऊचे ययाऽऽत्मशमलं गुणसङ्गपङ्कमस्मिन्विधूय कपिलस्य गतिं प्रपेदे ।। २-७-३ ।।

श्रीधर-स्वामि-टीका –
कपिलावतारमाह । कर्दमस्य प्रजापतेर्गृहे च तद्भार्यायां देवहूत्यां जज्ञे । नवभिः स्त्रीभिर्भगिनीभिः सह । स च स्वमात्रे आत्मगतिं ब्रह्मविद्यामुक्तवान् । यया आत्मगत्या सा आत्मनः शमलं मलिनीकरणं गुणसङ्गरूपं पङ्कमस्मिन्नेव जन्मनि विधूय कपिलस्य गतिं मुक्तिं प्राप्तवती ।।

Gita Press translation “Again He was born, O Nārada, as the son of Kardama (another Prajāpati) and his wife Devahūti (under the name of Kapila) with nine sisters, and imparted to His mother the Knowledge of the spirit, by means of which she wiped off in the course of that very life the dirt of attachement to the world of matter, which had polluted her heart, and attained to the state of Kapila (i.e, final beatitude).”

प्रपेदे is derived from the धातुः √पद् (दिवादि-गणः, पदँ गतौ, धातु-पाठः # ४. ६५)

The ending vowel, अकार: of “पदँ” gets the इत्-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत् and takes लोप: by 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः। This vowel has a अनुदात्त-स्वर:। Thus by 1-3-12 अनुदात्तङित आत्मनेपदम्, √पद् takes आत्मनेपद-प्रत्ययाः। As per 1-4-100 तङानावात्मनेपदम्, the nine प्रत्यया: from “त” to “महिङ्” get the आत्मनेपद-सञ्ज्ञा। So √पद् can take only one of these nine प्रत्यया: in कर्तरि प्रयोग:।

The विवक्षा is लिँट्, कर्तरि प्रयोग:, प्रथम-पुरुषः, एकवचनम्, hence the प्रत्ययः is “त”।

(1) पद् + लिँट् । By 3-2-115 परोक्षे लिँट्, the affix लिँट् (Perfect Tense) comes after a verbal root in the sense of the past not of today, provided that the action is unperceived by the narrator.

(2) पद् + ल् । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत्, 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

(3) पद् + त । 3-4-78 तिप्तस्झिसिप्थस्थमिब्वस्मस्तातांझथासाथांध्वमिड्वहिमहिङ् mandates the प्रत्ययः “त” as the substitute for the लकारः। By 3-4-115 लिट् च, a तिङ्-प्रत्यय: which comes in place of लिँट् gets the आर्धधातुक-सञ्ज्ञा। Therefore “त” gets the आर्धधातुक-सञ्ज्ञा। This prevents 3-1-68 कर्तरि शप्‌ (which requires a सार्वधातुक-प्रत्यय: to follow) from applying.

(4) पद् + एश् । By 3-4-81 लिटस्तझयोरेशिरेच्, when they come in place of लिँट्, the affixes “त” and “झ” take the substitutions “एश्” and “इरेच्” respectively.
As per 1-3-10 यथासंख्यमनुदेशः समानाम्, 1-1-55 अनेकाल् शित् सर्वस्य, “एश्” comes as a substitute for “त”।

(5) पद् + ए । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

(6) पद् पद् + ए । By 6-1-8 लिटि धातोरनभ्यासस्य, when लिँट् follows a verbal root, there is reduplication of the first portion – containing a single vowel – of the verbal root which is not already reduplicated. But if the verbal root (that has more than one vowel) begins with a vowel, then the reduplication is of the second portion – containing a single vowel.

(7) प पद् + ए । By 7-4-60 हलादिः शेषः, of the consonants of a reduplicate (अभ्यासः – ref. 6-1-4 पूर्वोऽभ्यासः), only the one (if any) at the beginning is retained, the rest are elided.
See advanced question.

(8) पेदे । By 6-4-120 अत एकहल्मध्येऽनादेशादेर्लिटि, the अकार: of a अङ्गम् takes एकार: as the substitute and simultaneously there is लोप: (elision) of the अभ्यास:, when all the following conditions are satisfied:
(i) the अकार: is preceded and followed by a single (non-conjunct) consonant
(ii) the अङ्गम् is followed by a लिँट् affix which is कित्
(iii) in place of the first letter of the अङ्गम् there is no आदेश: (substitution) that is based on the लिँट् affix.

Note : By 1-2-5 असंयोगाल्लिट् कित्, a लिँट् affix which is not a पित् – does not have पकार: as a इत् – shall be considered to be a कित् (as having ककार: as a इत्), as long as there is no संयोग: (conjunction consonant) prior to the affix. Hence “एश्” is a कित्-प्रत्यय: here. This allows 6-4-120 to apply.

“प्र” is the उपसर्गः (ref. 1-4-59 उपसर्गाः क्रियायोगे।)
प्र + पेदे = प्रपेदे ।

Questions:

1. Where has √पद् (दिवादि-गणः, पदँ गतौ, धातु-पाठः # ४. ६५) been used in a तिङन्तं पदम् in the first five verses of Chapter Two of the गीता?

2. Commenting on the सूत्रम् 6-4-120 अत एकहल्मध्येऽनादेशादेर्लिटि (used in step 8), the सिद्धान्तकौमुदी says – अनादेशादे: किम्? चकणतु:। Please explain.

3. The form ऊचे used in the verse is derived from which verbal root?

4. Where has 6-4-98 गमहनजनखनघसां लोपः क्ङित्यनङि been used in the verse?

5. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“Leaving (having left) his own brother, Vibhishana took shelter with Sri Rama.” Use the अव्ययम् “त्यक्त्वा” for “having left”, use the सर्वनाम-प्रातिपदिकम् “स्व” for “his own” and use √पद् (दिवादि-गणः, पदँ गतौ, धातु-पाठः # ४. ६५) with the उपसर्ग: “प्र” for “to take shelter with.”

Advanced question:

1. After step 7 in the example we could apply 8-4-54 अभ्यासे चर्च and replace the पकार: in the अभ्यास: by the same letter पकार:। Will that prevent 6-4-120 from applying? (Remember that one of the conditions mentioned in 6-4-120 is अनादेशादे:।) The सिद्धान्त-कौमुदी says that a same letter substitution (for the beginning letter of the अभ्यास:) does not prevent 6-4-120 from applying. आदेशश्चेह वैरूप्यसम्पादक एवाश्रीयते। The reason for this is given as शसिदद्यो: प्रतिषेधवचनाज्ज्ञापकात्। Please explain. (Hint: शसिदद्यो: is a reference to 6-4-126 न शसददवादिगुणानाम्।)

Easy questions:

1. Where has 7-2-113 हलि लोपः been used in the verse?

2. Which प्रातिपदिकम् used in the verse has the षट्-सञ्ज्ञा?

Today we will look at the form पेतु: 3Ap-लिँट् from श्रीमद्भागवतम् 3.17.13

गावोऽत्रसन्नसृग्दोहास्तोयदाः पूयवर्षिणः ।
व्यरुदन्देवलिङ्गानि द्रुमाः पेतुर्विनानिलम् ।। ३-१७-१३ ।।

श्रीधर-स्वामि-टीका –
गावोऽत्रसन् त्रस्ताः । असृग्दोहाश्च बभूवुः । देवलिङ्गानि व्यरुदन्, प्रतिमानामश्रुस्राव आसीदित्यर्थः ।।

Gita Press translation “Cows yielded blood in place of milk from terror, clouds rained pus, the images of gods shed tears and trees fell down without a blast.”

पेतुः is derived from the धातुः √पत् (भ्वादि-गणः, पतॢँ गतौ, धातु-पाठः #१.९७९)

In the धातु-पाठः, √पत् has one इत् letter – the ऌकार: following the तकार:। This इत् letter has a उदात्त-स्वर:। Thus √पत् is devoid of any indications for bringing in आत्मनेपद-प्रत्यया:। (Neither 1-3-12 अनुदात्तङित आत्मनेपदम् nor 1-3-72 स्वरितञितः कर्त्रभिप्राये क्रियाफले applies.) Therefore, as per 1-3-78 शेषात् कर्तरि परस्मैपदम्, in कर्तरि प्रयोग: √पत् takes परस्मैपद-प्रत्यया: by default. As per 1-4-99 लः परस्मैपदम्, 1-4-100 तङानावात्मनेपदम्, the nine प्रत्यया: from “तिप्” to “मस्” get the परस्मैपद-सञ्ज्ञा। So √पत् can take only one of these nine प्रत्यया: in कर्तरि प्रयोग:।

The विवक्षा is लिँट्, कर्तरि प्रयोग:, प्रथम-पुरुषः, बहुवचनम्, hence the प्रत्ययः is “झि”।

(1) पत् + लिँट् । By 3-2-115 परोक्षे लिँट् , the affix लिँट् (Perfect Tense) comes after a verbal root in the sense of the past not of today, provided that the action is unperceived by the narrator.

