Today we will look at the form पुरोधाय ind from श्रीमद्-वाल्मीकि-रामायणम् 2.90.2.
भरद्वाजाश्रमं गत्वा क्रोशादेव नरर्षभः । बलं सर्वमवस्थाप्य जगाम सह मन्त्रिभिः ।। २-९०-१ ।।
पद्भ्यामेव तु धर्मज्ञो न्यस्तशस्त्रपरिच्छदः । वसानो वाससी क्षौमे पुरोधाय पुरोहितम् ।। २-९०-२ ।।
ततः सन्दर्शने तस्य भरद्वाजस्य राघवः । मन्त्रिणस्तानवस्थाप्य जगामानुपुरोहितम् ।। २-९०-३ ।।
वसिष्ठमथ दृष्ट्वैव भरद्वाजो महातपाः । सञ्चचालासनात्तूर्णं शिष्यानर्घ्यमिति ब्रुवन् ।। २-९०-४ ।।
Gita Press translation – Having reached the precincts of the hermitage of Bharadwāja and leaving all his people only a couple of miles away (on this side of the hermitage so as not to cause disturbance to the hermits living peacefully there), Bharata (a jewel among men), for his part, who knew what is right, proceeded (further) with his counselors on foot, placing Sage Vasiṣṭha (his family-priest) ahead and putting on only a pair of silk garments (viz., a loin-cloth and an outer covering), laying aside his weapons and ornaments etc. (1-2) Bidding the aforesaid counselors stay behind, the moment the celebrated Bharadwāja was clearly in sight, Bharata (a scion of Raghu) then proceeded at the heels of Vasiṣṭha (his family-priest) (3). At the very sight of Vasiṣṭha, Bharadwāja, who practiced great austerities, at once hurriedly rose from his seat, asking his pupils to fetch water to wash the hands (of the distinguished guests) with (4).
(1) अग्रे हित्वा = पुरोधाय – having placed ahead.
पुरोधाय is derived from the verbal root √धा (डुधाञ् धारणपोषणयोः | दान इत्यप्येके ३. ११) preceded by the term ‘पुरस्’। ‘पुरस्’ gets the designation गति: here as per 1-4-67 पुरोऽव्ययम् – The term ‘पुरस्’ when used as a अव्ययम् (indeclinable) gets the designation ‘गति’ provided it is used in conjunction with a verb.
Note: Besides accent considerations, the purpose of assigning the designation ‘गति’ is to facilitate compound formation prescribed by the सूत्रम् 2-2-18 कुगतिप्रादयः which in turn allows for the substitution ‘ल्यप्’ (in place of ‘क्त्वा’) prescribed by the सूत्रम् 7-1-37 समासेऽनञ्पूर्वे क्त्वो ल्यप् (in step 5.)
Note: Since the term ‘पुरस्’ has the designation ‘गति’ here it also gets the निपात-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-4-56 प्राग्रीश्वरान्निपाताः and hence the अव्यय-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-1-37 स्वरादिनिपातमव्ययम्।
(2) धा + क्त्वा । By 3-4-21 समानकर्तृकयोः पूर्वकाले – The affix ‘क्त्वा’ is used following a verbal root which denotes a prior action relative to that of another verbal root, provided the agent of both the actions is the same. In the present example the later action (having the same agent – ‘Bharata (a jewel among men)’) is जगाम (‘proceeded.’)
(3) अलौकिक-विग्रह: –
पुरस् + धा + क्त्वा । By 2-2-18 कुगतिप्रादयः – The indeclinable ‘कु’, terms having the designation ‘गति’ (ref. 1-4-60 गतिश्च etc) as well as the terms ‘प्र’ etc. (ref. 1-4-58 प्रादयः) invariably compound with a syntactically related term and the resulting compound gets the designation तत्पुरुष:।
Note: The अनुवृत्ति: of नित्यम् (invariably) comes down from the prior सूत्रम् 2-2-17 नित्यं क्रीडाजीविकयोः।
(4) By 1-2-43 प्रथमानिर्दिष्टं समास उपसर्जनम् – the term ‘पुरस्’ gets the designation उपसर्जनम् because in the सूत्रम् 2-2-18 (which prescribes the compounding) the term कुगतिप्रादयः ends in the nominative case. Hence the term ‘पुरस्’ is placed in the prior position in the compound as per the सूत्रम् 2-2-30 उपसर्जनं पूर्वम् – In a compound a term which has the designation ‘उपसर्जन’ should be placed in the prior position.
