Today we will look at the form पाठयामासतु: 3Ad-लिँट् from श्रीमद्भागवतम् Sb7.5.2

तौ राज्ञा प्रापितं बालं प्रह्रादं नयकोविदम् ।
पाठयामासतुः पाठ्यानन्यांश्चासुरबालकान् ।। ७-५-२ ।।
यत्तत्र गुरुणा प्रोक्तं शुश्रुवेऽनुपपाठ च ।
न साधु मनसा मेने स्वपरासद्ग्रहाश्रयम् ।। ७-५-३ ।।

श्रीधर-स्वामि-टीका –
पाठ्यान्दण्डनीत्यादीन् । पाठ्यानसुरबालकानिति वान्वयः ।। २ ।। अनु श्रवणानन्तरं तथैव पपाठ च किंतु तत्साधु न मेने । तत्र हेतुः – स्वः पर इत्यसद्ग्रहो मिथ्याभिनिवेश एवाश्रयो यस्य तत् ।।

Gita Press translation “They taught (all) subjects that were worth teaching to Prahrāda – who had been sent (to their house) by the king (Hiraṇyakaśipu) and, though (yet) a child, was skilled in reasoning – as well as to other children of the Asuras. He listened to and immediately reproduced what was taught to him by his teacher there; but at heart he did not approve of it, based as it was on the false notion distinguishing a friend from a foe.”

पाठयामासतु: is derived from the धातुः √पठ् (भ्वादि-गणः, पठँ व्यक्तायां वाचि १. ३८१)

The विवक्षा is लिँट्, कर्तरि प्रयोग: (हेतुमति), प्रथम-पुरुषः, द्विवचनम्।

पठ् + णिच् । By 3-1-26 हेतुमति च – The affix “णिच्” is used after a root, when the operation of a causer – such as the operation of directing – is to be expressed. “णिच्” gets आर्धधातुक-सञ्ज्ञा by 3-4-114 आर्धधातुकं शेषः।
= पठ् + इ । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-7 चुटू, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।
= पाठ् + इ । By 7-2-116 अत उपधायाः, a penultimate (उपधा) अकार: of a अङ्गम् gets वृद्धिः as the substitute when followed by a प्रत्ययः which is a ञित् or a णित्।
= पाठि ।

“पाठि” gets धातु-सञ्ज्ञा by 3-1-32 सनाद्यन्ता धातवः।

(1) पाठि + लिँट् । By 3-2-115 परोक्षे लिँट्, the affix लिँट् (Perfect Tense) comes after a verbal root in the sense of the past not of today, provided that the action is unperceived by the narrator.

(2) पाठि + आम् + लिँट् । By वार्त्तिकम् (under 3-1-35) कास्यनेकाच आम् वक्तव्यो लिँटि, when लिँट् follows, the affix आम् is prescribed after the धातु: √कास् (कासृँ शब्दकुत्सायाम् १. ७१०) as also after any धातु: that is अनेकाच् (has more than one vowel.)

(3) पाठय् + आम् + लिँट् । By 6-4-55 अयामन्ताल्वाय्येत्न्विष्णुषु, the affix “णि” is substituted by “अय्” when followed by any one of the following affixes – “आम्”, “अन्त”, “आलु”, “आय्य”, “इत्नु” or “इष्णु”।

(4) पाठयाम् । By 2-4-81 आमः, an affix which follows the affix “आम्” takes the लुक् elision. Now “पाठयाम्” gets the प्रातिपदिक-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-2-46 कृत्तद्धितसमासाश्च with the help of 1-1-62 प्रत्ययलोपे प्रत्ययलक्षणम्।
Note: लिँट् has the कृत्-सञ्ज्ञा by 3-1-93 कृदतिङ्।

(5) पाठयाम् + सुँ । By 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टा…..।

(6) पाठयाम् । By 2-4-81 आमः, an affix which follows the affix “आम्” takes the लुक् elision.

(7) पाठयाम् + अस् + लिँट् । By 3-1-40 कृञ् चानुप्रयुज्यते लिटि, following a term ending in the affix “आम्”, one of the following is annexed:
i. √कृ (डुकृञ् करणे ८. १०) followed by लिँट्
ii. √भू (भू सत्तायाम् १. १) followed by लिँट् or
iii. √अस् (असँ भुवि २. ६०) followed by लिँट्

Note: In this सूत्रम्, “कृञ्” is a प्रत्याहार: formed starting from “कृ” in 5-4-50 and ending with “ञ्” in 5-4-58.

(8) पाठयाम् + अस् + ल् । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत्, 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

The ending अकार: (which is a इत् by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत्) of (असँ भुवि २. ६०) has a उदात्त-स्वर:। Hence as per 1-3-78 शेषात् कर्तरि परस्मैपदम्, √अस् takes परस्मैपद-प्रत्यया: in कर्तरि प्रयोग:। The विवक्षा is प्रथम-पुरुषः, द्विवचनम्, hence the प्रत्ययः is “तस्”।

(9) पाठयाम् + अस् + तस् । 3-4-78 तिप्तस्झिसिप्थस्थमिब्वस्मस्तातांझथासाथांध्वमिड्वहिमहिङ् mandates the प्रत्ययः “तस्” as the substitute for the लकारः। By 3-4-115 लिट् च, a तिङ्-प्रत्यय: which comes in place of लिँट् gets the आर्धधातुक-सञ्ज्ञा। Therefore “तस्” gets the आर्धधातुक-सञ्ज्ञा। This prevents 3-1-68 कर्तरि शप्‌ (which requires a सार्वधातुक-प्रत्यय: to follow) from applying.

(10) पाठयाम् + अस् + अतुस् । By 3-4-82 परस्मैपदानां णलतुसुस्थलथुसणल्वमाः, when they come in place of लिँट्, the nine परस्मैपद-प्रत्यया: – “तिप्”, “तस्”, “झि”, “सिप्”, “थस्”, “थ”, “मिप्”, “वस्” and “मस्” – are substituted by “णल्”, “अतुस्”, “उस्”, “थल्”, “अथुस्”, “अ”, “णल्”, “व” and “म” respectively.
1-3-4 न विभक्तौ तुस्माः prevents the ending सकार: of “अतुस्” from getting the इत्-सञ्ज्ञा।

(11) पाठयाम् + अस् अस् + अतुस् । By 6-1-8 लिटि धातोरनभ्यासस्य, when लिँट् follows a verbal root, there is reduplication of the first portion – containing a single vowel – of the verbal root which is not already reduplicated. But if the verbal root (that has more than one vowel) begins with a vowel, then the reduplication is of the second portion – containing a single vowel.

(12) पाठयाम् + आस् अस् + अतुस् । By 7-4-70 अत आदेः, a beginning अकारः of a अभ्यास: (reduplicate) takes the दीर्घादेश: (आकार:) when लिँट् follows.

(13) पाठयाम् + आ अस् + अतुस् । By 7-4-60 हलादिः शेषः, of the consonants of a reduplicate (अभ्यासः – ref. 6-1-4 पूर्वोऽभ्यासः), only the one (if any) at the beginning is retained, the rest are elided.

(14) पाठयामासतुस् । By 6-1-101 अकः सवर्णे दीर्घः ।

(15) पाठयामासतुः । रुँत्व-विसर्गौ – 8-2-66 ससजुषो रुः and 8-3-15 खरवसानयोर्विसर्जनीयः ।

Questions:

1. The प्रत्यय: “अतुस्” (used in this example) is used in only one word in the गीता। Which one is it?

2. From which सूत्रम् does the अनुवृत्ति: of लुक् come in to the सूत्रम् 2-4-81 आमः (used in steps 4 and 6)?

3. Where has 6-4-120 अत एकहल्मध्येऽनादेशादेर्लिटि been used in the verses?

4. Can you spot a “णल्”-प्रत्यय: in the verses?

5. What is not quite right about the form शुश्रुवे?

6. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“Sri Krishna read the letter sent by Rukmini.” Use प्रातिपदिकम् “पत्र” for “letter.” Use a word from the verse for “sent.”

Easy questions:

1. Where has 7-3-120 आङो नाऽस्त्रियाम् been used in the verses?

2. Which सूत्रम् is used for the अकार-लोप: (elision of the letter “अ”) in the form राज्ञा (प्रातिपदिकम् “राजन्”, पुंलिङ्गे तृतीया-एकवचनम्)?

Today we will look at the form सन्दधे 3As-लिँट् from श्रीमद्भागवतम् Sb4.19.21

अत्रिः सन्दर्शयामास त्वरमाणं विहायसा ।
कपालखट्वाङ्गधरं वीरो नैनमबाधत ।। ४-१९-२० ।।
अत्रिणा चोदितस्तस्मै सन्दधे विशिखं रुषा ।
सोऽश्वं रूपं च तद्धित्वा तस्थावन्तर्हितः स्वराट् ।। ४-१९-२१ ।।

श्रीधर-स्वामि-टीका –
No commentary on these verses.

Gita Press translation “As Indra was hurriedly passing through the skies Atri directed the attention (of Vijitāśwa). The hero, however, did not obstruct him, holding as he did (in his hand) a staff with a skull on its top. Urged, however, by Atri, he set an arrow to his bowstring in indignation and aimed it at him. Indra (thereupon) gave up the horse as well as his garb and stood invisible.”

दधे is derived from the धातुः √धा (जुहोत्यादि-गणः, डुधाञ् धारणपोषणयोः | दान इत्यप्येके धातु-पाठः #३. ११)।

The “डु” at the beginning of this धातुः gets इत्-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-3-5 आदिर्ञिटुडवः। The ञकारः at the end gets इत्-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्। Both take लोप: by 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

Since √धा has ञकारः as इत् in the धातु-पाठः, by 1-3-72 स्वरितञितः कर्त्रभिप्राये क्रियाफले this धातु: is उभयपदी। In this verse, it has taken a आत्मनेपद-प्रत्यय:।

The विवक्षा is लिँट्, कर्तरि प्रयोग:, प्रथम-पुरुषः, एकवचनम्, hence the प्रत्ययः is “त”।

(1) धा + लिँट् । By 3-2-115 परोक्षे लिँट्, the affix लिँट् (Perfect Tense) comes after a verbal root in the sense of the past not of today, provided that the action is unperceived by the narrator.