(2) पत् + ल् । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत्, 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

(3) पत् + झि । 3-4-78 तिप्तस्झिसिप्थस्थमिब्वस्मस्तातांझथासाथांध्वमिड्वहिमहिङ् mandates the प्रत्ययः “झि” as the substitute for the लकारः। By 3-4-115 लिट् च, a तिङ्-प्रत्यय: which comes in place of लिँट् gets the आर्धधातुक-सञ्ज्ञा। Therefore “झि” gets the आर्धधातुक-सञ्ज्ञा। This prevents 3-1-68 कर्तरि शप्‌ (which requires a सार्वधातुक-प्रत्यय: to follow) from applying.

(4) पत् + उस् । By 3-4-82 परस्मैपदानां णलतुसुस्थलथुसणल्वमाः, when they come in place of लिँट्, the nine परस्मैपद-प्रत्यया: – “तिप्”, “तस्”, “झि”, “सिप्”, “थस्”, “थ”, “मिप्”, “वस्” and “मस्” – are substituted by “णल्”, “अतुस्”, “उस्”, “थल्”, “अथुस्”, “अ”, “णल्”, “व” and “म” respectively.
1-3-4 न विभक्तौ तुस्माः prevents the ending सकार: of “उस्” from getting the इत्-सञ्ज्ञा।

(5) पत् पत् + उस् । By 6-1-8 लिटि धातोरनभ्यासस्य , when लिँट् follows a verbal root, there is reduplication of the first portion – containing a single vowel – of the verbal root which is not already reduplicated. But if the verbal root (that has more than one vowel) begins with a vowel, then the reduplication is of the second portion – containing a single vowel.

(6) प पत् + उस् । By 7-4-60 हलादिः शेषः, of the consonants of a reduplicate (अभ्यासः – ref. 6-1-4 पूर्वोऽभ्यासः), only the one (if any) at the beginning is retained, the rest are elided.

(7) पेत् + उस् । By 6-4-120 अत एकहल्मध्येऽनादेशादेर्लिटि, the अकार: of a अङ्गम् takes एकार: as the substitute and simultaneously there is लोप: (elision) of the अभ्यास:, when all the following conditions are satisfied:
(i) the अकार: is preceded and followed by a single (non-conjunct) consonant
(ii) the अङ्गम् is followed by a लिँट् affix which is कित्
(iii) in place of the first letter of the अङ्गम् there is no आदेश: (substitution) that is based on the लिँट् affix.

Note : By 1-2-5 असंयोगाल्लिट् कित्, a लिँट् affix which is not a पित् – does not have पकार: as a इत् – shall be considered to be a कित् (as having ककार: as a इत्), as long as there is no संयोग: (conjunction consonant) prior to the affix. Hence, “उस्” is a कित्-प्रत्यय: here. This allows 6-4-120 to apply.

(8) पेतुः । रुँत्व-विसर्गौ – 8-2-66 ससजुषो रुः and 8-3-15 खरवसानयोर्विसर्जनीयः ।

Questions:

1. Where has √पत् (भ्वादि-गणः, पतॢँ गतौ, धातु-पाठः #१.९७९) been used in a तिङन्तं पदम् in Chapter Sixteen of the गीता?

2. The पदच्छेद: of the सूत्रम् 6-4-120 अत एकहल्मध्येऽनादेशादेर्लिटि is अत:, एकहल्मध्ये, अनादेशादे:, लिटि। Which विभक्ति:/वचनम् has been used in अत:?
i. प्रथमा-बहुवचनम्
ii. द्वितीया-बहुवचनम्
iii. पञ्चमी-एकवचनम्
iv. षष्ठी-एकवचनम्

3. What would be an alternate form for the word अत्रसन् used in the verse?

4. In which word in the verse has the शप्-प्रत्यय: taken the लुक् elision?

5. Which सूत्रम् is used for the “ईट्”-आगम: in the form आसीत्?

6. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“Hearing (having heard) that Sita is alive, tears of joy fell from Sri Rama’s (two) eyes.” Use the अव्ययम् “श्रुत्वा” for “having heard”, use √जीव् (जीवँ प्राणधारणे १. ६४३) for “to live (to be alive)” and use the neuter प्रातिपदिकम् “अश्रु” for “tear.”

Easy questions:

1. Can you spot a “णित्”-प्रत्यय: (an affix which has णकार: as a marker) in the verse?

2. Where has 7-1-72 नपुंसकस्य झलचः been used in the verse?

Today we will look at the form पप्रच्छ 3As-लिँट् from श्रीमद्भागवतम् 1.18.40

विसृज्य पुत्रं पप्रच्छ वत्स कस्माद्धि रोदिषि ।
केन वा तेऽपकृतमित्युक्तः स न्यवेदयत् ।। १-१८-४० ।।

श्रीधर-स्वामि-टीका –
तं सर्पं विसृज्य । केनापकारः कृतः ।।

Gita Press translation – (Sage Śamīka) throwing off (the dead serpent), enquired: “Child, wherefore do you weep? Who has wronged you?” Thus asked, the boy told him (all that had happened).

पप्रच्छ is derived from the धातुः √प्रच्छ् (तुदादि-गणः, प्रच्छँ ज्ञीप्सायाम्, धातु-पाठः # ६. १४९)

In the धातु-पाठः, the ending अकार: (which is a इत् by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत्) of “प्रच्छँ” has a उदात्त-स्वर:। Thus √प्रच्छ् is devoid of any indications for bringing in आत्मनेपद-प्रत्यया:। (Neither 1-3-12 अनुदात्तङित आत्मनेपदम् nor 1-3-72 स्वरितञितः कर्त्रभिप्राये क्रियाफले applies.) Therefore, as per 1-3-78 शेषात् कर्तरि परस्मैपदम्, in कर्तरि प्रयोग: √प्रच्छ् takes the परस्मैपद-प्रत्यया: by default.

The विवक्षा is लिँट्, कर्तरि प्रयोग:, प्रथम-पुरुषः, एकवचनम्, hence the प्रत्ययः is तिप्।

(1) प्रच्छ् + लिँट् । By 3-2-115 परोक्षे लिँट्, the affix लिँट् (Perfect Tense) comes after a verbal root in the sense of the past not of today, provided that the action is unperceived by the narrator.

(2) प्रच्छ् + ल् । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत्, 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

(3) प्रच्छ् + तिप् । 3-4-78 तिप्तस्झिसिप्थस्थमिब्वस्मस्तातांझथासाथांध्वमिड्वहिमहिङ् mandates the प्रत्ययः “तिप्” as the substitute for the लकारः। By 3-4-115 लिट् च, a तिङ्-प्रत्यय: which comes in place of लिँट् gets the आर्धधातुक-सञ्ज्ञा। Therefore “तिप्” gets the आर्धधातुक-सञ्ज्ञा। This prevents 3-1-68 कर्तरि शप्‌ (which requires a सार्वधातुक-प्रत्यय: to follow) from applying.

(4) प्रच्छ् + णल् । By 3-4-82 परस्मैपदानां णलतुसुस्थलथुसणल्वमाः, when they come in place of लिँट्, the nine परस्मैपद-प्रत्यया: – “तिप्”, “तस्”, “झि”, “सिप्”, “थस्”, “थ”, “मिप्”, “वस्” and “मस्” – are substituted by “णल्”, “अतुस्”, “उस्”, “थल्”, “अथुस्”, “अ”, “णल्”, “व” and “म” respectively.

(5) प्रच्छ् + अ । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-7 चुटू, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।
See question 2.

(6) प्रच्छ् प्रच्छ् + अ । By 6-1-8 लिटि धातोरनभ्यासस्य, when लिँट् follows a verbal root, there is reduplication of the first portion – containing a single vowel – of the verbal root which is not already reduplicated. But if the verbal root (that has more than one vowel) begins with a vowel, then the reduplication is of the second portion – containing a single vowel.

