Today we will look at the form पाणिपादम् nAs from श्रीमद्-वाल्मीकि-रामायणम् 6.48.13.
समग्रयवमच्छिद्रं पाणिपादं च वर्णवत् । मन्दस्मितेत्येव च मां कन्यालाक्षणिका विदुः ।। ६-४८-१३ ।।
अाधिराज्येऽभिषेको मे ब्राह्मणैः पतिना सह । कृतान्तकुशलैरुक्तं तत्सर्वं वितथीकृतम् ।। ६-४८-१४ ।।
Gita Press translation – Those capable of interpreting the bodily marks of maidens declared my hands and feet to be rosy, devoid of space between the fingers and toes and with the mark of a barleycorn fully manifest on them and (also) spoke of me as distinguished by a gentle smile (which are all auspicious marks) (13). It was predicted by Brāhmaṇas well-versed in the conclusion of astrology that I should be consecrated along with my husband on the imperial throne. All that has (however) been falsified (14).
(1) पाणी च पादौ चैषां समाहार: = पाणिपादम् – (A group of) (two) hands and (two) feet.
(2) पाणि औ + पाद औ । By 2-2-29 चार्थे द्वन्द्वः – Two or more terms having the designation पदम् and standing in a relation expressible by ‘च’ (‘and’) may optionally compound to yield a compound called द्वन्द्वः।
(3) पाणि औ + पाद औ । ‘पाणि’ has the designation ‘घि’ (as per the सूत्रम् 1-4-7 शेषो घ्यसखि) while ‘पाद’ does not. Hence ‘पाणि औ’ is placed in the prior position in this द्वन्द्व: compound as per the सूत्रम् 2-2-32 द्वन्द्वे घि – In a द्वन्द्व: compound the term having the designation ‘घि’ is placed in the prior position.
Note: ‘पाणि औ + पाद औ’ gets the designation प्रातिपदिकम् by 1-2-46 कृत्तद्धितसमासाश्च। This allows 2-4-71 to apply in the next step.
(4) पाणि + पाद । By 2-4-71 सुपो धातुप्रातिपदिकयोः – A सुँप् affix takes a लुक् elision when it is a part of a धातुः or a प्रातिपदिकम्।
= पाणिपाद ।
Since the terms of this द्वन्द्व: compound denote the limbs of a living being, it is always singular in number and hence always expresses a समाहार: (a group in which the individuality of the terms is subservient to the group) as per the सूत्रम् 2-4-2 द्वन्द्वश्च प्राणितूर्यसेनाङ्गानाम् – A द्वन्द्व: compound whose terms denote either the limbs of a living being or players of musical instruments in a band or parts of an army is always singular in number and hence always expresses a समाहार: (a group in which the individuality of the terms is subservient to the group) and not इतरेतरयोग: (a group in which the individuality of the terms is evident.)
And as per 2-4-17 स नपुंसकम् it is neuter in gender. The compound declines like वन-शब्द:।
The विवक्षा is द्वितीया-एकवचनम्।
(5) पाणिपाद + अम् । By 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टाभ्याम्भिस्ङेभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसिभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसोसाम्ङ्योस्सुप्।
(6) पाणिपाद + अम् । By 7-1-24 अतोऽम् – The affixes ‘सुँ’ and ‘अम्’ that follow a neuter अङ्गम् ending in the short vowel ‘अ’ take ‘अम्’ as their replacement. Note: 7-1-24 is required here to prevent 7-1-23 स्वमोर्नपुंसकात् from applying.
1-3-4 न विभक्तौ तुस्माः prevents the ending letter ‘म्’ of the affix ‘अम्’ from getting इत्-सञ्ज्ञा।
(7) पाणिपादम् । By 6-1-107 अमि पूर्वः – In place of a preceding अक् letter and the following vowel (अच्) belonging to the affix ‘अम्’ there is a single substitute of that preceding अक् letter.
Questions:
1. Commenting on the सूत्रम् 2-4-2 द्वन्द्वश्च प्राणितूर्यसेनाङ्गानाम् (used in step 4) the सिद्धान्तकौमुदी says – समाहारस्यैकत्वादेकत्वे सिद्धे नियमार्थं प्रकरणम्। प्राण्यङ्गादीनां समाहार एव यथा स्यात्। Please explain.
2. Commenting on the same सूत्रम् the तत्त्वबोधिनी says – द्विगुरेकवचनमित्यत एकवचनं वर्तते। Please explain.
3. Where has the वार्तिकम् (under 2-2-24 अनेकमन्यपदार्थे) नञोऽस्त्यर्थानां वाच्यो वा चोत्तरपदलोपः been used in the verses?