(2) धा + ल् । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत्, 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

(3) धा + त । 3-4-78 तिप्तस्झिसिप्थस्थमिब्वस्मस्तातांझथासाथांध्वमिड्वहिमहिङ् mandates the प्रत्ययः “त” as the substitute for the लकारः। By 3-4-115 लिट् च, a तिङ्-प्रत्यय: which comes in place of लिँट् gets the आर्धधातुक-सञ्ज्ञा। Therefore “त” gets the आर्धधातुक-सञ्ज्ञा। This prevents 3-1-68 कर्तरि शप्‌ (which requires a सार्वधातुक-प्रत्यय: to follow) from applying.

(4) धा + एश् । By 3-4-81 लिटस्तझयोरेशिरेच्, when they come in place of लिँट्, the affixes “त” and “झ” take the substitutions “एश्” and “इरेच्” respectively.
As per 1-3-10 यथासंख्यमनुदेशः समानाम् the substitutions are done respectively. And as per 1-1-55 अनेकाल् शित् सर्वस्य, the substitute “एश्” takes the place of the entire affix “त” – and not just its ending letter.

(5) धा + ए । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

(6) धा धा + ए । By 6-1-8 लिटि धातोरनभ्यासस्य, when लिँट् follows a verbal root, there is reduplication of the first portion – containing a single vowel – of the verbal root which is not already reduplicated. But if the verbal root (that has more than one vowel) begins with a vowel, then the reduplication is of the second portion – containing a single vowel.

Note: As per 1-1-59 द्विर्वचनेऽचि, while reduplication is yet to be done, a substitution (in this case लोप: of the आकार: by 6-4-64 आतो लोप इटि च) shall not be made in the place of a vowel on the basis of a vowel (in this case एकार:) that is the cause for reduplication.
Note: This rule only temporarily stops the substitution until reduplication is done. Once reduplication is done, the substitution does takes place (in step 8 below.)

Therefore we apply 6-1-8 लिटि धातोरनभ्यासस्य before applying 6-4-64 आतो लोप इटि च।

(7) ध धा + ए । By 7-4-59 ह्रस्वः, the अच् (vowel) of a reduplicate (अभ्यासः – ref. 6-1-4 पूर्वोऽभ्यासः) is substituted by a short vowel.

(8) धधे । By 6-4-64 आतो लोप इटि च – The ending आकार: of an अङ्गम् takes लोप: when followed by a vowel-beginning आर्धधातुक-प्रत्यय: that has either:
(i) a “इट्”-आगम: or
(ii) a ककार: or ङकार: as an इत्।

Note: As per 1-2-5 असंयोगाल्लिट् कित्, the “ए”-प्रत्यय: is कित् here. This allows 6-4-64 to apply.

(9) दधे । By 8-4-54 अभ्यासे चर्च, in a reduplicate (अभ्यासः – ref. 6-1-4 पूर्वोऽभ्यासः), a letter of the झल्-प्रत्याहारः is substituted by a letter of the चर्-प्रत्याहारः or जश्-प्रत्याहारः। The substitutions take place as per 1-1-50 स्थानेऽन्तरतमः।

“सम्” is the उपसर्गः (ref. 1-4-59 उपसर्गाः क्रियायोगे।)
सम् + दधे = संदधे । By 8-3-23 मोऽनुस्वारः।
= सन्दधे/संदधे । By 8-4-59 वा पदान्तस्य।

Questions:

1. Where has √धा (जुहोत्यादि-गणः, डुधाञ् धारणपोषणयोः | दान इत्यप्येके धातु-पाठः #३. ११) been used with a आत्मनेपद-प्रत्यय: (as in this example) in a तिङन्तं पदम् in Chapter Twelve of the गीता?

2. Where has 7-4-61 शर्पूर्वाः खयः been used in the verses?

3. Can you spot a “अट्”-आगम: in the verses?

4. Which सूत्रम् is used for the “अय्”-आदेश: in the form सन्दर्शयामास?

5. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“Bharata placed Sri Rama’s (two) sandals on his (own) head.” Use (a लिँट् form of) √धा (जुहोत्यादि-गणः, डुधाञ् धारणपोषणयोः | दान इत्यप्येके धातु-पाठः #३. ११) with the उपसर्ग: “नि” for “to place”, use the feminine प्रातिपदिकम् “पादुका” for “sandal” and the pronoun “स्व” for “his own.”

6. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“Sri Hanuman went to Lanka passing through the skies.” Use (a लिँट् form of) √गम् (गमॢँ गतौ १. ११३७) for “to go.” Use a word from the verse for “passing through the skies.”

Easy questions:

1. Where has 8-4-62 झयो होऽन्यतरस्याम् been used in the verses?

2. Which सूत्रम् is used for the “एन”-आदेश: in the from एनम् (सर्वनाम-प्रातिपदिकम् “इदम्/एतद्”, पुंलिङ्गे द्वितीया-एकवचनम्)?

Today we will look at the form प्रेषयामास 3As-लिँट् from श्रीमद्भागवतम् 7.9.3

साक्षाच्छ्रीः प्रेषिता देवैर्दृष्ट्वा तन्महदद्भुतम् ।
अदृष्टाश्रुतपूर्वत्वात्सा नोपेयाय शङ्किता ।। ७-९-२ ।।
प्रह्रादं प्रेषयामास ब्रह्मावस्थितमन्तिके ।
तात प्रशमयोपेहि स्वपित्रे कुपितं प्रभुम् ।। ७-९-३ ।।

श्रीधर-स्वामि-टीका –
श्रीर्लक्ष्मीर्देवैः प्रेषितापि महदद्भुतं तद्रूपं दृष्ट्वा शङ्किता सती तं नोपजगाम । अद्भुतत्वे हेतुः – अदृष्टेति ।। उपेह्युपगच्छ ।।

Gita Press translation “Śrī (the Lord’s own Consort and the goddess of beauty and prosperity) was personally sent by the gods (to appease Him). Perceiving that great wonder and full of misgiving (however), She dared not go near, the form having neither been seen nor heard of (by Her) before. Brahmā (then) sent Prahrāda, standing close by, with the words; “Approach, dear one, and pacify the Lord, who has waxed angry at your father.”

प्रेषयामास is derived from the धातुः √प्रेष् (प्रेषृँ गतौ १. ७०६)

The विवक्षा is लिँट्, कर्तरि प्रयोग: (हेतुमति), प्रथम-पुरुषः, एकवचनम्।

प्रेष् + णिच् । 3-1-26 हेतुमति च, the affix “णिच्” is used after a root, when the operation of a causer – such as the operation of directing – is to be expressed.
= प्रेष् + इ । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-7 चुटू, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।
= प्रेषि । “प्रेषि” gets the धातु-सञ्ज्ञा by 3-1-32 सनाद्यन्ता धातवः।

(1) प्रेषि + लिँट् । By 3-2-115 परोक्षे लिँट्, the affix लिँट् (Perfect Tense) comes after a verbal root in the sense of the past not of today, provided that the action is unperceived by the narrator.

(2) प्रेषि + आम् + लिँट् । By वार्त्तिकम् (under 3-1-35) कास्यनेकाच आम् वक्तव्यो लिँटि, when लिँट् follows, the affix आम् is prescribed after the धातु: √कास् (कासृँ शब्दकुत्सायाम् १. ७१०) as also after any धातु: that is अनेकाच् (has more than one vowel.)

(3) प्रेषय् + आम् + लिँट् । By 6-4-55 अयामन्ताल्वाय्येत्न्विष्णुषु, the affix “णि” is substituted by “अय्” when followed by any one of the following affixes – “आम्”, “अन्त”, “आलु”, “आय्य”, “इत्नु” or “इष्णु”।

(4) प्रेषयाम् । By 2-4-81 आमः, an affix which follows the affix “आम्” takes the लुक् elision. Now “प्रेषयाम्” gets the प्रातिपदिक-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-2-46 कृत्तद्धितसमासाश्च with the help of 1-1-62 प्रत्ययलोपे प्रत्ययलक्षणम्।
Note: लिँट् has the कृत्-सञ्ज्ञा by 3-1-93 कृदतिङ्।

(5) प्रेषयाम् + सुँ । By 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टा…..।

(6) प्रेषयाम् । By 2-4-81 आमः, an affix which follows the affix “आम्” takes the लुक् elision.

(7) प्रेषयाम् + अस् + लिँट् । By 3-1-40 कृञ् चानुप्रयुज्यते लिटि, following a term ending in the affix “आम्”, one of the following is annexed:
i. √कृ (डुकृञ् करणे ८. १०) followed by लिँट्
ii. √भू (भू सत्तायाम् १. १) followed by लिँट् or
iii. √अस् (असँ भुवि २. ६०) followed by लिँट्

Note: In this सूत्रम्, “कृञ्” is a प्रत्याहार: formed starting from “कृ” in 5-4-50 and ending with “ञ्” in 5-4-58.

(8) प्रेषयाम् + अस् + ल् । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत्, 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

The ending अकार: (which is a इत् by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत्) of (असँ भुवि २. ६०) has a उदात्त-स्वर:। Hence as per 1-3-78 शेषात् कर्तरि परस्मैपदम्, √अस् takes परस्मैपद-प्रत्यया: in कर्तरि प्रयोग:। The विवक्षा is प्रथम-पुरुषः, एकवचनम्, hence the प्रत्ययः is तिप्।

(9) प्रेषयाम् + अस् + तिप् । 3-4-78 तिप्तस्झिसिप्थस्थमिब्वस्मस्तातांझथासाथांध्वमिड्वहिमहिङ् mandates the प्रत्ययः “तिप्” as the substitute for the लकारः। By 3-4-115 लिट् च, a तिङ्-प्रत्यय: which comes in place of लिँट् gets the आर्धधातुक-सञ्ज्ञा। Therefore “तिप्” gets the आर्धधातुक-सञ्ज्ञा। This prevents 3-1-68 कर्तरि शप्‌ (which requires a सार्वधातुक-प्रत्यय: to follow) from applying.