(7) प् र् अ च्छ् प्रच्छ् + अ = प् ऋ अ च्छ् प्रच्छ् + अ । By 6-1-17 लिट्यभ्यासस्योभयेषाम्, when a लिँट् affix follows, सम्प्रसारणम् (ref. 1-1-45 इग्यणः सम्प्रसारणम्) is done in the अभ्यास: (reduplicate) of the verbal roots (वचँ परिभाषणे २. ५८ etc.) referred to in 6-1-15 as well as in that of the verbal roots (ग्रहँ उपादाने ९. ७१ etc.) referred to in 6-1-16.

(8) पृच्छ् प्रच्छ् + अ । By 6-1-108 सम्प्रसारणाच्च, when a सम्प्रसारणम् is followed by a अच् (vowel), there is a single replacement (in place of both the सम्प्रसारणम् and the following अच्) of the prior letter (the सम्प्रसारणम्)।

(9) पर् च्छ् प्रच्छ् + अ । By 7-4-66 उरत्‌, a ऋवर्ण: of the अभ्यास: (reduplicate) takes the अकारादेश: when a प्रत्यय: follows. As per 1-1-51 उरण् रपरः, in the place of ऋवर्ण: if an अण् letter (“अ”, “इ”, “उ”) comes as a substitute, it is always followed by a रँ (“र्”, “ल्”) letter.

(10) पप्रच्छ । By 7-4-60 हलादिः शेषः, of the consonants of a reduplicate (अभ्यासः – ref. 6-1-4 पूर्वोऽभ्यासः), only the one (if any) at the beginning is retained, the rest are elided.

Questions:

1. Where has √प्रच्छ् (तुदादि-गणः, प्रच्छँ ज्ञीप्सायाम्, धातु-पाठः # ६. १४९) been used in a तिङन्तं पदम् for the first time in the गीता?

2. Why doesn’t the रेफ: in “प्रच्छ्” take सम्प्रसारणम् (by 6-1-16 ग्रहिज्यावयिव्यधिवष्टिविचतिवृश्चतिपृच्छतिभृज्जतीनां ङिति च) in this example? (Which condition is not satisfied?)

3. Can you spot a “णिच्”-प्रत्यय: in the verse?

4. Can you recall a अपवाद-सूत्रम् (exception rule) to 7-4-60 हलादिः शेषः (used in step 7)?

5. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“Sri Krishna asked Arjuna – ‘Why do you grieve over those who should not be grieved for?'” Use √शुच् (शुचँ शोके १. २१०) with the उपसर्ग: “अनु” for “to grieve over” and use the adjective प्रातिपदिकम् “अशोच्य” for “one who should not be grieved for.” Use the अव्ययम् “कस्मात्” for “why” and the अव्ययम् “इति” as an end-quote.

Advanced question:

1. Rules prescribing (and prohibiting) a “इट्”-आगम: are presented by पाणिनि: in 7-2 (second quarter of the seventh chapter) of the अष्टाध्यायी। The topic goes from 7-2-8 to 7-2-78. The rules from 7-2-8 to 7-2-34 are all prohibition rules. Can you try to find a सूत्रम् in the remaining section (from 7-2-35 to 7-2-78) which is responsible for the “इट्”-आगम: in रोदिषि? (We have not studied this सूत्रम् in the class.) Hint: पाणिनि: specifically mentions the धातु: “रुद्” in this सूत्रम्।

Easy questions:

1. Where has 6-1-69 एङ्ह्रस्वात्‌ सम्बुद्धेः been used in the verse?

2. Which सूत्रम् is used for the धकारादेश: in कस्माद्धि?

Today we will look at the form मेनिरे 3Ap-लिँट् from श्रीमद्भागवतम् 7.8.16

तदैव तस्मिन्निनदोऽतिभीषणो बभूव येनाण्डकटाहमस्फुटत् ।
यं वै स्वधिष्ण्योपगतं त्वजादयः श्रुत्वा स्वधामाप्ययमङ्ग मेनिरे ।। ७-८-१६ ।।

श्रीधर-स्वामि-टीका –
No commentary on this verse.

Gita Press translation “That very moment there rose in that pillar a most terrific crash, as a result of which the shell of the cosmic egg cracked (as it were) and on hearing which, as it reached the spheres of Brahmā (the creator) and others, they for their part actually suspected the dissolution of their very abodes, O dear Yudhiṣṭhira!”

मेनिरे is derived from the धातुः √मन् (दिवादि-गणः, मनँ ज्ञाने, धातु-पाठः # ४. ७३) or √मन् (तनादि-गणः, मनुँ अवबोधने, धातु-पाठः # ८. ९)

The ending vowel (अकार: of “मनँ” and उकार: of “मनुँ”) gets the इत्-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत् and takes लोप: by 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः। This vowel has a अनुदात्त-स्वर:। Thus by 1-3-12 अनुदात्तङित आत्मनेपदम्, √मन् takes आत्मनेपद-प्रत्ययाः। As per 1-4-100 तङानावात्मनेपदम्, the nine प्रत्यया: from “त” to “महिङ्” get the आत्मनेपद-सञ्ज्ञा। So √मन् can take only one of these nine प्रत्यया: in कर्तरि प्रयोग:।

The विवक्षा is लिँट्, कर्तरि प्रयोग:, प्रथम-पुरुषः, बहुवचनम्, hence the प्रत्ययः is “झ”।

(1) मन् + लिँट् । By 3-2-115 परोक्षे लिँट् , the affix लिँट् (Perfect Tense) comes after a verbal root in the sense of the past not of today, provided that the action is unperceived by the narrator.

(2) मन् + ल् । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत्, 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

(3) मन् + झ । 3-4-78 तिप्तस्झिसिप्थस्थमिब्वस्मस्तातांझथासाथांध्वमिड्वहिमहिङ् mandates the प्रत्ययः “झ” as the substitute for the लकारः। By 3-4-115 लिट् च, a तिङ्-प्रत्यय: which comes in place of लिँट् gets the आर्धधातुक-सञ्ज्ञा। Therefore “झ” gets the आर्धधातुक-सञ्ज्ञा। This prevents 3-1-68 कर्तरि शप्‌ (which requires a सार्वधातुक-प्रत्यय: to follow) from applying.

(4) मन् + इरेच् । By 3-4-81 लिटस्तझयोरेशिरेच्, when they come in place of लिँट्, the affixes “त” and “झ” take the substitutions “एश्” and “इरेच्” respectively.
As per 1-3-10 यथासंख्यमनुदेशः समानाम्, 1-1-55 अनेकाल् शित् सर्वस्य, “इरेच्” comes as a substitute for “झ”।

(5) मन् + इरे । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

(6) मन् मन् + इरे । By 6-1-8 लिटि धातोरनभ्यासस्य, when लिँट् follows a verbal root, there is reduplication of the first portion – containing a single vowel – of the verbal root which is not already reduplicated. But if the verbal root (that has more than one vowel) begins with a vowel, then the reduplication is of the second portion – containing a single vowel.

(7) म मन् + इरे । By 7-4-60 हलादिः शेषः, of the consonants of a reduplicate (अभ्यासः – ref. 6-1-4 पूर्वोऽभ्यासः), only the one (if any) at the beginning is retained, the rest are elided.

(8) मेनिरे । By 6-4-120 अत एकहल्मध्येऽनादेशादेर्लिटि, the अकार: of a अङ्गम् takes एकार: as the substitute and simultaneously there is लोप: (elision) of the अभ्यास:, when all the following conditions are satisfied:
(i) the अकार: is preceded and followed by a single (non-conjunct) consonant
(ii) the अङ्गम् is followed by a लिँट् affix which is कित्
(iii) in place of the first letter of the अङ्गम् there is no आदेश: (substitution) that is based on the लिँट् affix.

Note : By 1-2-5 असंयोगाल्लिट् कित्, a लिँट् affix which is not a पित् – does not have पकार: as a इत् – shall be considered to be a कित् (as having ककार: as a इत्), as long as there is no संयोग: (conjunction consonant) prior to the affix. Hence “इरेच्” is a कित्-प्रत्यय: here. This allows 6-4-120 to apply.

Questions:

1. Of the two verbal roots √मन् (दिवादि-गणः, मनँ ज्ञाने, धातु-पाठः # ४. ७३) and √मन् (तनादि-गणः, मनुँ अवबोधने, धातु-पाठः # ८. ९) which one has been used in the गीता in a तिङन्तं पदम्?

2. Commenting on the सूत्रम् 6-4-120 अत एकहल्मध्येऽनादेशादेर्लिटि (used in step 8 of the example), the तत्त्वबोधिनी says – असंयोगादिति किम्? ममन्थे। अत्र नलोपो न। Please explain.