4. What type of compound is मन्दस्मिता as used in the verses?
i. द्वन्द्व:
ii. कर्मधारय:
iii. बहुव्रीहि:
iv. सुप्सुपा
5. Which सूत्रम् justifies the use of a third case affix in the form पतिना used in the verses?
6. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“Enter the temple only after washing (your) hands and feet.”
Easy questions:
1. The form पतिना used in the verses is आर्ष: (grammatically irregular.) What is the grammatically correct form?
2. What is the alternate form for विदुः?
1. Commenting on the सूत्रम् 2-4-2 द्वन्द्वश्च प्राणितूर्यसेनाङ्गानाम् (used in step 4) the सिद्धान्तकौमुदी says – समाहारस्यैकत्वादेकत्वे सिद्धे नियमार्थं प्रकरणम्। प्राण्यङ्गादीनां समाहार एव यथा स्यात्। Please explain.
Answer: We already have the सूत्रम् 2-2-29 चार्थे द्वन्द्वः which may be used to construct a द्वन्द्व: compound expressing either इरेतरयोग: or a समाहार: (which being a collection is always singular.) Then why do we need the section of the अष्टाध्यायी starting with the सूत्रम् 2-4-2 द्वन्द्वश्च प्राणितूर्यसेनाङ्गानाम् (down to 2-4-11) to prescribe singularity? The answer is नियमार्थम् – for the purpose of restriction. (Recall that सिद्धे सत्यारम्भो नियमार्थ: – A prescription of something which is already established (by another rule) is to be understood for the purpose of restriction.) Hence द्वन्द्व: compounds prescribed in the section starting with the सूत्रम् 2-4-2 may be constructed only in the sense of समाहारे (and not इरेतरयोगे।)
2. Commenting on the same सूत्रम् the तत्त्वबोधिनी says – द्विगुरेकवचनमित्यत एकवचनं वर्तते। Please explain.
Answer: The अनुवृत्ति: of एकवचनम् comes down from the prior सूत्रम् 2-4-1 द्विगुरेकवचनम् into the सूत्रम् 2-4-2 द्वन्द्वश्च प्राणितूर्यसेनाङ्गानाम्।
3. Where has the वार्तिकम् (under 2-2-24 अनेकमन्यपदार्थे) नञोऽस्त्यर्थानां वाच्यो वा चोत्तरपदलोपः been used in the verses?
Answer: The वार्तिकम् (under 2-2-24 अनेकमन्यपदार्थे) नञोऽस्त्यर्थानां वाच्यो वा चोत्तरपदलोपः has been used in the form अच्छिद्रम् (प्रातिपदिकम् ’अच्छिद्र’, नपुंसकलिङ्गे द्वितीया-एकवचनम्)।
The लौकिक-विग्रहः is
अविद्यमानं छिद्रं यस्य तत् (पाणिपादम्) = अच्छिद्रम् (पाणिपादम्) – (hands and feet) which have no space (between the fingers and toes)
The derivation is as follows –
अविद्यमान सुँ + छिद्र सुँ । By 2-2-24 अनेकमन्यपदार्थे ।
The adjective ‘अविद्यमान सुँ’ is placed in the prior position in the compound as per the सूत्रम् 2-2-35 सप्तमीविशेषणे बहुव्रीहौ ।
Note: ‘अविद्यमान सुँ + छिद्र सुँ’ gets the designation प्रातिपदिकम् by 1-2-46 कृत्तद्धितसमासाश्च। This allows 2-4-71 to apply in the next step.
= अविद्यमान + छिद्र । By 2-4-71 सुपो धातुप्रातिपदिकयोः।
= अ छिद्र । By वार्तिकम् (under 2-2-24 अनेकमन्यपदार्थे) नञोऽस्त्यर्थानां वाच्यो वा चोत्तरपदलोपः – A compound पदम् in which the negation particle नञ् is followed by a उत्तर-पदम् (final member) that denotes the sense of ‘exists’ optionally drops this उत्तर-पदम् when it combines with another पदम् to yield a बहुव्रीहि: compound.
Note: Compounding is already prescribed by the सूत्रम् 2-2-24 itself. It is only for the elision of the उत्तरपदम् (of the compound पूर्वपदम्) that this वार्तिकम् is necessary.