(10) प्रेषयाम् + अस् + णल् । By 3-4-82 परस्मैपदानां णलतुसुस्थलथुसणल्वमाः, when they come in place of लिँट्, the nine परस्मैपद-प्रत्यया: – “तिप्”, “तस्”, “झि”, “सिप्”, “थस्”, “थ”, “मिप्”, “वस्” and “मस्” – are substituted by “णल्”, “अतुस्”, “उस्”, “थल्”, “अथुस्”, “अ”, “णल्”, “व” and “म” respectively.

(11) प्रेषयाम् + अस् + अ । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-7 चुटू, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

(12) प्रेषयाम् + अस् अस् + अ । By 6-1-8 लिटि धातोरनभ्यासस्य, when लिँट् follows a verbal root, there is reduplication of the first portion – containing a single vowel – of the verbal root which is not already reduplicated. But if the verbal root (that has more than one vowel) begins with a vowel, then the reduplication is of the second portion – containing a single vowel.

Note: As per 1-1-59 द्विर्वचनेऽचि, we apply 6-1-8 लिटि धातोरनभ्यासस्य before applying 7-2-116 अत उपधायाः।

(13) प्रेषयाम् + आस् अस् + अ । By 7-4-70 अत आदेः, a beginning अकारः of a अभ्यास: (reduplicate) takes the दीर्घादेश: (आकार:) when लिँट् follows.

(14) प्रेषयाम् + आ अस् + अ । By 7-4-60 हलादिः शेषः, of the consonants of a reduplicate (अभ्यासः – ref. 6-1-4 पूर्वोऽभ्यासः), only the one (if any) at the beginning is retained, the rest are elided.

(15) प्रेषयाम् + आ आस् + अ । By 7-2-116 अत उपधायाः , a penultimate (उपधा) अकार: of a अङ्गम् gets वृद्धिः as the substitute when followed by a प्रत्ययः which is a ञित् or a णित्।

(16) प्रेषयामास । By 6-1-101 अकः सवर्णे दीर्घः ।

Questions:

1. In the last ten verses of Chapter Fourteen of the गीता, where has 7-2-116 अत उपधायाः (used in step 15 of this example) been used in a तिङन्तं पदम्?

2. Where has 6-4-78 अभ्यासस्यासवर्णे been used in the verses?

3. Where else (besides in प्रेषयामास) has the प्रत्यय: “णिच्” been used in the verses?

4. Which सूत्रम् is used for the “हि”-आदेश: in the form उपेहि (= उप + इहि)?

5. In which word in the commentary has लिँट् been used?

6. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“Sri Rama dispatched Angada (as) a messenger to Ravana.” Use the masculine प्रातिपदिकम् “दूत” for “messenger.” Use चतुर्थी विभक्ति: with “Ravana.”

Easy questions:

1. Where has 8-4-63 शश्छोऽटि been used in the verses?

2. Which सूत्रम् is used for the सकारादेश: (substitute letter “स्”) in the form सा (सर्वनाम-प्रातिपदिकम् “तद्”, स्त्रीलिङ्गे प्रथमा-एकवचनम्)?

Today we will look at the form निवारयामासुः 3Ap-लिँट् from श्रीमद्भागवतम् 4.19.27

तमृत्विजः शक्रवधाभिसन्धितं विचक्ष्य दुष्प्रेक्ष्यमसह्यरंहसम् ।
निवारयामासुरहो महामते न युज्यतेऽत्रान्यवधः प्रचोदितात् ।। ४-१९-२७ ।।
वयं मरुत्वन्तमिहार्थनाशनं ह्वयामहे त्वच्छ्रवसा हतत्विषम् ।
अयातयामोपहवैरनन्तरं प्रसह्य राजन्जुहवाम तेऽहितम् ।। ४-१९-२८ ।।

श्रीधर-स्वामि-टीका –
शक्रवधेऽभिसन्धितं कृताभिप्रायम् । प्रचोदितात्पशोर्वधादन्यस्य वधस्तव न युज्यते ।। तद्वधं तु वयं करिष्याम इत्याहुः । वयमिह यज्ञनाशकं त्वत्कीर्त्यैव हतप्रभमिन्द्रमाह्वयामहे । कैः । अयातयामैरगतवीर्यैराह्वानमन्त्रै: । अनन्तरं च ते तवाहितं जुहवाम होष्यामः ।।

Gita Press translation “Pṛthu’s might and rapidity of movement were irresistible; he was terrible to look at (on account of his great fury). When the priests officiating at the sacrifice saw that he had made up his mind to kill Indra, they prevented him, saying, O king of great wisdom, it is not worthy of you to kill anyone other than the beast approved of (by the scriptures) on this (sacred) occasion. We will invoke to this very place through powerful spells Indra, who has thwarted your purpose and has been eclipsed by your glory, and will without delay forcibly throw your enemy, O king, (as an oblation) into the fire.”

वारयामासुः is derived from the धातुः √वृ (स्वादि-गणः, वृञ् वरणे, धातु-पाठः # ५. ८) or √वृ (क्र्यादि-गणः, वृङ् सम्भक्तौ, धातु-पाठः # ९. ४५)

वृ + णिच् । 3-1-26 हेतुमति च, the affix “णिच्” is used after a root, when the operation of a causer – such as the operation of directing – is to be expressed.
= वृ + इ । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-7 चुटू, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।
= वार् + इ । By 7-2-115 अचो ञ्णिति, a vowel ending अङ्गम् gets a वृद्धिः substitute, when followed by a प्रत्ययः that has ञकारः or a णकारः as an indicatory letter. By 1-1-51 उरण् रपरः, in the place of ऋवर्ण: if an अण् letter (“अ”, “इ”, “उ”) comes as a substitute, it is always followed by a रँ (“र्”, “ल्”) letter.
= वारि । By 6-1-78 एचो ऽयवायावः।
“वारि” gets the धातु-सञ्ज्ञा by 3-1-32 सनाद्यन्ता धातवः।

(1) वारि + लिँट् । By 3-2-115 परोक्षे लिँट्, the affix लिँट् (Perfect Tense) comes after a verbal root in the sense of the past not of today, provided that the action is unperceived by the narrator.

(2) वारि + आम् + लिँट् । By वार्त्तिकम् (under 3-1-35) कास्यनेकाच आम् वक्तव्यो लिँटि, when लिँट् follows, the affix आम् is prescribed after the धातु: √कास् (कासृँ शब्दकुत्सायाम् १. ७१०) as also after any धातु: that is अनेकाच् (has more than one vowel.)

(3) वारय् + आम् + लिँट् । By 6-4-55 अयामन्ताल्वाय्येत्न्विष्णुषु, the affix “णि” is substituted by “अय्” when followed by any one of the following affixes – “आम्”, “अन्त”, “आलु”, “आय्य”, “इत्नु” or “इष्णु”।

(4) वारयाम् । By 2-4-81 आमः, an affix which follows the affix “आम्” takes the लुक् elision. Now “वारयाम्” gets the प्रातिपदिक-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-2-46 कृत्तद्धितसमासाश्च with the help of 1-1-62 प्रत्ययलोपे प्रत्ययलक्षणम्।
Note: लिँट् has the कृत्-सञ्ज्ञा by 3-1-93 कृदतिङ्।

(5) वारयाम् + सुँ । By 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टा…..।

(6) वारयाम् । By 2-4-81 आमः, an affix which follows the affix “आम्” takes the लुक् elision.

(7) वारयाम् + अस् + लिँट् । By 3-1-40 कृञ् चानुप्रयुज्यते लिटि, following a term ending in the affix “आम्”, one of the following is annexed:
i. √कृ (डुकृञ् करणे ८. १०) followed by लिँट्
ii. √भू (भू सत्तायाम् १. १) followed by लिँट् or
iii. √अस् (असँ भुवि २. ६०) followed by लिँट्

Note: In this सूत्रम्, “कृञ्” is a प्रत्याहार: formed starting from “कृ” in 5-4-50 and ending with “ञ्” in 5-4-58.

(8) वारयाम् + अस् + ल् । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत्, 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

The ending अकार: (which is a इत् by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत्) of (असँ भुवि २. ६०) has a उदात्त-स्वर:। Hence as per 1-3-78 शेषात् कर्तरि परस्मैपदम्, √अस् takes परस्मैपद-प्रत्यया: in कर्तरि प्रयोग:। The विवक्षा is प्रथम-पुरुषः, बहुवचनम्, hence the प्रत्ययः is “झि”।

(9) वारयाम् + अस् + झि । 3-4-78 तिप्तस्झिसिप्थस्थमिब्वस्मस्तातांझथासाथांध्वमिड्वहिमहिङ् mandates the प्रत्ययः “झि” as the substitute for the लकारः। By 3-4-115 लिट् च, a तिङ्-प्रत्यय: which comes in place of लिँट् gets the आर्धधातुक-सञ्ज्ञा। Therefore “झि” gets the आर्धधातुक-सञ्ज्ञा। This prevents 3-1-68 कर्तरि शप्‌ (which requires a सार्वधातुक-प्रत्यय: to follow) from applying.

(10) वारयाम् + अस् + उस् । By 3-4-82 परस्मैपदानां णलतुसुस्थलथुसणल्वमाः, when they come in place of लिँट्, the nine परस्मैपद-प्रत्यया: – “तिप्”, “तस्”, “झि”, “सिप्”, “थस्”, “थ”, “मिप्”, “वस्” and “मस्” – are substituted by “णल्”, “अतुस्”, “उस्”, “थल्”, “अथुस्”, “अ”, “णल्”, “व” and “म” respectively.
1-3-4 न विभक्तौ तुस्माः prevents the ending सकार: of “उस्” from getting the इत्-सञ्ज्ञा।

(11) वारयाम् अस् अस् + उस् । By 6-1-8 लिटि धातोरनभ्यासस्य , when लिँट् follows a verbal root, there is reduplication of the first portion – containing a single vowel – of the verbal root which is not already reduplicated. But if the verbal root (that has more than one vowel) begins with a vowel, then the reduplication is of the second portion – containing a single vowel.

(12) वारयाम् आस् अस् + उस् । By 7-4-70 अत आदेः, a beginning अकारः of a अभ्यास: (reduplicate) takes the दीर्घादेश: (आकार:) when लिँट् follows.