3. Which सूत्रम् is used for the “वुँक्”-आगम: in the form बभूव?

4. Where has 3-4-100 इतश्च been used in the verse?

5. Which अव्ययम् in the verse has been translated to “O dear Yudhiṣṭhira!”?

6. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“Embraced by Sri Rama, Sri Hanuman considered himself very blessed/fortunate.” Use the adjective प्रातिपदिकम् “आलिङ्गित” for “embraced”, use the masculine प्रातिपदिकम् “आत्मन्” for “himself” and the adjective प्रातिपदिकम् “सुभग” for “very blessed/fortunate.”

Easy questions:

1. Where has 6-1-109 एङः पदान्तादति been used in the verse?

2. Which सूत्रम् is used for the “स्मिन्”-आदेश: in the form तस्मिन् (सर्वनाम-प्रातिपदिकम् “तद्”, पुंलिङ्गे सप्तमी-एकवचनम्)?

Today we will look at the form चक्रिरे 3Ap-लिँट् from श्रीमद्भागवतम् 9.16.5

व्यभिचारं मुनिर्ज्ञात्वा पत्न्याः प्रकुपितोऽब्रवीत् ।
घ्नतैनां पुत्रकाः पापामित्युक्तास्ते न चक्रिरे ।। ९-१६-५ ।।

श्रीधर-स्वामि-टीका –
व्यभिचारं मानसं ज्ञात्वा ।।

Gita Press translation “Enraged to know (through Yoga) the (mental) lapse of his wife, the sage exclaimed, “My sons! do away with this sinful woman.” Though enjoined thus, they did not carry out his command.”

चक्रिरे is derived from the धातुः √कृ (तनादि-गणः, डुकृञ् करणे, धातु-पाठः # ८. १०)

The “डु” at the beginning of this धातुः gets इत्-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-3-5 आदिर्ञिटुडवः। The ञकारः at the end gets इत्-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्। Both take लोप: by 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

Since the √कृ-धातुः has ञकारः as इत् in the धातु-पाठः, by 1-3-72 स्वरितञितः कर्त्रभिप्राये क्रियाफले the √कृ-धातुः will take आत्मनेपद-प्रत्ययाः when the fruit of the action (क्रियाफलम्) accrues to the doer (कर्त्रभिप्रायम् = कर्तृ-अभिप्रायम्)। In the remaining case – when the fruit of the action does not accrue to the doer – by 1-3-78 शेषात् कर्तरि परस्मैपदम् – the √कृ-धातुः will take परस्मैपद-प्रत्ययाः।

In reality though, this distinction of the fruit of the action accruing to the doer or not, is rarely honored in the language. So as a practical matter, a verbal root such as √कृ will take either आत्मनेपद-प्रत्ययाः or परस्मैपद-प्रत्ययाः regardless of whether the fruit of the action accrues to the doer or not. In short, √कृ will be उभयपदी। In this verse, it has taken a आत्मनेपद-प्रत्यय:।

The विवक्षा is लिँट्, कर्तरि प्रयोग:, प्रथम-पुरुषः, बहुवचनम्, hence the प्रत्ययः is “झ”।

(1) कृ + लिँट् । By 3-2-115 परोक्षे लिँट् , the affix लिँट् (Perfect Tense) comes after a verbal root in the sense of the past not of today, provided that the action is unperceived by the narrator.

(2) कृ + ल् । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत्, 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

(3) कृ + झ । 3-4-78 तिप्तस्झिसिप्थस्थमिब्वस्मस्तातांझथासाथांध्वमिड्वहिमहिङ् mandates the प्रत्ययः “झ” as the substitute for the लकारः। By 3-4-115 लिट् च, a तिङ्-प्रत्यय: which comes in place of लिँट् gets the आर्धधातुक-सञ्ज्ञा। Therefore “झ” gets the आर्धधातुक-सञ्ज्ञा। This prevents 3-1-68 कर्तरि शप्‌ (which requires a सार्वधातुक-प्रत्यय: to follow) from applying.

(4) कृ + इरेच् । By 3-4-81 लिटस्तझयोरेशिरेच्, when they come in place of लिँट्, the affixes “त” and “झ” take the substitutions “एश्” and “इरेच्” respectively.
As per 1-3-10 यथासंख्यमनुदेशः समानाम्, 1-1-55 अनेकाल् शित् सर्वस्य, “इरेच्” comes as a substitute for “झ”।

(5) कृ + इरे । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

(6) कृ कृ + इरे । By 6-1-8 लिटि धातोरनभ्यासस्य, when लिँट् follows a verbal root, there is reduplication of the first portion – containing a single vowel – of the verbal root which is not already reduplicated. But if the verbal root (that has more than one vowel) begins with a vowel, then the reduplication is of the second portion – containing a single vowel.

Note: As per 1-1-59 द्विर्वचनेऽचि, while reduplication is yet to be done, a substitution (in this case रेफादेश: by 6-1-77 इको यणचि) shall not be made in the place of a vowel on the basis of a vowel (in this case इकार: of “इरे”) that is the cause for reduplication.
Note: This rule only temporarily stops the substitution until reduplication is done. Once reduplication is done, the substitution does takes place (in step 10 below.)

Therefore we apply 6-1-8 लिटि धातोरनभ्यासस्य before applying 6-1-77 इको यणचि।

(7) कर् कृ + इरे । By 7-4-66 उरत्‌, a ऋवर्ण: of the अभ्यास: (reduplicate) takes the अकारादेश: when a प्रत्यय: follows.
By 1-1-51 उरण् रपरः, in the place of ऋवर्ण: if an अण् letter (“अ”, “इ”, “उ”) comes as a substitute, it is always followed by a रँ (“र्”, “ल्”) letter.

(8) चर् कृ + इरे । By 7-4-62 कुहोश्चुः, in a reduplicate (अभ्यासः – ref. 6-1-4 पूर्वोऽभ्यासः), a letter of the कवर्गः or हकारः is replaced by a letter of the चवर्गः । The substitutions take place as per 1-1-50 स्थानेऽन्तरतमः।

(9) च कृ + इरे । By 7-4-60 हलादिः शेषः, of the consonants of a reduplicate (अभ्यासः – ref. 6-1-4 पूर्वोऽभ्यासः), only the one (if any) at the beginning is retained, the rest are elided.

(10) चक्रिरे । By 6-1-77 इको यणचि।

Questions:

1. In the गीता where has √कृ (तनादि-गणः, डुकृञ् करणे, धातु-पाठः # ८. १०) been used with a आत्मनेपद-प्रत्यय: in the विवक्षा of लँङ्, कर्तरि प्रयोग:, प्रथम-पुरुषः, बहुवचनम्?

2. What would have been the final form in this example if a परस्मैपद-प्रत्यय: had been used?

3. Which सर्वनाम-प्रातिपदिकम् has been used in the from एनाम् (स्त्रीलिङ्गे द्वितीया-एकवचनम्)?
i. “इदम्”
ii. “एतद्”
iii. Either “इदम्” or “एतद्”
iv. Neither “इदम्” nor “एतद्”

4. Which सूत्रम् is used for the “ईट्”-आगम: in अब्रवीत्?

5. Where has 3-4-85 लोटो लङ्वत्‌ been used in the verse?

6. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“Sri Rama performed the final rites of the vulture Jatayu.” Use the (compound) feminine प्रातिपदिकम् “अन्त्यक्रिया” for “final rite”, use the masculine/neuter प्रातिपदिकम् “गृध्र” for “vulture” and “जटायुस्” for “Jatayu.”

Easy questions:

1. Can you spot a “आट्”-आगम: in the verse?

2. Where has 7-1-17 जसः शी been used in the verse?

Today we will look at the form रेमिरे 3Ap-लिँट् from श्रीमद्भागवतम् 10.35.26

श्रीशुक उवाच
एवं व्रजस्त्रियो राजन्कृष्णलीला नु गायतीः ।
रेमिरेऽहःसु तच्चित्तास्तन्मनस्का महोदयाः ।। १०-३५-२६ ।।

श्रीधर-स्वामि-टीका –
एवं विरहदुःखेनापि नु अहो कृष्णलीला एव गायन्त्यस्तस्मिंश्चित्तं चेतना जीवितं यासां तास्तस्मिन्नेव मनः संकल्परूपं यासां ताः, अतो महानुदय उत्सवो यासां ता अहःस्वपि रेमिरे ।।

Gita Press translation – Śrī Śuka continued : “In this way, Oh Parīkṣit, the women of Vraja, whose intellect and mind were absorbed in Him and who were therefore full of great rejoicing, delightfully spent their time (even) during the day, celebrating in song the pastimes of Śrī Kṛṣṇa.”