= अतुँक् छिद्र । By 6-1-73 छे च, 1-1-46 आद्यन्तौ टकितौ।
= अत् छिद्र । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत्, 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।
= अच्छिद्र । By 8-4-40 स्तोः श्चुना श्चुः।
The gender of a बहुव्रीहि: compound matches that of which it qualifies. In the present example, पाणिपादम् is being qualified. Hence we assign the neuter gender to the compound प्रातिपदिकम् ‘अच्छिद्र’। It declines like वन-शब्द:।
4. What type of compound is मन्दस्मिता as used in the verses?
i. द्वन्द्व:
ii. कर्मधारय:
iii. बहुव्रीहि:
iv. सुप्सुपा
Answer: The compound मन्दस्मिता (स्त्रीलिङ्ग-प्रातिपदिकम् ’मन्दस्मिता’, प्रथमा-एकवचनम्) is a बहुव्रीहि:।
The लौकिक-विग्रहः is
मन्दं स्मितं यस्याः सा (सीता) = मन्दस्मिता (सीता) – She (Sītā) who has a gentle smile
The derivation is as follows –
मन्द सुँ + स्मित सुँ । By 2-2-24 अनेकमन्यपदार्थे – Two or more terms having the designation पदम् and ending in the nominative case may optionally compound to yield a बहुव्रीहि: compound provided the terms are employed to denote the sense of another पदम् (which is not part of the compound.)
The adjective ‘मन्द सुँ’ is placed in the prior position in the compound as per the सूत्रम् 2-2-35 सप्तमीविशेषणे बहुव्रीहौ ।
Note: ‘मन्द सुँ + स्मित सुँ’ gets the designation प्रातिपदिकम् by 1-2-46 कृत्तद्धितसमासाश्च। This allows 2-4-71 to apply in the next step.
= मन्द + स्मित । By 2-4-71 सुपो धातुप्रातिपदिकयोः।
= मन्दस्मित ।
The gender of a बहुव्रीहि: compound matches that of which it qualifies. In the present example, सीता is being qualified. Hence we form the feminine प्रातिपदिकम् ‘मन्दस्मिता’ by adding the feminine affix टाप्।
मन्दस्मित + टाप् । By 4-1-4 अजाद्यतष्टाप्।
= मन्दस्मित + आ । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-7 चुटू, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।
= मन्दस्मिता । By 6-1-101 अकः सवर्णे दीर्घः।
5. Which सूत्रम् justifies the use of a third case affix in the form पतिना used in the verses?
Answer: The सूत्रम् 2-3-19 सहयुक्तेऽप्रधाने justifies the use of a third case affix in the form पतिना since it is co-occurring with सह।
As per the सूत्रम् 2-3-19 सहयुक्तेऽप्रधाने – A third case affix (‘टा’, ‘भ्याम्’, ‘भिस्’) is used following a प्रातिपदिकम् (nominal stem) co-occurring with सह or a synonym of सह, provided the प्रातिपदिकम् does not denote the primary (agent.)
Note: The form पतिना used in the verses is आर्ष: (grammatically irregular.) The grammatically correct form is पत्या। Please see answer to easy question 1 below for the derivation.
6. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“Enter the temple only after washing (your) hands and feet.”
Answer: पाणिपादम् प्रक्षाल्य एव मन्दिरम् प्रविश = पाणिपादं प्रक्षाल्यैव मन्दिरं प्रविश।
Easy questions:
1. The form पतिना used in the verses is आर्ष: (grammatically irregular.) What is the grammatically correct form?
Answer: The grammatically correct form is पत्या (पुंलिङ्ग-प्रातिपदिकम् ’पति’, तृतीया-एकवचनम्)।
पति + टा । By 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टा……।
= पति + आ । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-7 चुटू and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।
= पत्य् + आ । By 6-1-77 इको यणचि। Note: ‘पति’ does not have the घि-सञ्ज्ञा here because of the नियम-सूत्रम् 1-4-8 पतिः समास एव – The word ‘पति’ gets the designation ‘घि’ only when it is part of a compound. Therefore here the affix ‘आङ्’ (which is an ancient name for the affix ‘टा’) cannot be replaced by ‘ना’ by the सूत्रम् 7-3-120 आङो नाऽस्त्रियाम् which requires the अङ्गम् to have the घि-सञ्ज्ञा।
= पत्या ।
2. What is the alternate form for विदुः?
Answer: The alternate from for विदुः is विदन्ति – derived from the verbal root √विद् (विदँ ज्ञाने २. ५९).
Please see the answer to question 4 in the following comment for the derivation of the form विदन्ति – http://avg-sanskrit.org/2012/04/20/अकार्षीत्-3as-लुँङ्/#comment-3659