(13) वारयाम् + आ अस् + उस् । By 7-4-60 हलादिः शेषः, of the consonants of a reduplicate (अभ्यासः – ref. 6-1-4 पूर्वोऽभ्यासः), only the one (if any) at the beginning is retained, the rest are elided.

(14) वारयामासुस् । By 6-1-101 अकः सवर्णे दीर्घः ।

(15) वारयामासुः । रुँत्व-विसर्गौ – 8-2-66 ससजुषो रुः and 8-3-15 खरवसानयोर्विसर्जनीयः ।

“नि” is the उपसर्गः (ref. 1-4-59 उपसर्गाः क्रियायोगे।)
नि + वारयामासुः = निवारयामासुः।

Questions:

1. Where has 3-1-26 हेतुमति च been used (as in this example) in a तिङन्तं पदम् in Chapter Five of the गीता?

2. Can you spot a “यक्”-प्रत्यय: in the verses?

3. Can you spot a “आट्”-आगम: in the verses?

4. Where has 7-3-101 अतो दीर्घो यञि been used in the verses?

5. In the verses, can you spot a प्रातिपदिकम् which ends in the प्रत्यय: “क्विन्”?

6. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“Sri Rama warded off those demons who tried to hinder Vishwamitra’s sacrifice.” Use the अव्ययम् “उपरोद्धुम्” for “to hinder” and use (a लिँट् form of) √यत् (यतीँ प्रयत्ने १. ३०) with the उपसर्ग: “प्र” for “to try.” Use appropriate forms of the pronouns “यद्” and “तद्”।

Easy questions:

1. Why doesn’t the ending नकार: in (हे) राजन् take लोप: by 8-2-7 नलोपः प्रातिपदिकान्तस्य?

2. Which सूत्रम् is used for the “नुँम्”-आगम: in the form मरुत्वन्तम् (प्रातिपदिकम् “मरुत्वत्”, पुंलिङ्गे द्वितीया-एकवचनम्)? Note: The प्रातिपदिकम् “मरुत्वत्” ends in the प्रत्यय: “वतुँप्”।

Today we will look at the form भावयाम्बभूव 3As-लिँट् from श्रीमद्भागवतम् 5.1.24

अथ च दुहितरं प्रजापतेर्विश्वकर्मण उपयेमे बर्हिष्मतीं नाम तस्यामु ह वाव आत्मजानात्मसमानशीलगुणकर्मरूपवीर्योदारान्दश भावयाम्बभूव कन्यां च यवीयसीमूर्जस्वतीं नाम ।। ५-१-२४ ।।

श्रीधर-स्वामि-टीका –
उ इति विस्मये । ह इति प्रसिद्धौ । वावेति निश्चये । आत्मनः समानैः शीलादिभिरुदारान्महतो दश पुत्रान् जनयामास ।।

Gita Press translation “He then married a daughter, named Barhiṣmatī, of Viśwakarmā (the architect of gods), a lord of created beings; and how wonderful that through her he actually begot ten sons – who were evidently as great as he in amiability, virtues, actions, comeliness of form and prowess – as well as daughter, Ūrjawatī by name, who was younger than all of them.”

भावयाम्बभूव is derived from the धातुः √भू (भू सत्तायाम्, भ्वादि-गणः, धातु-पाठः #१. १)

The विवक्षा is लिँट्, कर्तरि प्रयोग: (हेतुमति), प्रथम-पुरुषः, एकवचनम्।

भू + णिच् । 3-1-26 हेतुमति च, the affix “णिच्” is used after a root, when the operation of a causer – such as the operation of directing – is to be expressed.
= भू + इ । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-7 चुटू, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।
= भौ + इ । By 7-2-115 अचो ञ्णिति, a vowel ending अङ्गम् gets a वृद्धिः substitute, when followed by a प्रत्ययः that has ञकारः or a णकारः as an indicatory letter.
= भावि । By 6-1-78 एचो ऽयवायावः।
“भावि” gets the धातु-सञ्ज्ञा by 3-1-32 सनाद्यन्ता धातवः।

(1) भावि + लिँट् । By 3-2-115 परोक्षे लिँट्, the affix लिँट् (Perfect Tense) comes after a verbal root in the sense of the past not of today, provided that the action is unperceived by the narrator.

(2) भावि + आम् + लिँट् । By वार्त्तिकम् (under 3-1-35) कास्यनेकाच आम् वक्तव्यो लिँटि, when लिँट् follows, the affix आम् is prescribed after the धातु: √कास् (कासृँ शब्दकुत्सायाम् १. ७१०) as also after any धातु: that is अनेकाच् (has more than one vowel.)

(3) भावि + आम् + लिँट् । By 6-4-55 अयामन्ताल्वाय्येत्न्विष्णुषु, the affix “णि” is substituted by “अय्” when followed by any one of the following affixes – “आम्”, “अन्त”, “आलु”, “आय्य”, “इत्नु” or “इष्णु”।

(4) भावयाम् । By 2-4-81 आमः, an affix which follows the affix “आम्” takes the लुक् elision. Now “भावयाम्” gets the प्रातिपदिक-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-2-46 कृत्तद्धितसमासाश्च with the help of 1-1-62 प्रत्ययलोपे प्रत्ययलक्षणम्।
Note: लिँट् has the कृत्-सञ्ज्ञा by 3-1-93 कृदतिङ्।

(5) भावयाम् + सुँ । By 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टा…..।

(6) भावयाम् । By 2-4-81 आमः, an affix which follows the affix “आम्” takes the लुक् elision.

(7) भावयाम् + भू + लिँट् । By 3-1-40 कृञ् चानुप्रयुज्यते लिटि, following a term ending in the affix “आम्”, one of the following is annexed:
i. √कृ (डुकृञ् करणे ८. १०) followed by लिँट्
ii. √भू (भू सत्तायाम् १. १) followed by लिँट् or
iii. √अस् (असँ भुवि २. ६०) followed by लिँट्

Note: In this सूत्रम्, “कृञ्” is a प्रत्याहार: formed starting from “कृ” in 5-4-50 and ending with “ञ्” in 5-4-58.

(8) भावयाम् + भू + ल् । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत्, 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

(9) भावयाम् + भू + तिप् । 3-4-78 तिप्तस्झिसिप्थस्थमिब्वस्मस्तातांझथासाथांध्वमिड्वहिमहिङ् mandates the प्रत्ययः “तिप्” as the substitute for the लकारः। By 3-4-115 लिट् च, a तिङ्-प्रत्यय: which comes in place of लिँट् gets the आर्धधातुक-सञ्ज्ञा। Therefore “तिप्” gets the आर्धधातुक-सञ्ज्ञा। This prevents 3-1-68 कर्तरि शप्‌ (which requires a सार्वधातुक-प्रत्यय: to follow) from applying.

(10) भावयाम् + भू + णल् । By 3-4-82 परस्मैपदानां णलतुसुस्थलथुसणल्वमाः, when they come in place of लिँट्, the nine परस्मैपद-प्रत्यया: – “तिप्”, “तस्”, “झि”, “सिप्”, “थस्”, “थ”, “मिप्”, “वस्” and “मस्” – are substituted by “णल्”, “अतुस्”, “उस्”, “थल्”, “अथुस्”, “अ”, “णल्”, “व” and “म” respectively.

(11) भावयाम् + भू + अ । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-7 चुटू, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

(12) भावयाम् + भू वुक् + अ । By 6-4-88 भुवो वुग्लुङ्लिटोः, “भू” gets the augment “वुक्” when a vowel-beginning affix of लुँङ् or लिँट् follows.

(13) भावयाम् भू व् + अ । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।
Note: The उकार: in “वुक्” is उच्चारणार्थ: (for pronunciation only.)

(14) भावयाम् भूव् भूव् + अ । By 6-1-8 लिटि धातोरनभ्यासस्य, when लिँट् follows a verbal root, there is reduplication of the first portion – containing a single vowel – of the verbal root which is not already reduplicated. But if the verbal root (that has more than one vowel) begins with a vowel, then the reduplication is of the second portion – containing a single vowel.

(15) भावयाम् भू भूव् + अ । By 7-4-60 हलादिः शेषः, of the consonants of a reduplicate (अभ्यासः – ref. 6-1-4 पूर्वोऽभ्यासः), only the one (if any) at the beginning is retained, the rest are elided.

(16) भावयाम् भु भूव् + अ । By 7-4-59 ह्रस्वः, the अच् (vowel) of a reduplicate (अभ्यासः – ref. 6-1-4 पूर्वोऽभ्यासः) is substituted by a short vowel.

(17) भावयाम् भ भूव् + अ । By 7-4-73 भवतेरः, अकारः is substituted for the उकारः of the अभ्यास: (reduplicate) of the verbal root √भू (भू सत्तायाम् १. १) when लिँट् follows.

(18) भावयाम्बभूव । By 8-4-54 अभ्यासे चर्च, in a reduplicate (अभ्यासः – ref. 6-1-4 पूर्वोऽभ्यासः), a letter of the झल्-प्रत्याहारः is substituted by a letter of the चर्-प्रत्याहारः or जश्-प्रत्याहारः। The substitutions take place as per 1-1-50 स्थानेऽन्तरतमः।
See question 2.

Questions:

1. Where is Chapter Three of the गीता has √भू (भू सत्तायाम्, भ्वादि-गणः, धातु-पाठः #१. १) been used in a causative form (as in this example) in a तिङन्तं पदम्?

2. What would be an alternate final form (in addition to भावयाम्बभूव) in this example?

3. In the form उपयेमे in the verse, a आत्मनेपद-प्रत्यय: has been used even though the धातु: √यम् (यमँ उपरमे १. ११३९) is परस्मैपदी। Can you try to find a सूत्रम् in 1-3 (third quarter of the first chapter) of the अष्टाध्यायी by which पाणिनि: prescribes आत्मनेपदम् in this situation?

4. The वार्त्तिकम् (under 3-1-35) कास्यनेकाच आम् वक्तव्यो लिँटि prescribes “आम्” as a प्रत्यय:। Can you recall two सूत्रे by which पाणिनि: prescribes “आम्” as a आदेश: (substitute)?

5. Where has 6-4-92 मितां ह्रस्वः been used in the commentary?

6. Use some words from the verse to construct the following sentence in Sanskrit:
“Sri Rama married the daughter of King Janaka.”