रेमिरे is derived from the धातुः √रम् (भ्वादि-गणः, रमुँ क्रीडायाम् । रमँ इति माधवः, धातु-पाठः #१. ९८९)

The विवक्षा is लँट्, कर्तरि प्रयोग:, प्रथम-पुरुषः, बहुवचनम्।

The ending उकारः/अकार: of √रम्-धातुः gets the इत्-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत् and takes लोप: by 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः। This इत् has a अनुदात्त-स्वर:। Thus by 1-3-12 अनुदात्तङित आत्मनेपदम् √रम् takes आत्मनेपद-प्रत्ययाः। As per 1-4-100 तङानावात्मनेपदम्, the nine प्रत्यया: from “त” to “महिङ्” get the आत्मनेपद-सञ्ज्ञा। So √रम् can take only one of these nine प्रत्यया: in कर्तरि प्रयोग:।

The विवक्षा is लिँट्, कर्तरि प्रयोग:, प्रथम-पुरुषः, बहुवचनम्, hence the प्रत्ययः is “झ”।

(1) रम् + लिँट् । By 3-2-115 परोक्षे लिँट् , the affix लिँट् (Perfect Tense) comes after a verbal root in the sense of the past not of today, provided that the action is unperceived by the narrator.

(2) रम् + ल् । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत्, 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

(3) रम् + झ । 3-4-78 तिप्तस्झिसिप्थस्थमिब्वस्मस्तातांझथासाथांध्वमिड्वहिमहिङ् mandates the प्रत्ययः “झ” as the substitute for the लकारः। By 3-4-115 लिट् च, a तिङ्-प्रत्यय: which comes in place of लिँट् gets the आर्धधातुक-सञ्ज्ञा। Therefore “झ” gets the आर्धधातुक-सञ्ज्ञा। This prevents 3-1-68 कर्तरि शप्‌ (which requires a सार्वधातुक-प्रत्यय: to follow) from applying.

(4) रम् + इरेच् । By 3-4-81 लिटस्तझयोरेशिरेच्, when they come in place of लिँट्, the affixes “त” and “झ” take the substitutions “एश्” and “इरेच्” respectively.
As per 1-3-10 यथासंख्यमनुदेशः समानाम्, 1-1-55 अनेकाल् शित् सर्वस्य, “इरेच्” comes as a substitute for “झ”।

(5) रम् + इरे । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

(6) रम् रम् + इरे । By 6-1-8 लिटि धातोरनभ्यासस्य, when लिँट् follows a verbal root, there is reduplication of the first portion – containing a single vowel – of the verbal root which is not already reduplicated. But if the verbal root (that has more than one vowel) begins with a vowel, then the reduplication is of the second portion – containing a single vowel.

(7) र रम् + इरे । By 7-4-60 हलादिः शेषः, of the consonants of a reduplicate (अभ्यासः – ref. 6-1-4 पूर्वोऽभ्यासः), only the one (if any) at the beginning is retained, the rest are elided.

(8) रेमिरे । By 6-4-120 अत एकहल्मध्येऽनादेशादेर्लिटि, the अकार: of a अङ्गम् takes एकार: as the substitute and simultaneously there is लोप: (elision) of the अभ्यास:, when all the following conditions are satisfied:
(i) the अकार: is preceded and followed by a single (non-conjunct) consonant
(ii) the अङ्गम् is followed by a लिँट् affix which is कित्
(iii) in place of the first letter of the अङ्गम् there is no आदेश: (substitution) that is based on the लिँट् affix.

Note : By 1-2-5 असंयोगाल्लिट् कित्, a लिँट् affix which is not a पित् – does not have पकार: as a इत् – shall be considered to be a कित् (as having ककार: as a इत्), as long as there is no संयोग: (conjunction consonant) prior to the affix. Hence “इरेच्” is a कित्-प्रत्यय: here. This allows 6-4-120 to apply.

Questions:

1. Where has √रम् (भ्वादि-गणः, रमुँ क्रीडायाम् । रमँ इति माधवः, धातु-पाठः #१. ९८९) been used in a तिङन्तं पदम् in Chapter Eighteen of the गीता?

2. The word अह:सु used in the verse is सप्तमी-बहुवचनम् of the neuter प्रातिपदिकम् “अहन्”। Can you recall a सूत्रम् (which we have studied) in which पाणिनि: specifically mentions “अहन्”?

3. In the verse can you spot a आर्ष-प्रयोग: (a archaic form which is not according to the rules of grammar)?

4. Commenting on the सूत्रम् 6-4-120 अत एकहल्मध्येऽनादेशादेर्लिटि, the काशिका says – तपरकरणं किम्? ररासे। Please explain.

5. Commenting further on the same सूत्रम्, the काशिका says – एकहल्मध्ये इति किम्? शश्रमतुः। Please explain.

6. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“Observing the beauty of nature, Sita delightfully spent her time with Sri Rama in the forest.” Use the adjective प्रातिपदिकम् “अवलोकयत्” (feminine “अवलोकयन्ती”) for “observing.”

Easy questions:

1. Why didn’t the सूत्रम् 6-1-102 प्रथमयोः पूर्वसवर्णः apply in the form गायन्त्य: (स्त्रीलिङ्ग-प्रातिपदिकम् “गायन्ती”, प्रथमा-बहुवचनम्) used in the commentary?

2. Can you spot a “सुँट्”-आगम: in the commentary?

Today we will look at the form मेने 3As-लिँट् from श्रीमद्भागवतम् 3.1.9

यदा च पार्थप्रहितः सभायां जगद्गुरुर्यानि जगाद कृष्णः ।
न तानि पुंसाममृतायनानि राजोरु मेने क्षतपुण्यलेशः ।। ३-१-९ ।।

श्रीधर-स्वामि-टीका –
यानि वचनानि पुंसां भीष्मादीनाममृतायनान्यमृतस्रावीणि राजा धृतराष्ट्रो दुर्योधनो वा उरु बहु न मेने । क्षतो नष्टः पुण्यलेशो यस्य सः । न सुखकीर्तिधर्मादिहेतुः किंतु राज्यप्राप्तिमात्रहेतुः पुण्यलेश एवासीत्तस्यापि नष्टत्वादनादृतवानित्यर्थः ।।

Gita Press translation “When Śrī Kṛṣṇa, the Preceptor of the universe, was sent by Yudhiṣṭhira to the Kaurava court, He spoke there words which were full of nectar to His devotees (Bhīṣma and others); but the king (Duryodhana) attached no importance to them, since all his stock of merits had been exhausted.”

Note: “attached importance” is the translation of “उरु मेने” = “बहु मेने” = “thought highly.”

मेने is derived from the धातुः √मन् (दिवादि-गणः, मनँ ज्ञाने, धातु-पाठः # ४. ७३) or √मन् (तनादि-गणः, मनुँ अवबोधने, धातु-पाठः # ८. ९)

The ending vowel (अकार: of “मनँ” and उकार: of “मनुँ”) gets the इत्-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत् and takes लोप: by 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः। This vowel has a अनुदात्त-स्वर:। Thus by 1-3-12 अनुदात्तङित आत्मनेपदम्, √मन् takes आत्मनेपद-प्रत्ययाः। As per 1-4-100 तङानावात्मनेपदम्, the nine प्रत्यया: from “त” to “महिङ्” get the आत्मनेपद-सञ्ज्ञा। So √मन् can take only one of these nine प्रत्यया: in कर्तरि प्रयोग:।

The विवक्षा is लिँट्, कर्तरि प्रयोग:, प्रथम-पुरुषः, एकवचनम्, hence the प्रत्ययः is “त”।

(1) मन् + लिँट् । By 3-2-115 परोक्षे लिँट्, the affix लिँट् (Perfect Tense) comes after a verbal root in the sense of the past not of today, provided that the action is unperceived by the narrator.

(2) मन् + ल् । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत्, 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

(3) मन् + त । 3-4-78 तिप्तस्झिसिप्थस्थमिब्वस्मस्तातांझथासाथांध्वमिड्वहिमहिङ् mandates the प्रत्ययः “त” as the substitute for the लकारः। By 3-4-115 लिट् च, a तिङ्-प्रत्यय: which comes in place of लिँट् gets the आर्धधातुक-सञ्ज्ञा। Therefore “त” gets the आर्धधातुक-सञ्ज्ञा। This prevents 3-1-68 कर्तरि शप्‌ (which requires a सार्वधातुक-प्रत्यय: to follow) from applying.