Note: ‘पुरस् + धा क्त्वा’ gets the designation प्रातिपदिकम् by 1-2-46 कृत्तद्धितसमासाश्च।
(5) पुरस् + धा + ल्यप् । By 7-1-37 समासेऽनञ्पूर्वे क्त्वो ल्यप् – When the affix ‘क्त्वा’ occurs at the end of a compound, it is replaced by ‘ल्यप्’ provided the prior member of the compound is a अव्ययम् other than ‘नञ्’ (ref. 2-2-6 नञ्)। The entire term ‘क्त्वा’ is replaced by ‘ल्यप्’ as per the परिभाषा-सूत्रम् 1-1-55 अनेकाल्शित्सर्वस्य।
Note: As per 1-1-56 स्थानिवदादेशोऽनल्विधौ, the substitution ‘ल्यप्’ (in place of the affix ‘क्त्वा’) inherits the property of being a कित् (having the letter ‘क्’ as a इत्) affix with the designation of कृत् (by 3-1-93 कृदतिङ्) and आर्धधातुकम् (by 3-4-114 आर्धधातुकं शेषः।)
(6) पुरस् + धा + य । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-8 लशक्वतद्धिते and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।
See question 1.
(7) पुररुँ + धा + य । By 8-2-66 ससजुषो रुः।
(8) पुर उ + धाय । By 6-1-114 हशि च।
(9) पुरोधाय । By 6-1-87 आद्गुणः।
‘पुरोधाय’ gets the अव्यय-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-1-40 क्त्वातोसुन्कसुनः with the help of 1-1-56 स्थानिवदादेशोऽनल्विधौ। This allows 2-4-82 to apply below.
(10) पुरोधाय + सुँ (default) । By 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टाभ्याम्भिस्ङेभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसिँभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसोसाम्ङ्योस्सुप्।
(11) पुरोधाय । By 2-4-82 अव्ययादाप्सुपः – The feminine affix आप् and सुँप् affixes that are prescribed after a अव्ययम् take the लुक् elision.
Questions:
1. What prevents the सूत्रम् 6-4-66 घुमास्थागापाजहातिसां हलि from applying after step 6 in the above derivation?
2. Commenting on the सूत्रम् 1-4-67 पुरोऽव्ययम् (used in step 1) the तत्त्वबोधिनी says – पुरं पुरौ पुर: कृत्वा गत:। Please explain.
3. What is the विग्रह: of the compound अनुपुरोहितम् used in the verses?
4. From which verbal root is the प्रातिपदिकम् ‘शिष्य’ (used in the form शिष्यान् (पुंलिङ्गे द्वितीया-बहुवचनम्) in the verses) derived?
5. Where has the सूत्रम् 7-3-36 अर्त्तिह्रीव्लीरीक्नूयीक्ष्माय्यातां पुङ्णौ been used in the verses?
6. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“Placing Akrūra in front, Śrī Kṛṣṇa along with Balarāma went to Mathurā.”
Easy questions:
1. Where has the सूत्रम् 7-4-62 कुहोश्चुः been used in the verses?
2. Why doesn’t the सूत्रम् 6-4-120 अत एकहल्मध्येऽनादेशादेर्लिटि apply in the form सञ्चचाल? (Which condition is not satisfied?)
1. What prevents the सूत्रम् 6-4-66 घुमास्थागापाजहातिसां हलि from applying after step 6 in the above derivation?
Answer: The application of the सूत्रम् 6-4-66 घुमास्थागापाजहातिसां हलि after step 6 is prevented by the निषेध-सूत्रम् 6-4-69 न ल्यपि – The letter ‘आ’ of the verbal roots listed in 6-4-66 घुमास्थागापाजहातिसां हलि does not get the letter ‘ई’ as a replacement, when followed by the affix ‘ल्यप्’।
2. Commenting on the सूत्रम् 1-4-67 पुरोऽव्ययम् (used in step 1) the तत्त्वबोधिनी says – पुरं पुरौ पुर: कृत्वा गत:। Please explain.
Answer: पुरं पुरौ पुर: कृत्वा गत: – having made a town/(two) towns/towns, someone left. Here पुरं पुरौ पुर: is द्वितीया-एकवचनम्/द्विवचनम्/बहुवचनम् of the स्त्रीलिङ्ग-प्रातिपदिकम् ‘पुर्’ and not the indeclinable ‘पुरस्’। In order to emphasize that in the example पुर: कृत्वा, the form पुरः is द्वितीया-बहुवचनम् of ‘पुर्’ and not the अव्ययम् ‘पुरस्’, the तत्त्वबोधिनी has used it along with पुरं पुरौ (द्वितीया-एकवचनम्/द्विवचनम्)। Since here the term पुरः is not the अव्ययम् ‘पुरस्’, the सूत्रम् 1-4-67 पुरोऽव्ययम् – which requires the use of the अव्ययम् ‘पुरस्’ – does not apply. Hence in पुर: कृत्वा गत:, the term पुरः does not get the designation ‘गति’ and no compounding between पुर: and कृत्वा can be done by 2-2-18. Subsequently 7-1-37 (which requires compound formation) cannot replace ‘क्त्वा’ by ‘ल्यप्’। (And 8-3-40 नमस्पुरसोर्गत्योः – which requires ‘पुरस्’ to have the designation ‘गति’ – does not apply either.)