Easy questions:

1. Where has 7-3-110 ऋतो ङिसर्वनामस्थानयोः been used in the verse?

2. Which term used in the verse has the “षट्”-सञ्ज्ञा?

Today we will look at the form विज्ञापयामासु: 3Ap-लिँट् from श्रीमद्भागवतम् 7.3.6

तेन तप्ता दिवं त्यक्त्वा ब्रह्मलोकं ययुः सुराः ।
धात्रे विज्ञापयामासुर्देवदेव जगत्पते ।। ७-३-६ ।।
दैत्येन्द्रतपसा तप्ता दिवि स्थातुं न शक्नुमः ।
तस्य चोपशमं भूमन्विधेहि यदि मन्यसे ।
लोका न यावन्नङ्क्ष्यन्ति बलिहारास्तवाभिभूः ।। ७-३-७ ।।

श्रीधर-स्वामि-टीका –
तव बलिहाराः करप्रदाः पूजाकारिण इति वा । अभितो भवतीत्यभिभूः । हे अभिभूः हे सर्वाधिपते । पाठान्तरे भो इति सम्बोधनम् । अभितो यावन्न नङ्क्ष्यन्तीति सम्बन्धः ।।

Gita Press translation – Scorched by that fire, the gods left heaven and went to the realm of Brahmā and submitted to the creator (as follows) : – “Tormented by the asceticism of Hiraṇyakaśipu (the chief of the demons), O god of gods, O lord of the universe, we can no longer stay in heaven. (Pray,) devise some remedy against it, O perfect one, if you think fit, before the worlds that bear tributes to you perish, O universal lord!”

विज्ञापयामासु: is derived from the धातुः √ज्ञा (क्र्यादि-गणः, ज्ञा अवबोधने, धातु-पाठः # ९. ४३)

The विवक्षा is लिँट्, कर्तरि प्रयोग: (हेतुमति), प्रथम-पुरुषः, बहुवचनम्।

ज्ञा + णिच् । 3-1-26 हेतुमति च, the affix “णिच्” is used after a root, when the operation of a causer – such as the operation of directing – is to be expressed.
= ज्ञा + इ । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-7 चुटू, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।
= ज्ञा पुक् + इ By 7-3-36 अर्त्तिह्रीव्लीरीक्नूयीक्ष्माय्यातां पुङ्णौ, the augment पुक् is added to the roots √ऋ (ऋ गतिप्रापणयोः १. १०८६, ऋ गतौ ३. १७), √ह्री (ह्री लज्जायाम् ३. ३), √व्ली (व्ली वरणे ९. ३७), √री (रीङ् श्रवणे ४. ३३, री गतिरेषणयोः ९. ३५), √क्नूय् (क्नूयीँ शब्द उन्दने च १. ५५८), √क्ष्माय् (क्ष्मायीँ विधूनने १. ५५९) and to a root ending in a आकार: when the causative affix “णि” follows. As per 1-1-46 आद्यन्तौ टकितौ, the “पुक्”-आगम: joins at the end of the अङ्गम् “ज्ञा”।
= ज्ञाप् + इ । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः। Note: The उकार: in “पुक्” is उच्चारणार्थ: (for pronunciation only.)
= ज्ञापि । “ज्ञापि” gets the धातु-सञ्ज्ञा by 3-1-32 सनाद्यन्ता धातवः।

(1) ज्ञापि + लिँट् । By 3-2-115 परोक्षे लिँट्, the affix लिँट् (Perfect Tense) comes after a verbal root in the sense of the past not of today, provided that the action is unperceived by the narrator.

(2) ज्ञापि + आम् + लिँट् । By वार्त्तिकम् (under 3-1-35) कास्यनेकाच आम् वक्तव्यो लिँटि, when लिँट् follows, the affix आम् is prescribed after the धातु: √कास् (कासृँ शब्दकुत्सायाम् १. ७१०) as also after any धातु: that is अनेकाच् (has more than one vowel.)

(3) ज्ञापि + आम् + लिँट् । By 6-4-55 अयामन्ताल्वाय्येत्न्विष्णुषु, the affix “णि” is substituted by “अय्” when followed by any one of the following affixes – “आम्”, “अन्त”, “आलु”, “आय्य”, “इत्नु” or “इष्णु”।

(4) ज्ञापयाम् । By 2-4-81 आमः, an affix which follows the affix “आम्” takes the लुक् elision. Now “ज्ञापयाम्” gets the प्रातिपदिक-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-2-46 कृत्तद्धितसमासाश्च with the help of 1-1-62 प्रत्ययलोपे प्रत्ययलक्षणम्।
Note: लिँट् has the कृत्-सञ्ज्ञा by 3-1-93 कृदतिङ्।

(5) ज्ञापयाम् + सुँ । By 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टा…..।

(6) ज्ञापयाम् । By 2-4-81 आमः, an affix which follows the affix “आम्” takes the लुक् elision.

(7) ज्ञापयाम् + अस् + लिँट् । By 3-1-40 कृञ् चानुप्रयुज्यते लिटि, following a term ending in the affix “आम्”, one of the following is annexed:
i. √कृ (डुकृञ् करणे ८. १०) followed by लिँट्
ii. √भू (भू सत्तायाम् १. १) followed by लिँट् or
iii. √अस् (असँ भुवि २. ६०) followed by लिँट्

Note: In this सूत्रम्, “कृञ्” is a प्रत्याहार: formed starting from “कृ” in 5-4-50 and ending with “ञ्” in 5-4-58.

(8) ज्ञापयाम् + अस् + ल् । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत्, 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

The ending अकार: (which is a इत् by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत्) of (असँ भुवि २. ६०) has a उदात्त-स्वर:। Hence as per 1-3-78 शेषात् कर्तरि परस्मैपदम्, √अस् takes परस्मैपद-प्रत्यया: in कर्तरि प्रयोग:। The विवक्षा is प्रथम-पुरुषः, बहुवचनम्, hence the प्रत्ययः is “झि”।

(9) ज्ञापयाम् + अस् + झि । 3-4-78 तिप्तस्झिसिप्थस्थमिब्वस्मस्तातांझथासाथांध्वमिड्वहिमहिङ् mandates the प्रत्ययः “झि” as the substitute for the लकारः। By 3-4-115 लिट् च, a तिङ्-प्रत्यय: which comes in place of लिँट् gets the आर्धधातुक-सञ्ज्ञा। Therefore “झि” gets the आर्धधातुक-सञ्ज्ञा। This prevents 3-1-68 कर्तरि शप्‌ (which requires a सार्वधातुक-प्रत्यय: to follow) from applying.

(10) ज्ञापयाम् + अस् + उस् । By 3-4-82 परस्मैपदानां णलतुसुस्थलथुसणल्वमाः, when they come in place of लिँट्, the nine परस्मैपद-प्रत्यया: – “तिप्”, “तस्”, “झि”, “सिप्”, “थस्”, “थ”, “मिप्”, “वस्” and “मस्” – are substituted by “णल्”, “अतुस्”, “उस्”, “थल्”, “अथुस्”, “अ”, “णल्”, “व” and “म” respectively.
1-3-4 न विभक्तौ तुस्माः prevents the ending सकार: of “उस्” from getting the इत्-सञ्ज्ञा।

(11) ज्ञापयाम् अस् अस् + उस् । By 6-1-8 लिटि धातोरनभ्यासस्य , when लिँट् follows a verbal root, there is reduplication of the first portion – containing a single vowel – of the verbal root which is not already reduplicated. But if the verbal root (that has more than one vowel) begins with a vowel, then the reduplication is of the second portion – containing a single vowel.

(12) ज्ञापयाम् आस् अस् + उस् । By 7-4-70 अत आदेः, a beginning अकारः of a अभ्यास: (reduplicate) takes the दीर्घादेश: (आकार:) when लिँट् follows.

(13) ज्ञापयाम् + आ अस् + उस् । By 7-4-60 हलादिः शेषः, of the consonants of a reduplicate (अभ्यासः – ref. 6-1-4 पूर्वोऽभ्यासः), only the one (if any) at the beginning is retained, the rest are elided.

(14) ज्ञापयामासुस् । By 6-1-101 अकः सवर्णे दीर्घः ।

(15) ज्ञापयामासुः । रुँत्व-विसर्गौ – 8-2-66 ससजुषो रुः and 8-3-15 खरवसानयोर्विसर्जनीयः ।

“वि” is the उपसर्गः (ref. 1-4-59 उपसर्गाः क्रियायोगे।)
वि + ज्ञापयामासुः = विज्ञापयामासु:।

Questions:

1. Where has √ज्ञा (क्र्यादि-गणः, ज्ञा अवबोधने, धातु-पाठः # ९. ४३) been used with the उपसर्ग: “वि” in the first five verses of Chapter Four of the गीता?

2. Could we have derived the same final form (विज्ञापयामासु:) in this example without the use of 7-4-70 अत आदेः (step 12)?

3. Where has 6-4-64 आतो लोप इटि च been used in the verses?

4. Can 6-4-107 लोपश्चास्यान्यतरस्यां म्वोः be used to get an alternate form for शक्नुम:?

5. Which सूत्रम् is used for the एकारादेश: in विधेहि?

6. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“Sri Hanuman informed Sri Rama that ‘I saw Sita in Lanka.'” Use चतुर्थी विभक्ति: with “श्रीराम”, use the अव्ययम् “इति” as an end-quote and use √दृश् (दृशिँर् प्रेक्षणे १. ११४३) for “to see.”