(4) मन् + एश् । By 3-4-81 लिटस्तझयोरेशिरेच्, when they come in place of लिँट्, the affixes “त” and “झ” take the substitutions “एश्” and “इरेच्” respectively.
As per 1-3-10 यथासंख्यमनुदेशः समानाम्, 1-1-55 अनेकाल् शित् सर्वस्य, “एश्” comes as a substitute for “त”।

(5) मन् + ए । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

(6) मन् मन् + ए । By 6-1-8 लिटि धातोरनभ्यासस्य, when लिँट् follows a verbal root, there is reduplication of the first portion – containing a single vowel – of the verbal root which is not already reduplicated. But if the verbal root (that has more than one vowel) begins with a vowel, then the reduplication is of the second portion – containing a single vowel.

(7) म मन् + ए । By 7-4-60 हलादिः शेषः, of the consonants of a reduplicate (अभ्यासः – ref. 6-1-4 पूर्वोऽभ्यासः), only the one (if any) at the beginning is retained, the rest are elided.

(8) मेने । By 6-4-120 अत एकहल्मध्येऽनादेशादेर्लिटि, the अकार: of a अङ्गम् takes एकार: as the substitute and simultaneously there is लोप: (elision) of the अभ्यास:, when all the following conditions are satisfied:
(i) the अकार: is preceded and followed by a single (non-conjunct) consonant
(ii) the अङ्गम् is followed by a लिँट् affix which is कित्
(iii) in place of the first letter of the अङ्गम् there is no आदेश: (substitution) that is based on the लिँट् affix.

Note : By 1-2-5 असंयोगाल्लिट् कित्, a लिँट् affix which is not a पित् – does not have पकार: as a इत् – shall be considered to be a कित् (as having ककार: as a इत्), as long as there is no संयोग: (conjunction consonant) prior to the affix. Hence “एश्” is a कित्-प्रत्यय: here. This allows 6-4-120 to apply.

Questions:

1. The word पुंसाम् used in the verse is षष्ठी-बहुवचनम् of the प्रातिपदिकम् “पुम्स्”। Where in the गीता has this प्रातिपदिकम् been used in षष्ठी-एकवचनम्?

2. Where has 8-2-2 नलोपः सुप्स्वरसंज्ञातुग्विधिषु कृति been used in the verse?

3. Does 6-4-120 अत एकहल्मध्येऽनादेशादेर्लिटि (used in step 8 in the example) belong to the अधिकार: “भस्य”? Does it belong to the अधिकार: “असिद्धवत्”? Does it belong to the अधिकार: “अङ्गस्य”?

4. Can you spot a “णल्”-प्रत्यय: in the verse?

5. Can you spot a “ईट्”-आगम: in the commentary?

6. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“Sita said to Ravana, ‘I don’t consider you worth even a straw.'” Use the neuter प्रातिपदिकम् “तृण” for “straw” and √मन् (दिवादि-गणः, मनँ ज्ञाने, धातु-पाठः # ४. ७३) for “to consider worth.” Use a word from the verse for “said.”

Easy questions:

1. Which सूत्रम् is used for the “याट्”-आगम: in the form सभायाम् (स्त्रीलिङ्ग-प्रातिपदिकम् “सभा”, सप्तमी-एकवचनम्)?

2. Where has 6-4-3 नामि been used in the commentary?

Today we will look at the form तुष्टुवु: 3Ap-लिँट् from श्रीमद्भागवतम् 4.1.54

दिव्यवाद्यन्त तूर्याणि पेतुः कुसुमवृष्टयः ।
मुनयस्तुष्टुवुस्तुष्टा जगुर्गन्धर्वकिन्नराः ।। ४-१-५४ ।।

श्रीधर-स्वामि-टीका –
No commentary on this verse.

Gita Press translation “Musical instruments played in heaven, showers of flowers rained, sages offered their praises (highly) gratified, the Gandharvas and Kinnaras sang.”

तुष्टुवु: is derived from the धातुः √स्तु (ष्टुञ् स्तुतौ, अदादि-गणः, धातु-पाठः #२. ३८)

The धातुः “ष्टुञ्” has an initial षकारः in the धातु-पाठः। By 6-1-64 धात्वादेः षः सः , there is the substitution of सकारः in the place of the initial षकारः of a धातुः। And as per the न्यायः “निमित्तापाये नैमित्तिकस्याप्यपाय:” (when a cause is gone, its effect is also gone) the टकार-आदेशः for the तकारः, which has come in by 8-4-41 ष्टुना ष्टुः, because of the presence of the षकारः, will now be reverted to the तकारः since the cause for the टकारादेश: no longer exists. So we now have “स्तुञ्”।

The ending ञकार: gets the इत्-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम् and hence takes लोप: by 1-3-9 तस्य लोप:। Since ञकार: is an इत्, as per the सूत्रम् 1-3-72 स्वरितञितः कर्त्रभिप्राये क्रियाफले, the √स्तु will take आत्मनेपद-प्रत्ययाः when the fruit of the action (क्रियाफलम्) accrues to the doer (कर्त्रभिप्रायम् = कर्तृ-अभिप्रायम्)। In the remaining case – when the fruit of the action does not accrue to the doer – by 1-3-78 शेषात् कर्तरि परस्मैपदम् – √स्तु will take परस्मैपद-प्रत्ययाः।
In reality though, this distinction of the fruit of the action accruing to the doer or not, is rarely honored in the language. So as a practical matter, a verbal root such as √स्तु will take either आत्मनेपद-प्रत्ययाः or परस्मैपद-प्रत्ययाः regardless of whether the fruit of the action accrues to the doer or not. In short, √स्तु will be उभयपदी। In this verse, it has taken a परस्मैपद-प्रत्यय:।

The विवक्षा is लिँट्, कर्तरि प्रयोग:, प्रथम-पुरुषः, बहुवचनम्, hence the प्रत्ययः is “झि”।

(1) स्तु + लिँट् । By 3-2-115 परोक्षे लिँट् , the affix लिँट् (Perfect Tense) comes after a verbal root in the sense of the past not of today, provided that the action is unperceived by the narrator.

(2) स्तु + ल् । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत्, 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

(3) स्तु + झि । 3-4-78 तिप्तस्झिसिप्थस्थमिब्वस्मस्तातांझथासाथांध्वमिड्वहिमहिङ् mandates the प्रत्ययः “झि” as the substitute for the लकारः। By 3-4-115 लिट् च, a तिङ्-प्रत्यय: which comes in place of लिँट् gets the आर्धधातुक-सञ्ज्ञा। Therefore “झि” gets the आर्धधातुक-सञ्ज्ञा। This prevents 3-1-68 कर्तरि शप्‌ (which requires a सार्वधातुक-प्रत्यय: to follow) from applying.

(4) स्तु + उस् । By 3-4-82 परस्मैपदानां णलतुसुस्थलथुसणल्वमाः, when they come in place of लिँट्, the nine परस्मैपद-प्रत्यया: – “तिप्”, “तस्”, “झि”, “सिप्”, “थस्”, “थ”, “मिप्”, “वस्” and “मस्” – are substituted by “णल्”, “अतुस्”, “उस्”, “थल्”, “अथुस्”, “अ”, “णल्”, “व” and “म” respectively.
1-3-4 न विभक्तौ तुस्माः prevents the ending सकार: of “उस्” from getting the इत्-सञ्ज्ञा।
Note: “उस्” is a कित्-प्रत्यय: here as per 1-2-5 असंयोगाल्लिट् कित् – A लिँट् affix which is not a पित् – does not have पकार: as a इत् – shall be considered to be a कित् (as having ककार: as a इत्), as long as there is no संयोग: (conjunction consonant) prior to the affix. Hence 1-1-5 ग्क्ङिति च prevents 7-3-84 सार्वधातुकार्धधातुकयोः from applying.

(5) स्तु स्तु + उस् । By 6-1-8 लिटि धातोरनभ्यासस्य , when लिँट् follows a verbal root, there is reduplication of the first portion – containing a single vowel – of the verbal root which is not already reduplicated. But if the verbal root (that has more than one vowel) begins with a vowel, then the reduplication is of the second portion – containing a single vowel.

Note: As per 1-1-59 द्विर्वचनेऽचि, while reduplication is yet to be done, a substitution (in this case “उवँङ्”-आदेशः by 6-4-77 अचि श्नुधातुभ्रुवां य्वोरियँङुवँङौ ) shall not be made in the place of a vowel on the basis of a vowel (in this case the उकार: of “उस्”) that is the cause for reduplication.
Note: This rule only temporarily stops the substitution until reduplication is done. Once reduplication is done, the substitution does takes place (in step 6 below.)