3. What is the विग्रह: of the compound अनुपुरोहितम् used in the verses?
Answer: The विग्रह: of the compound अनुपुरोहितम् is
पुरोहितस्य पश्चात् = अनुपुरोहितम् – Following/behind the priest.
The derivation of the compound ‘अनुपुरोहित’ is similar to the derivation of the compound ‘अनुदेह’ as shown in the following post – https://avg-sanskrit.org/2014/12/15/अनुदेहम्-nns/
4. From which verbal root is the प्रातिपदिकम् ‘शिष्य’ (used in the form शिष्यान् (पुंलिङ्गे द्वितीया-बहुवचनम्) in the verses) derived?
Answer: The प्रातिपदिकम् ‘शिष्य’ is derived from the verbal root √शास् (शासुँ अनुशिष्टौ २. ७०).
Please see answer to question 4 in the following comment for derivation of the प्रातिपदिकम् ‘शिष्य’ – http://avg-sanskrit.org/2012/10/18/यशस्करम्-nns/#comment-5584
5. Where has the सूत्रम् 7-3-36 अर्त्तिह्रीव्लीरीक्नूयीक्ष्माय्यातां पुङ्णौ been used in the verses?
Answer: The सूत्रम् 7-3-36 अर्त्तिह्रीव्लीरीक्नूयीक्ष्माय्यातां पुङ्णौ has been used in the form अवस्थाप्य – derived from the causative form of the verbal root √स्था (ष्ठा गतिनिवृत्तौ १. १०७७) preceded by the उपसर्गः ‘अव’।
Note: In the present example, the common agent of the actions अवस्थाप्य (leaving/stationing) and जगाम (proceeded) is नरर्षभः (Bharata – a jewel among men). The earlier of the two actions is the action ’of stationing’ which is denoted by √स्था and hence √स्था takes the affix ‘क्त्वा’ by 3-4-21 समानकर्तृकयोः पूर्वकाले।
Please see answer to question 5 in the following comment for derivation of the form अवस्थाप्य –
https://avg-sanskrit.org/2014/01/09/एकः-mns-2/#comment-34908
6. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“Placing Akrūra in front, Śrī Kṛṣṇa along with Balarāma went to Mathurā.”
अक्रूरम् पुरोधाय बलरामेण सह श्रीकृष्णः मथुराम् जगाम = अक्रूरं पुरोधाय बलरामेण सह श्रीकृष्णो मथुरां जगाम।
Easy questions:
1. Where has the सूत्रम् 7-4-62 कुहोश्चुः been used in the verses?
Answer: The सूत्रम् 7-4-62 कुहोश्चुः has been used in the verses in the form जगाम। As per 7-4-62 कुहोश्चुः – In a reduplicate (अभ्यासः – ref. 6-1-4 पूर्वोऽभ्यासः), a letter of the कवर्गः (in this case the letter ‘ग्’) or the letter ‘ह्’ is replaced by a letter of the चवर्गः (in this case the letter ‘ज्’)। The substitutions take place as per 1-1-50 स्थानेऽन्तरतमः।
Please refer to the answer to question 5 in the following comment for derivation of जगाम – http://avg-sanskrit.org/2012/02/05/प्रेषयामास-3as-लिँट्/#comment-3232
2. Why doesn’t the सूत्रम् 6-4-120 अत एकहल्मध्येऽनादेशादेर्लिटि apply in the form सञ्चचाल? (Which condition is not satisfied?)
Answer: सञ्चचाल is derived from the verbal root √चल् (चलँ कम्पने १. ९६६).
Please see answer to question 5 in the following comment which explains why the सूत्रम् 6-4-120 अत एकहल्मध्येऽनादेशादेर्लिटि does not apply in the form चचाल – http://avg-sanskrit.org/2012/04/30/अवधीत्-3as-लुँङ्/#comment-3680
‘सम्’ is the उपसर्ग: (ref. 1-4-59 उपसर्गाः क्रियायोगे, 1-4-80 ते प्राग्धातोः।)
सम् + चचाल = संचचाल । By 8-3-23 मोऽनुस्वारः।
= सञ्चचाल/ संचचाल । By 8-4-59 वा पदान्तस्य।