Easy questions:

1. Does “पति” have the घि-सञ्ज्ञा in the (compound) form जगत्पते?

2. Can you spot a ऋकारान्तं प्रातिपदिकम् (a प्रातिपदिकम् ending in a ऋकार:) in the verses?

Today we will look at the form भेजु: 3Ap-लिँट् from श्रीमद्भागवतम् 10.47.13

आसामहो चरणरेणुजुषामहं स्यां वृन्दावने किमपि गुल्मलतौषधीनाम् ।
या दुस्त्यजं स्वजनमार्यपथं च हित्वा भेजुर्मुकुन्दपदवीं श्रुतिभिर्विमृग्याम् ।। १०-४७-६१ ।।

श्रीधर-स्वामि-टीका –
किंच आस्तां तावद्गोपीनां भाग्यं, मम त्वेतावत्प्रार्थ्यमित्याह – आसामिति । गोपीनां चरणरेणुभाजां गुल्मादीनां मध्ये यत्किमप्यहं स्यामित्याशंसा । कथंभूतानाम् । या इत्यादि । आर्याणां मार्गं धर्मं च हित्वा ।।

Gita Press translation “Oh, let me be (incarnated as) anyone of the shrubs, creepers or herbs in (the woodlands of) Vṛndāvana, catching the dust of feet of these (blessed ladies), who (successfully) trod the path (of Devotion) leading to Śrī Kṛṣṇa – (the path) which is (still) to be strenuously sought for (even) by the Upaniṣads – neglecting their own people as well as the path trodden by the virtuous, (both of) which are (so) difficult to abandon (for a chaste woman).”

भेजु: is derived from the धातुः √भज् (भ्वादि-गणः, भजँ सेवायाम्, धातु-पाठः #१.११५३)

In the धातु-पाठः, “भजँ” has one इत् letter which is the अकार: following the जकार:। This इत् letter has a स्वरित-स्वर:। Therefore, as per the सूत्रम् 1-3-72 स्वरितञितः कर्त्रभिप्राये क्रियाफले, √भज् is उभयपदी। In this verse, it has taken a परस्मैपद-प्रत्यय:।

The विवक्षा is लिँट्, कर्तरि प्रयोग:, प्रथम-पुरुषः, बहुवचनम्, hence the प्रत्ययः is “झि”।

(1) भज् + लिँट् । By 3-2-115 परोक्षे लिँट् , the affix लिँट् (Perfect Tense) comes after a verbal root in the sense of the past not of today, provided that the action is unperceived by the narrator.

(2) भज् + ल् । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत्, 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

(3) भज् + झि । 3-4-78 तिप्तस्झिसिप्थस्थमिब्वस्मस्तातांझथासाथांध्वमिड्वहिमहिङ् mandates the प्रत्ययः “झि” as the substitute for the लकारः। By 3-4-115 लिट् च, a तिङ्-प्रत्यय: which comes in place of लिँट् gets the आर्धधातुक-सञ्ज्ञा। Therefore “झि” gets the आर्धधातुक-सञ्ज्ञा। This prevents 3-1-68 कर्तरि शप्‌ (which requires a सार्वधातुक-प्रत्यय: to follow) from applying.

(4) भज् + उस् । By 3-4-82 परस्मैपदानां णलतुसुस्थलथुसणल्वमाः, when they come in place of लिँट्, the nine परस्मैपद-प्रत्यया: – “तिप्”, “तस्”, “झि”, “सिप्”, “थस्”, “थ”, “मिप्”, “वस्” and “मस्” – are substituted by “णल्”, “अतुस्”, “उस्”, “थल्”, “अथुस्”, “अ”, “णल्”, “व” and “म” respectively.
1-3-4 न विभक्तौ तुस्माः prevents the ending सकार: of “उस्” from getting the इत्-सञ्ज्ञा।

(5) भज् भज् + उस् । By 6-1-8 लिटि धातोरनभ्यासस्य , when लिँट् follows a verbal root, there is reduplication of the first portion – containing a single vowel – of the verbal root which is not already reduplicated. But if the verbal root (that has more than one vowel) begins with a vowel, then the reduplication is of the second portion – containing a single vowel.

(6) भ भज् + उस् । By 7-4-60 हलादिः शेषः, of the consonants of a reduplicate (अभ्यासः – ref. 6-1-4 पूर्वोऽभ्यासः), only the one (if any) at the beginning is retained, the rest are elided.

(7) ब भज् + उस् । By 8-4-54 अभ्यासे चर्च, in a reduplicate (अभ्यासः – ref. 6-1-4 पूर्वोऽभ्यासः), a letter of the झल्-प्रत्याहारः is substituted by a letter of the चर्-प्रत्याहारः or जश्-प्रत्याहारः। The substitutions take place as per 1-1-50 स्थानेऽन्तरतमः।

(8) भेज् + उस् । By 6-4-122 तॄफलभजत्रपश्च, the अकार: of the four verbal roots √तॄ (तॄ प्लवनतरणयोः १. ११२४), √फल् (ञिफलाँ विशरणे १. ५९४, फलँ निष्पत्तौ १. ६०८), √भज् (भजँ सेवायाम् १. ११५३) and √त्रप् (त्रपूँष् लज्जायाम्) takes एकार: as the substitute and simultaneously there is लोप: (elision) of the अभ्यास:, when the प्रत्यय: following is either a –
(i) लिँट् affix which is कित्, or
(ii) “थल्” (मध्यम-पुरुष-एकवचनम्) affix which has a “इट्”-आगम:।

Note : By 1-2-5 असंयोगाल्लिट् कित्, a लिँट् affix which is not a पित् – does not have पकार: as a इत् – shall be considered to be a कित् (as having ककार: as a इत्), as long as there is no संयोग: (conjunction consonant) prior to the affix. Hence, “उस्” is a कित्-प्रत्यय: here. This allows 6-4-122 to apply.

See question 2.

(9) भेजुः । रुँत्व-विसर्गौ – 8-2-66 ससजुषो रुः and 8-3-15 खरवसानयोर्विसर्जनीयः ।

Questions:

1. In which chapter of the गीता has √भज् (भ्वादि-गणः, भजँ सेवायाम्, धातु-पाठः #१.११५३) been used in a तिङन्तं पदम् in the last verse?

2. Why couldn’t 6-4-120 अत एकहल्मध्येऽनादेशादेर्लिटि be used in step 8? (Why is 6-4-122 तॄफलभजत्रपश्च required?)

3. Which सूत्रम् is used for the “आम्”-आदेश: in the form “आस्ताम्” used in the commentary?

4. Where has 6-4-111 श्नसोरल्लोपः been used in the verse?

5. The अनुवृत्ति: of अभ्यासलोप: comes in to the सूत्रम् 6-4-122 तॄफलभजत्रपश्च from a सूत्रम् we have studied. Which one is it?

6. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“When Ravana fell on the ground, all the scared demons fled in all directions.” Paraphrase to “When Ravana fell on the ground, all the scared demons took to the directions.” Use the adjective प्रातिपदिकम् “भीत” for “scared”, the feminine प्रातिपदिकम् “दिश्” for “direction” and use √भज् (भ्वादि-गणः, भजँ सेवायाम्, धातु-पाठः #१.११५३) for “to take to.”

Easy questions:

1. Where has 7-2-113 हलि लोपः been used in the verse?

2. Which सूत्रम् is used for the “नुँट्”-आगम: in the form गोपीनाम् (स्त्रीलिङ्ग-प्रातिपदिकम् “गोपी”, षष्ठी-बहुवचनम्)?

Today we will look at the form शुश्रुम 1Ap-लिँट् from श्रीमद्भागवतम् 6.1.40

यमदूता ऊचुः
वेदप्रणिहितो धर्मो ह्यधर्मस्तद्विपर्ययः ।
वेदो नारायणः साक्षात्स्वयम्भूरिति शुश्रुम ।। ६-१-४० ।।

श्रीधर-स्वामि-टीका –
वेदेन प्रणिहितो विहितो धर्मः, वेदप्रमाणक इत्यर्थः । अनेन यो वेदप्रमाणकः स धर्मो यो धर्मः स वेदप्रमाणक इति स्वरूपं प्रमाणं चोक्तम् । यथाह जैमिनिः ‘चोदनालक्षणोऽर्थो धर्मः’ इति । व्याख्यातं च भट्टैः ‘द्वयमेकेन सूत्रेण श्रुत्यर्थाभ्यां निरूप्यते’ इति । अपृष्टस्याप्यधर्मस्य स्वरूपं लक्षणं च दण्डस्थानकथनायाहुः । तद्विपर्ययो यो वेदनिषिद्धः सोऽधर्मः । निषेधश्च तस्मिन्प्रमाणमित्यर्थः । वेदस्य प्रामाण्ये हेतुः – वेदो नारायणादुद्भूतः स एव साक्षादित्युपचारः । स्वयंभूरिति च निःश्वासमात्रेण स्वयमेव भवतीति । तथाच श्रुतिः – ‘अस्य महतो भूतस्य निःश्वसितमेतद्यदृग्वेदः’ इति ।

Gita Press translation – The messengers of Yama replied : “Dharma (righteousness) is (that which is) enjoined by the Veda and the reverse of it (that which is forbidden by the Veda) is Adharma (unrighteousness). And we have heard (from Yama and others) that the Veda is Bhagavān Nārāyaṇa Himself (from whom it has emanated) and self-born (in the sense that it flows from His nostrils by way of respiration without any conscious effort on His part).”

शुश्रुम is derived from the धातुः √श्रु (भ्वादि-गणः, श्रु श्रवणे, धातु-पाठः #१. १०९२)

In the धातु-पाठः, “श्रु” has no इत् letters. It is devoid of any indications for bringing in आत्मनेपद-प्रत्यया:। Therefore, as per 1-3-78 शेषात् कर्तरि परस्मैपदम्, in कर्तरि प्रयोग: √श्रु takes परस्मैपद-प्रत्यया: by default. As per 1-4-99 लः परस्मैपदम्, 1-4-100 तङानावात्मनेपदम्, the nine प्रत्यया: from “तिप्” to “मस्” get the परस्मैपद-सञ्ज्ञा। So √श्रु takes only one of these nine प्रत्यया: in कर्तरि प्रयोग:।

The विवक्षा is लिँट्, कर्तरि प्रयोग:, उत्तम-पुरुषः, बहुवचनम्, hence the प्रत्ययः is “मस्”।

(1) श्रु + लिँट् । By 3-2-115 परोक्षे लिँट्, the affix लिँट् (Perfect Tense) comes after a verbal root in the sense of the past not of today, provided that the action is unperceived by the narrator.