Therefore we apply 6-1-8 लिटि धातोरनभ्यासस्य before applying 6-4-77 अचि श्नुधातुभ्रुवां य्वोरियँङुवँङौ।

(5) तु स्तु + उस् । By 7-4-61 शर्पूर्वाः खयः, if a अभ्यास: begins with a शर्-खय् conjunct (a conjunct whose first letter belongs to the शर्-प्रत्याहार: and second letter belongs to the खय्-प्रत्याहार:) then the खय् letter is retained and all other consonants of the अभ्यास: take लोप:। This सूत्रम् is a अपवाद: (exception) to 7-4-60 हलादिः शेषः।

(6) तु स्त् उवँङ् + उस् । By 6-4-77 अचि श्नुधातुभ्रुवां य्वोरियँङुवँङौ, if a प्रत्यय: beginning with an अच् (vowel) follows, then the (ending letter of the) अङ्गम् is replaced by इयँङ्/उवँङ् in the following three cases – (1) If the अङ्गम् ends in the प्रत्यय: “श्नु” or (2) If the अङ्गम् ends in the इवर्ण: or उवर्ण: of a धातु: or (3) If the अङ्गम् is the word “भ्रू”।
Note: As per 1-1-53 ङिच्च only the ending letter (उकार:) of the अङ्गम् is replaced.

(7) तु स्तुव् + उस् । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत्, 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

(8) तुस्तुवुः । रुँत्व-विसर्गौ – 8-2-66 ससजुषो रुः and 8-3-15 खरवसानयोर्विसर्जनीयः ।

(9) तु ष् तुवुः । By 8-3-59 आदेशप्रत्यययो:, the letter “स्” is replaced by the cerebral “ष्” when preceded either by a letter of the इण्-प्रत्याहार: or a letter of the क-वर्ग: (“क्”, “ख्”, “ग्”, “घ्”, “ङ्”)। This substitution only takes place if the “स्” is an आदेश: (substitute) or part of a प्रत्यय: (affix.)
Note: Recall that the धातु: is listed in the धातु-पाठ: as “ष्टुञ्”। By 6-1-64 धात्वादेः षः सः, there is the substitution of सकारः in the place of the initial षकारः of a धातुः। Now that the सकार: is a substitute, 8-3-59 is able to apply.

(10) तुष्टुवुः । By 8-4-41 ष्टुना ष्टुः।

Questions:

1. Where has 6-4-77 अचि श्नुधातुभ्रुवां य्वोरियँङुवँङौ (used in step 6) been used in the first five verses of Chapter Twelve of the गीता?

2. Can you recall a सूत्रम् (which we have studied) in which पाणिनि: specifically mentions √स्तु (ष्टुञ् स्तुतौ, अदादि-गणः, धातु-पाठः #२. ३८)?

3. Where has 6-1-45 आदेच उपदेशेऽशिति been used in the verse?

4. Can you spot a अभ्यास-लोप: in the verse?

5. Can you spot a “णिच्”-लोप: in the verse?

6. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“When Lord Siva drank the poison, all the gods and sages offered their praises.” Use (a लिँट् form of) √पा (पा पाने १. १०७४) for “to drink.” Use a word from the verse for “offered their praises.” Use the अव्यये यदा/तदा।

Easy questions:

1. Where has the “ङि”-प्रत्यय: been used in the verse?

2. Which सूत्रम् is used for the णकारादेश: (substitution by “ण्”) is the form तूर्याणि?

Today we will look at the form ननृतु: 3Ap-लिँट् from श्रीमद्भागवतम् 8.4.2

नेदुर्दुन्दुभयो दिव्या गन्धर्वा ननृतुर्जगुः ।
ऋषयश्चारणाः सिद्धास्तुष्टुवुः पुरुषोत्तमम् ।। ८-४-२ ।।

श्रीधर-स्वामि-टीका –
No commentary on this verse.

Gita Press translation “Heavenly drums sounded; the Gandharvas (celestial musicians) danced and sang (songs of praise); while Ṛṣis, Cāraṇas (celestial bards) and Siddhas (a class of demigods endowed with mystic powers from their very birth) glorified the supreme Person.”

ननृतु: is derived from the धातुः √नृत् (दिवादि-गणः, नृतीँ गात्रविक्षेपे, धातु-पाठः #४. १०)

The ending ईकारः (which is an इत्) of “नृतीँ” has a उदात्त-स्वरः। Thus √नृत् is devoid of any indications for bringing in आत्मनेपद-प्रत्यया:। (Neither 1-3-12 अनुदात्तङित आत्मनेपदम् nor 1-3-72 स्वरितञितः कर्त्रभिप्राये क्रियाफले applies.) Therefore, as per 1-3-78 शेषात् कर्तरि परस्मैपदम्, √नृत् in कर्तरि प्रयोग:, will take the परस्मैपद-प्रत्यया: by default. As per 1-4-99 लः परस्मैपदम्, 1-4-100 तङानावात्मनेपदम्, the nine प्रत्यया: from “तिप्” to “मस्” get the परस्मैपद-सञ्ज्ञा। So √नृत् can take only one of these nine प्रत्यया: in कर्तरि प्रयोग:।

The विवक्षा is लिँट्, कर्तरि प्रयोग:, प्रथम-पुरुषः, बहुवचनम्, hence the प्रत्ययः is “झि”।

(1) नृत् + लिँट् । By 3-2-115 परोक्षे लिँट् , the affix लिँट् (Perfect Tense) comes after a verbal root in the sense of the past not of today, provided that the action is unperceived by the narrator.

(2) नृत् + ल् । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत्, 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

(3) नृत् + झि । 3-4-78 तिप्तस्झिसिप्थस्थमिब्वस्मस्तातांझथासाथांध्वमिड्वहिमहिङ् mandates the प्रत्ययः “झि” as the substitute for the लकारः। By 3-4-115 लिट् च, a तिङ्-प्रत्यय: which comes in place of लिँट् gets the आर्धधातुक-सञ्ज्ञा। Therefore “झि” gets the आर्धधातुक-सञ्ज्ञा। This prevents 3-1-68 कर्तरि शप्‌ (which requires a सार्वधातुक-प्रत्यय: to follow) from applying.

(4) नृत् + उस् । By 3-4-82 परस्मैपदानां णलतुसुस्थलथुसणल्वमाः, when they come in place of लिँट्, the nine परस्मैपद-प्रत्यया: – “तिप्”, “तस्”, “झि”, “सिप्”, “थस्”, “थ”, “मिप्”, “वस्” and “मस्” – are substituted by “णल्”, “अतुस्”, “उस्”, “थल्”, “अथुस्”, “अ”, “णल्”, “व” and “म” respectively.
1-3-4 न विभक्तौ तुस्माः prevents the ending सकार: of “उस्” from getting the इत्-सञ्ज्ञा।

(5) नृत् नृत् + उस् । By 6-1-8 लिटि धातोरनभ्यासस्य , when लिँट् follows a verbal root, there is reduplication of the first portion – containing a single vowel – of the verbal root which is not already reduplicated. But if the verbal root (that has more than one vowel) begins with a vowel, then the reduplication is of the second portion – containing a single vowel.

(6) नर् त् नृत् + उस् । By 7-4-66 उरत्‌, a ऋवर्ण: of the अभ्यास: (reduplicate) takes the अकारादेश: when a प्रत्यय: follows. By 1-1-51 उरण् रपरः, in the place of ऋवर्ण: if an अण् letter (“अ”, “इ”, “उ”) comes as a substitute, it is always followed by a रँ (“र्”, “ल्”) letter.

(7) न नृत् + उस् । By 7-4-60 हलादिः शेषः, of the consonants of a reduplicate (अभ्यासः – ref. 6-1-4 पूर्वोऽभ्यासः), only the one (if any) at the beginning is retained, the rest are elided.

Note: “उस्” is a कित्-प्रत्यय: as per 1-2-5 असंयोगाल्लिट् कित् – A लिँट् affix which is not a पित् – does not have पकार: as a इत् – shall be considered to be a कित् (as having ककार: as a इत्), as long as there is no संयोग: (conjunction consonant) prior to the affix. Hence 1-1-5 ग्क्ङिति च prevents 7-3-86 पुगन्‍तलघूपधस्‍य च from applying.
See question 1.

(8) ननृतुः । रुँत्व-विसर्गौ – 8-2-66 ससजुषो रुः and 8-3-15 खरवसानयोर्विसर्जनीयः ।

Questions:

1. 7-3-86 पुगन्‍तलघूपधस्‍य च is a later rule (परकार्यम्) in the अष्टाध्यायी compared to 1-2-5 असंयोगाल्लिट् कित्। Then shouldn’t 7-3-86 take precedence over 1-2-5 and apply after step 7?

2. A धातुः is called णोपदेशः if it has an initial णकारः in the धातु-पाठः। Among those verbal roots that are found to begin with a नकार: at the time of usage in the language, eight verbal roots are नोपदेशा: – begin with a नकार: in the धातुपाठ:। (All others are णोपदेशा: – begin with a णकार: in the धातुपाठ:।) One of the eight is √नृत् (दिवादि-गणः, नृतीँ गात्रविक्षेपे, धातु-पाठः #४. १०) used in this example. Which are the other seven?

3. Can you spot a धातु: ending in a ऐकार: used in a तिङन्तं पदम् in the verse?

4. Which सूत्रम् is used for the एकारादेश: in the form नेदु:?

5. Where has 7-4-61 शर्पूर्वाः खयः been used in the verse?

6. How would you say is Sanskrit?
“When Sri Rama returned after killing Ravana, all the citizens of Ayodhya danced with joy.” Use the अव्ययम् “हत्वा” for “after killing (having killed)”, the masculine प्रातिपदिकम् “पौर” for “citizen” and use (a लिँट् form of) √वृत् (वृतुँ वर्तने १. ८६२) with the उपसर्ग: “नि” for “to return.” Use the अव्यये यदा/तदा।

Easy questions:

1. Where has 6-1-114 हशि च been used in the verse?

2. Which सूत्रम् is used for पुरुषोत्तम + अम् (द्वितीया-एकवचनम्) = पुरुषोत्तमम्? (Why doesn’t 6-1-101 अकः सवर्णे दीर्घः apply?)

Today we will look at the form तस्थौ 3As-लिँट् from श्रीमद्भागवतम् 10.34.30

तमन्वधावद्गोविन्दो यत्र यत्र स धावति ।
जिहीर्षुस्तच्छिरोरत्नं तस्थौ रक्षन्स्त्रियो बलः ।। १०-३४-३० ।।

श्रीधर-स्वामि-टीका –
No commentary on this verse.

Gita Press translation “Intending to snatch the jewel on his head, Śrī Kṛṣṇa (the Protector of cows) chased him whithersoever he ran; while Bala stood guard over the women.”

तस्थौ is derived from the धातुः √स्था (भ्वादि-गणः, ष्ठा गतिनिवृत्तौ, धातु-पाठः #१. १०७७)

The धातुः “ष्ठा” has an initial षकारः in the धातु-पाठः। By 6-1-64 धात्वादेः षः सः , there is the substitution of सकारः in the place of the initial षकारः of a धातुः। And as per the न्यायः “निमित्तापाये नैमित्तिकस्याप्यपाय:” (when a cause is gone, its effect is also gone) the ठकार-आदेशः for the थकारः, which has come in by 8-4-41 ष्टुना ष्टुः, because of the presence of the षकारः, will now be reverted to the थकारः since the cause for the ठकारादेश: no longer exists. So we now have √स्था।

In the धातु-पाठः, the √स्था has no इत् letters. It is devoid of any indications for bringing in आत्मनेपद-प्रत्यया:। (Neither 1-3-12 अनुदात्तङित आत्मनेपदम् nor 1-3-72 स्वरितञितः कर्त्रभिप्राये क्रियाफले applies.) Therefore, as per 1-3-78 शेषात् कर्तरि परस्मैपदम्, the √स्था, in कर्तरि प्रयोग:, will take the परस्मैपद-प्रत्यया: by default. As per 1-4-99 लः परस्मैपदम्, 1-4-100 तङानावात्मनेपदम्, the nine प्रत्यया: from “तिप्” to “मस्” get the परस्मैपद-सञ्ज्ञा। So √स्था can take only one of these nine प्रत्यया: in कर्तरि प्रयोग:।

The विवक्षा is लिँट्, कर्तरि प्रयोग:, प्रथम-पुरुषः, एकवचनम्, therefore the प्रत्यय: is “तिप्”।

(1) स्था + लिँट् । By 3-2-115 परोक्षे लिँट्, the affix लिँट् (Perfect Tense) comes after a verbal root in the sense of the past not of today, provided that the action is unperceived by the narrator.

(2) स्था + ल् । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत्, 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

(3) स्था + तिप् । 3-4-78 तिप्तस्झिसिप्थस्थमिब्वस्मस्तातांझथासाथांध्वमिड्वहिमहिङ् mandates the प्रत्ययः “तिप्” as the substitute for the लकारः। By 3-4-115 लिट् च, a तिङ्-प्रत्यय: which comes in place of लिँट् gets the आर्धधातुक-सञ्ज्ञा। Therefore “तिप्” gets the आर्धधातुक-सञ्ज्ञा। This prevents 3-1-68 कर्तरि शप्‌ (which requires a सार्वधातुक-प्रत्यय: to follow) from applying.

(4) स्था + णल् । By 3-4-82 परस्मैपदानां णलतुसुस्थलथुसणल्वमाः, when they come in place of लिँट्, the nine परस्मैपद-प्रत्यया: – “तिप्”, “तस्”, “झि”, “सिप्”, “थस्”, “थ”, “मिप्”, “वस्” and “मस्” – are substituted by “णल्”, “अतुस्”, “उस्”, “थल्”, “अथुस्”, “अ”, “णल्”, “व” and “म” respectively.

(5) स्था + औ । By 7-1-34 आत औ णलः, the “णल्”-प्रत्यय: is substituted by a औकार:, when it follows a धातु: that ends in a आकार:।

(6) स्था स्था + औ । By 6-1-8 लिटि धातोरनभ्यासस्य, when लिँट् follows a verbal root, there is reduplication of the first portion – containing a single vowel – of the verbal root which is not already reduplicated. But if the verbal root (that has more than one vowel) begins with a vowel, then the reduplication is of the second portion – containing a single vowel.

Note: As per 1-1-59 द्विर्वचनेऽचि, while reduplication is yet to be done, a substitution (in this case वृद्धि: by 6-1-88 वृद्धिरेचि) shall not be made in the place of a vowel on the basis of a vowel (in this case “औ”) that is the cause for reduplication.
Note: This rule only temporarily stops the substitution until reduplication is done. Once reduplication is done, the substitution does takes place (in step 9 below.)

Therefore we apply 6-1-8 लिटि धातोरनभ्यासस्य before applying 6-1-88 वृद्धिरेचि।

(7) था स्था + औ । By 7-4-61 शर्पूर्वाः खयः,  if a अभ्यास: begins with a शर्-खय् conjunct (a conjunct whose first letter belongs to the शर्-प्रत्याहार: and second letter belongs to the खय्-प्रत्याहार:) then the खय् letter is retained and all other consonants of the अभ्यास: take लोप:। See question 2.

(8) थ स्था + औ । By 7-4-59 ह्रस्वः, the अच् (vowel) of a reduplicate (अभ्यासः – ref. 6-1-4 पूर्वोऽभ्यासः) is substituted by a short vowel.

(9) थ स्थौ । By 6-1-88 वृद्धिरेचि।

(10) तस्थौ । By 8-4-54 अभ्यासे चर्च, in a reduplicate (अभ्यासः – ref. 6-1-4 पूर्वोऽभ्यासः), a letter of the झल्-प्रत्याहारः is substituted by a letter of the चर्-प्रत्याहारः or जश्-प्रत्याहारः। The substitutions take place as per 1-1-50 स्थानेऽन्तरतमः।

Questions:

1. In the last verse of which chapter of the गीता has √स्था (भ्वादि-गणः, ष्ठा गतिनिवृत्तौ, धातु-पाठः #१. १०७७) been used in a तिङन्तं पदम्?

2. 7-4-61 शर्पूर्वाः खयः is a अपवाद: for which सूत्रम्?

3. Commenting on the सूत्रम् 7-4-61 शर्पूर्वाः खयः, the काशिका says – शर्पूर्वाः इति किम्? पपाच। Please explain.

4. Commenting further on the same सूत्रम्, the काशिका says – खयः इति किम्? सस्नौ। Please explain.

5. Can you spot a “अट्”-आगम: in the verse?

6. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“Sri Rama stayed in the forest for fourteen years.” Use the feminine प्रातिपदिकम् “समा” for “year” and the adjective प्रातिपदिकम् “चतुर्दशन्” for “fourteen.” Use द्वितीया-बहुवचनम् with both “समा” and “चतुर्दशन्”।

Easy questions:

1. Where has लँट् been used in the verse?

2. What would be an alternate form for स्त्रिय: (प्रातिपदिकम् “स्त्री”, द्वितीया-बहुवचनम्) used in the verse?