(2) श्रु + ल् । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत्, 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

(3) श्रु + मस् । 3-4-78 तिप्तस्झिसिप्थस्थमिब्वस्मस्तातांझथासाथांध्वमिड्वहिमहिङ् mandates the प्रत्ययः “मस्” as the substitute for the लकारः। By 3-4-115 लिट् च, a तिङ्-प्रत्यय: which comes in place of लिँट् gets the आर्धधातुक-सञ्ज्ञा। Therefore “मस्” gets the आर्धधातुक-सञ्ज्ञा।

See question 2.

(4) श्रु + म । By 3-4-82 परस्मैपदानां णलतुसुस्थलथुसणल्वमाः, when they come in place of लिँट्, the nine परस्मैपद-प्रत्यया: – “तिप्”, “तस्”, “झि”, “सिप्”, “थस्”, “थ”, “मिप्”, “वस्” and “मस्” – are substituted by “णल्”, “अतुस्”, “उस्”, “थल्”, “अथुस्”, “अ”, “णल्”, “व” and “म” respectively.

Note: “म” is a कित्-प्रत्यय: here as per 1-2-5 असंयोगाल्लिट् कित् – A लिँट् affix which is not a पित् – does not have पकार: as a इत् – shall be considered to be a कित् (as having ककार: as a इत्), as long as there is no संयोग: (conjunction consonant) prior to the affix. Hence 1-1-5 ग्क्ङिति च prevents 7-3-84 सार्वधातुकार्धधातुकयोः from applying.

See question 3.

(5) श्रु श्रु + म । By 6-1-8 लिटि धातोरनभ्यासस्य, when लिँट् follows a verbal root, there is reduplication of the first portion – containing a single vowel – of the verbal root which is not already reduplicated. But if the verbal root (that has more than one vowel) begins with a vowel, then the reduplication is of the second portion – containing a single vowel.

(6) शुश्रुम । By 7-4-60 हलादिः शेषः, of the consonants of a reduplicate (अभ्यासः – ref. 6-1-4 पूर्वोऽभ्यासः), only the one (if any) at the beginning is retained, the rest are elided.

Questions:

1. Where is शुश्रुम used in the गीता?

2. Why doesn’t 3-1-74 श्रुवः शृ च apply in this example? (Which condition is not satisfied?)

3. Why doesn’t the प्रत्यय: “म” take a “इट्”-आगम: (as per 7-2-35 आर्धधातुकस्येड् वलादेः) in this example?

4. Where has 6-4-51 णेरनिटि been used in the commentary?

5. Which सूत्रम् is used for the सम्प्रसारणम् in the form ऊचुः?

6. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“Sri Rama heard many wonderful stories explained by the sage Vishwamitra.” Use the adjective प्रातिपदिकम् “बहु” (feminine “बह्वी”) for “many”, “अद्भुत” for “wonderful” and “वर्णित” for “explained.”

Easy questions:

1. Which सूत्रम् is used for the “इन”-आदेश: in the form वेदेन used in the commentary?

2. Which लकार: is used in the form भवति used in the commentary?

Today we will look at the form निष्पीडयामास 3As-लिँट् from श्रीमद्भागवतम् 10.36.13

तमापतन्तं स निगृह्य शृङ्गयोः पदा समाक्रम्य निपात्य भूतले ।
निष्पीडयामास यथार्द्रमम्बरं कृत्वा विषाणेन जघान सोऽपतत् ।। १०-३६-१३ ।।

श्रीधर-स्वामि-टीका –
कृत्वा विषाणमुत्पाट्य तेनैव जघान स चापतत् ।।

Gita Press translation “Seizing tightly the demon by the horns, even as he came rushing, and throwing him to the ground, the Lord set His foot on him and (pressing him at one end with His feet) wrung him even as a drenched cloth; and (then) pulling his horn struck him with it till he fell prostrate.”

पीडयामास is derived from the धातुः √पीड् (चुरादि-गणः, पीडँ अवगाहने, धातु-पाठः #१०. १७)

The विवक्षा is लिँट्, कर्तरि प्रयोग:, प्रथम-पुरुषः, एकवचनम्।

पीड् + णिच् । 3-1-25 सत्यापपाशरूपवीणातूलश्लोकसेनालोमत्वचवर्मवर्णचूर्णचुरादिभ्यो णिच्, the affix “णिच्” is used after these words – “सत्य” ‘truth’ (which then takes the form of “सत्याप्” as exhibited in the सूत्रम्), “पाश” ‘fetter’, “रूप” ‘form’, “वीणा” ‘lute’, “तूल” ‘cotton’, “श्लोक” ‘celebration’, “सेना” ‘army’, “लोमन्” ‘hair of the body’, “त्वच” ‘skin’, “वर्मन्” ‘mail’, “वर्ण” ‘color’, “चूर्ण” ‘powder’ and the verbal roots belonging to the चुरादि-गणः।
= पीड् + इ । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-7 चुटू, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।
= पीडि । “पीडि” gets the धातु-सञ्ज्ञा by 3-1-32 सनाद्यन्ता धातवः।

(1) पीडि + लिँट् । By 3-2-115 परोक्षे लिँट्, the affix लिँट् (Perfect Tense) comes after a verbal root in the sense of the past not of today, provided that the action is unperceived by the narrator.

(2) पीडि + आम् + लिँट् । By वार्त्तिकम् (under 3-1-35) कास्यनेकाच आम् वक्तव्यो लिँटि, when लिँट् follows, the affix आम् is prescribed after the धातु: √कास् (कासृँ शब्दकुत्सायाम् १. ७१०) as also after any धातु: that is अनेकाच् (has more than one vowel.)

(3) पीडय् + आम् + लिँट् । By 6-4-55 अयामन्ताल्वाय्येत्न्विष्णुषु, the affix “णि” is substituted by “अय्” when followed by any one of the following affixes – “आम्”, “अन्त”, “आलु”, “आय्य”, “इत्नु” or “इष्णु”।

(4) पीडयाम् । By 2-4-81 आमः, an affix which follows the affix “आम्” takes the लुक् elision. Now “पीडयाम्” gets the प्रातिपदिक-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-2-46 कृत्तद्धितसमासाश्च with the help of 1-1-62 प्रत्ययलोपे प्रत्ययलक्षणम्।
Note: लिँट् has the कृत्-सञ्ज्ञा by 3-1-93 कृदतिङ्।

(5) पीडयाम् + सुँ । By 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टा…..।

(6) पीडयाम् । By 2-4-81 आमः, an affix which follows the affix “आम्” takes the लुक् elision.

(7) पीडयाम् + अस् + लिँट् । By 3-1-40 कृञ् चानुप्रयुज्यते लिटि, following a term ending in the affix “आम्”, one of the following is annexed:
i. √कृ (डुकृञ् करणे ८. १०) followed by लिँट्
ii. √भू (भू सत्तायाम् १. १) followed by लिँट् or
iii. √अस् (असँ भुवि २. ६०) followed by लिँट्

Note: In this सूत्रम्, “कृञ्” is a प्रत्याहार: formed starting from “कृ” in 5-4-50 and ending with “ञ्” in 5-4-58.

(8) पीडयाम् + अस् + ल् । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत्, 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

The ending अकार: (which is a इत् by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत्) of (असँ भुवि २. ६०) has a उदात्त-स्वर:। Hence as per 1-3-78 शेषात् कर्तरि परस्मैपदम्, √अस् takes परस्मैपद-प्रत्यया: in कर्तरि प्रयोग:। The विवक्षा is प्रथम-पुरुषः, एकवचनम्, hence the प्रत्ययः is तिप्।

(9) पीडयाम् + अस् + तिप् । 3-4-78 तिप्तस्झिसिप्थस्थमिब्वस्मस्तातांझथासाथांध्वमिड्वहिमहिङ् mandates the प्रत्ययः “तिप्” as the substitute for the लकारः। By 3-4-115 लिट् च, a तिङ्-प्रत्यय: which comes in place of लिँट् gets the आर्धधातुक-सञ्ज्ञा। Therefore “तिप्” gets the आर्धधातुक-सञ्ज्ञा। This prevents 3-1-68 कर्तरि शप्‌ (which requires a सार्वधातुक-प्रत्यय: to follow) from applying.

(10) पीडयाम् + अस् + णल् । By 3-4-82 परस्मैपदानां णलतुसुस्थलथुसणल्वमाः, when they come in place of लिँट्, the nine परस्मैपद-प्रत्यया: – “तिप्”, “तस्”, “झि”, “सिप्”, “थस्”, “थ”, “मिप्”, “वस्” and “मस्” – are substituted by “णल्”, “अतुस्”, “उस्”, “थल्”, “अथुस्”, “अ”, “णल्”, “व” and “म” respectively.

(11) पीडयाम् + अस् + अ । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-7 चुटू, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

(12) पीडयाम् + अस् अस् + अ । By 6-1-8 लिटि धातोरनभ्यासस्य, when लिँट् follows a verbal root, there is reduplication of the first portion – containing a single vowel – of the verbal root which is not already reduplicated. But if the verbal root (that has more than one vowel) begins with a vowel, then the reduplication is of the second portion – containing a single vowel.

Note: As per 1-1-59 द्विर्वचनेऽचि, we apply 6-1-8 लिटि धातोरनभ्यासस्य before applying 7-2-116 अत उपधायाः।

(13) पीडयाम् + आस् अस् + अ । By 7-4-70 अत आदेः, a beginning अकारः of a अभ्यास: (reduplicate) takes the दीर्घादेश: (आकार:) when लिँट् follows.

(14) पीडयाम् + आ अस् + अ । By 7-4-60 हलादिः शेषः, of the consonants of a reduplicate (अभ्यासः – ref. 6-1-4 पूर्वोऽभ्यासः), only the one (if any) at the beginning is retained, the rest are elided.

(15) पीडयाम् + आ आस् + अ । By 7-2-116 अत उपधायाः , a penultimate (उपधा) अकार: of a अङ्गम् gets वृद्धिः as the substitute when followed by a प्रत्ययः which is a ञित् or a णित्।

(16) पीडयामास । By 6-1-101 अकः सवर्णे दीर्घः ।

“निस्” is the उपसर्गः (ref. 1-4-59 उपसर्गाः क्रियायोगे।)
निस् + पीडयामास
= निःपीडयामास । रुँत्व-विसर्गौ – 8-2-66 ससजुषो रुः and 8-3-15 खरवसानयोर्विसर्जनीयः ।
= निष्पीडयामास । By 8-3-41 इदुदुपधस्य चाप्रत्ययस्य, a विसर्गः, which is not part of a प्रत्यय:, is replaced by षकारः if it is preceded by an इकारः or उकारः and is followed by a consonant belonging to क-वर्गः or प-वर्गः (the अनुवृत्तिः of कुप्वोः comes in from 8-3-37 कुप्वोः ≍क≍पौ च)।

Questions:

1. Where has 3-1-40 कृञ् चानुप्रयुज्यते लिटि been used for the last time in the गीता?

2. At the end of step 4, does “पीडयाम्” get the अव्यय-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-1-39 कृन्मेजन्तः?

3. In this example we would have got the same final form even without the सूत्रम् 7-4-70 अत आदेः (step 13.) Then why has पाणिनि: composed 7-4-70 अत आदेः?

4. Where has 7-3-54 हो हन्तेर्ञ्णिन्नेषु been used in the verse?

5. Can you spot a इकार-लोप: (elision of the letter “इ”) in the verse?

6. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“The mighty Kumbhakarna squeezed many monkeys with his (two) stout arms.” Use the adjective प्रातिपदिकम् “बलवत्” for “mighty” and the adjective प्रातिपदिकम् “आपीन” for “stout.”

Easy questions:

1. Where has 7-1-12 टाङसिङसामिनात्स्याः been used in the verse?

2. Which सूत्रम् is used for the “नुँम्”-आगम: in the form आपतन्तम् (प्रातिपदिकम् “आपतत्”, पुंलिङ्गे द्वितीया-एकवचनम्)? Note: The प्रातिपदिकम् “आपतत्” ends in the “शतृँ”-प्रत्यय:।

Today we will look at the form दर्शयामास 3As-लिँट् from श्रीमद्भागवतम् 9.9.3

दर्शयामास तं देवी प्रसन्ना वरदास्मि ते ।
इत्युक्तः स्वमभिप्रायं शशंसावनतो नृपः ।। ९-९-३ ।।

श्रीधर-स्वामि-टीका –
तं प्रत्यात्मानं दर्शयामास । ते वरदास्मीति गङ्गयोक्तः सन्स्वमभिप्रायं पूर्वजोद्धरणं शशंस कथयामास ।।

Gita Press translation “The goddess (presiding over the holy river) got pleased (with his devotion) and revealed herself (in person) to him, saying; “I am prepared to confer a boon on you.” Thus spoken to (by the goddess), the king Bhagīratha), bent low (with humility) and submitted (to her) his object (in carrying on his austerities).”

दर्शयामास is derived from the धातुः √दृश् (भ्वादि-गणः, दृशिँर् प्रेक्षणे , धातु-पाठः #१. ११४३)

The विवक्षा is लिँट्, कर्तरि प्रयोग: (हेतुमति), प्रथम-पुरुषः, एकवचनम्।

दृश् + णिच् । 3-1-26 हेतुमति च, the affix “णिच्” is used after a root, when the operation of a causer – such as the operation of directing – is to be expressed.
= दृश् + इ । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-7 चुटू, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।
= दर्श् + इ । By 7-3-86 पुगन्‍तलघूपधस्‍य च, when a अङ्गम् is followed by a सार्वधातुक-प्रत्ययः or an आर्धधातुक-प्रत्ययः, then its इक्-letter takes गुण-आदेशः in the following two cases: i) The अङ्गम् ends in a पुक्-आगमः
or ii) The penultimate letter of the अङ्गम् has the लघु-सञ्ज्ञा। By 1-1-51 उरण् रपरः, in the place of ऋवर्ण: if an अण् letter (“अ”, “इ”, “उ”) comes as a substitute, it is always followed by a रँ (“र्”, “ल्”) letter.
= दर्शि । “दर्शि” gets the धातु-सञ्ज्ञा by 3-1-32 सनाद्यन्ता धातवः।

(1) दर्शि + लिँट् । By 3-2-115 परोक्षे लिँट्, the affix लिँट् (Perfect Tense) comes after a verbal root in the sense of the past not of today, provided that the action is unperceived by the narrator.

(2) दर्शि + आम् + लिँट् । By वार्त्तिकम् (under 3-1-35) कास्यनेकाच आम् वक्तव्यो लिँटि, when लिँट् follows, the affix आम् is prescribed after the धातु: √कास् (कासृँ शब्दकुत्सायाम् १. ७१०) as also after any धातु: that is अनेकाच् (has more than one vowel.)
See question 2.

(3) दर्शय् + आम् + लिँट् । By 6-4-55 अयामन्ताल्वाय्येत्न्विष्णुषु, the affix “णि” is substituted by “अय्” when followed by any one of the following affixes – “आम्”, “अन्त”, “आलु”, “आय्य”, “इत्नु” or “इष्णु”।
See question 3.

(4) दर्शयाम् । By 2-4-81 आमः, an affix which follows the affix “आम्” takes the लुक् elision. Now “दर्शयाम्” gets the प्रातिपदिक-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-2-46 कृत्तद्धितसमासाश्च with the help of 1-1-62 प्रत्ययलोपे प्रत्ययलक्षणम्।
Note: लिँट् has the कृत्-सञ्ज्ञा by 3-1-93 कृदतिङ्।

(5) दर्शयाम् + सुँ । By 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टा…..।

(6) दर्शयाम् । By 2-4-81 आमः, an affix which follows the affix “आम्” takes the लुक् elision.

(7) दर्शयाम् + अस् + लिँट् । By 3-1-40 कृञ् चानुप्रयुज्यते लिटि, following a term ending in the affix “आम्”, one of the following is annexed:
i. √कृ (डुकृञ् करणे ८. १०) followed by लिँट्
ii. √भू (भू सत्तायाम् १. १) followed by लिँट् or
iii. √अस् (असँ भुवि २. ६०) followed by लिँट्

Note: In this सूत्रम्, “कृञ्” is a प्रत्याहार:। See question 4.

(8) दर्शयाम् + अस् + ल् । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत्, 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

The ending अकार: (which is a इत् by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत्) of (असँ भुवि २. ६०) has a उदात्त-स्वर:। Hence as per 1-3-78 शेषात् कर्तरि परस्मैपदम्, √अस् takes परस्मैपद-प्रत्यया: in कर्तरि प्रयोग:। The विवक्षा is प्रथम-पुरुषः, एकवचनम्, hence the प्रत्ययः is तिप्।

(9) दर्शयाम् + अस् + तिप् । 3-4-78 तिप्तस्झिसिप्थस्थमिब्वस्मस्तातांझथासाथांध्वमिड्वहिमहिङ् mandates the प्रत्ययः “तिप्” as the substitute for the लकारः। By 3-4-115 लिट् च, a तिङ्-प्रत्यय: which comes in place of लिँट् gets the आर्धधातुक-सञ्ज्ञा। Therefore “तिप्” gets the आर्धधातुक-सञ्ज्ञा। This prevents 3-1-68 कर्तरि शप्‌ (which requires a सार्वधातुक-प्रत्यय: to follow) from applying.

(10) दर्शयाम् + अस् + णल् । By 3-4-82 परस्मैपदानां णलतुसुस्थलथुसणल्वमाः, when they come in place of लिँट्, the nine परस्मैपद-प्रत्यया: – “तिप्”, “तस्”, “झि”, “सिप्”, “थस्”, “थ”, “मिप्”, “वस्” and “मस्” – are substituted by “णल्”, “अतुस्”, “उस्”, “थल्”, “अथुस्”, “अ”, “णल्”, “व” and “म” respectively.

(11) दर्शयाम् + अस् + अ । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-7 चुटू, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।

(12) दर्शयाम् + अस् अस् + अ । By 6-1-8 लिटि धातोरनभ्यासस्य, when लिँट् follows a verbal root, there is reduplication of the first portion – containing a single vowel – of the verbal root which is not already reduplicated. But if the verbal root (that has more than one vowel) begins with a vowel, then the reduplication is of the second portion – containing a single vowel.

Note: As per 1-1-59 द्विर्वचनेऽचि, we apply 6-1-8 लिटि धातोरनभ्यासस्य before applying 7-2-116 अत उपधायाः।

(13) दर्शयाम् + आस् अस् + अ । By 7-4-70 अत आदेः, a beginning अकारः of a अभ्यास: (reduplicate) takes the दीर्घादेश: (आकार:) when लिँट् follows.

(14) दर्शयाम् + आ अस् + अ । By 7-4-60 हलादिः शेषः, of the consonants of a reduplicate (अभ्यासः – ref. 6-1-4 पूर्वोऽभ्यासः), only the one (if any) at the beginning is retained, the rest are elided.

(15) दर्शयाम् + आ आस् + अ । By 7-2-116 अत उपधायाः , a penultimate (उपधा) अकार: of a अङ्गम् gets वृद्धिः as the substitute when followed by a प्रत्ययः which is a ञित् or a णित्।

(16) दर्शयामास । By 6-1-101 अकः सवर्णे दीर्घः ।

Questions:

1. Where has दर्शयामास been used in the गीता?

2. Why doesn’t the ending मकार: of the प्रत्यय: “आम्” get the इत्-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम् (and take लोप: by 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः)? Is it because of 1-3-4 न विभक्तौ तुस्माः?

3. In the absence of 6-4-55 अयामन्ताल्वाय्येत्न्विष्णुषु, which सूत्रम् would have applied in step 3?

4. The प्रत्याहार: “कृञ्” (used in 3-1-40 कृञ् चानुप्रयुज्यते लिटि) is formed using which two सूत्रे in the अष्टाध्यायी?

5. Where has 6-4-48 अतो लोपः been used in the commentary?

6. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“Sri Krishna showed his (own) universal form to Arjuna.” Use a सर्वनाम-प्रातिपदिकम् from the verse for “his (own)” and use the (compound) neuter प्रातिपदिकम् “विश्वरूप” for “universal form.” Use चतुर्थी विभक्ति: with “Arjuna.”

Easy questions:

1. Where else (besides in दर्शयामास) has √अस् (असँ भुवि २. ६०) been used in a तिङन्तं पदम् in the verse?

2. Which सूत्रम् is used to get गङ्गया + उक्तः = गङ्गयोक्तः?